Femoral arterial cannulation for surgical repair of stanford type A aortic dissection.

BACKGROUND: The benefits and harms associated with femoral artery cannulation over other sites of arterial cannulation for surgical repair of acute Stanford type A aortic dissection (TAAD) are not conclusively established. METHODS: We evaluated the outcomes after surgery for TAAD using femoral artery cannulation, supra-aortic arterial cannulation (i.e., innominate/subclavian/axillary artery cannulation), and direct aortic cannulation. RESULTS: 3751 (96.1%) patients were eligible for this analysis. In-hospital mortality using supra-aortic arterial cannulation was comparable to femoral artery cannulation (17.8% vs. 18.4%; adjusted OR 0.846, 95% CI 0.799-1.202). This finding was confirmed in 1028 propensity score-matched pairs of patients with supra-aortic arterial cannulation or femoral artery cannulation (17.5% vs. 17.0%, p = 0.770). In-hospital mortality after direct aortic cannulation was lower compared to femoral artery cannulation (14.0% vs. 18.4%, adjusted OR 0.703, 95% CI 0.529-0.934). Among 583 propensity score-matched pairs of patients, direct aortic cannulation was associated with lower rates of in-hospital mortality (13.4% vs. 19.6%, p = 0.004) compared to femoral artery cannulation. Switching of the primary site of arterial cannulation was associated with increased rate of in-hospital mortality (36.5% vs. 17.0%; adjusted OR 2.730, 95% CI 1.564-4.765). Ten-year mortality was similar in the study cohorts. CONCLUSIONS: In this study, the outcomes of surgery for TAAD using femoral arterial cannulation were comparable to those using supra-aortic arterial cannulation. However, femoral arterial cannulation was associated with higher in-hospital mortality than direct aortic cannulation. TRIAL REGISTRATION: ClinicalTrials.gov registration code: NCT04831073.

Albumin and Cardioprotection in On-Pump Cardiac Surgery-A Post Hoc Analysis of a Randomized Trial.

OBJECTIVES: To study the quantitative potency of plasma albumin on cardioprotection in terms of creatinine kinase-myocardial band mass (CK-MBm) in on-pump cardiac surgery. DESIGN: Post hoc analysis of a double-blinded randomized clinical trial. SETTING: Single-center study in the Helsinki University Hospital. PARTICIPANTS: A total of 1,386 adult on-pump cardiac surgical patients. INTERVENTION: Administration of 4% albumin (n = 693) or Ringers acetate (n = 693) for cardiopulmonary bypass priming and volume replacement intraoperatively and postoperatively during the first 24 hours. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS: Albumin concentration was measured preoperatively and intraoperatively (after protamine administration), and CK-MBm on the first postoperative morning. Multivariate linear regression analyses were measured in the whole cohort and the Ringer group. Plasma albumin concentration did not differ between the groups preoperatively (Ringer v albumin: 38.3 ± 5.0 g/L v 38.6 ± 4.5 g/L; p = 0.171) but differed intraoperatively (29.5 ± 5.2 g/L v 41.5 ± 6.0 g/L; p < 0.001). Creatinine kinase-myocardial band mass was higher in the Ringer (32.0 ± 34.8 µg/L) than in the albumin group (24.3 ± 33.0 µg/L) (p < 0.001). Aortic cross-clamping time associated with CK-MBm in the whole cohort (standardized ß = 0.376 [95% CI 0.315-0.437], p < 0.001) and the Ringer group (ß = 0.363 [0.273-0.452]; p < 0.001). Albumin administration in the whole cohort (ß = -0.156 [-0.201 to -0.111]; p < 0.001) and high intraoperative albumin concentration in the Ringer group (ß = -0.07 [-0.140 to -0.003]; p = 0.04) associated with reduced CK-MBm. Compared with ischemia-induced increase in CK-MBm, albumin's potency to reduce CK-MBm was 41% in the whole cohort (ß-value ratio of -0.156/0.376) and 19% in the Ringer group (ß-value ratio of -0.07/0.363). CONCLUSION: Both endogenous and exogenous albumin appear to be cardioprotective regarding CK-MBm release in on-pump cardiac surgery.

Comparison of 4% Albumin and Ringer's Acetate on Hemodynamics in On-pump Cardiac Surgery: An Exploratory Analysis of a Randomized Clinical Trial.

OBJECTIVES: Compare hemodynamics between 4% albumin and Ringer's acetate. DESIGN: Exploratory analysis of the double-blind randomized ALBumin In Cardiac Surgery trial. SETTING: Single-center study in Helsinki University Hospital. PARTICIPANTS: We included 1,386 on-pump cardiac surgical patients. INTERVENTION: We used 4% albumin or Ringer's acetate administration for cardiopulmonary bypass priming, volume replacement intraoperatively and 24 hours postoperatively. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS: Hypotension (time-weighted average mean arterial pressure of <65 mmHg) and hyperlactatemia (time-weighted average blood lactate of >2 mmol/L) incidences were compared between trial groups in the operating room (OR), and early (0-6 hours) and late (6-24 hours) postoperatively. Associations of hypotension and hyperlactatemia with the ALBumin In Cardiac Surgery primary outcome (≥1 major adverse event [MAE]) were studied. In these time intervals, hypotension occurred in 118, 48, and 17 patients, and hyperlactatemia in 313, 131, and 83 patients. Hypotension and hyperlactatemia associated with MAE occurrence. Hypotension did not differ between the groups (albumin vs Ringer's: OR, 8.8% vs 8.5%; early postoperatively, 2.7% vs 4.2%; late postoperatively, 1.2% vs 1.3%; all p > 0.05). In the albumin group, hyperlactatemia was less frequent late postoperatively (2.9% vs 9.1%; p < 0.001), but not earlier (OR, 22.4% vs 23.6%; early postoperatively, 7.9% vs 11.0%; both p > 0.025 after Bonferroni-Holm correction). CONCLUSIONS: In on-pump cardiac surgery, hypotension and hyperlactatemia are associated with the occurrence of ≥1 MAE. Compared with Ringer's acetate, albumin did not decrease hypotension and decreased hyperlactatemia only late postoperatively. Albumin's modest hemodynamic effect is concordant with the finding of no difference in MAEs between albumin and Ringer's acetate in the ALBumin In Cardiac Surgery trial.

Current Outcome after Surgery for Type A Aortic Dissection.

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to evaluate the outcomes of different surgical strategies for acute Stanford type A aortic dissection (TAAD). SUMMARY BACKGROUND DATA: The optimal extent of aortic resection during surgery for acute TAAD is controversial. METHODS: This is a multicenter, retrospective cohort study of patients who underwent surgery for acute TAAD at 18 European hospitals. RESULTS: Out of 3902 consecutive patients, 689 (17.7%) died during the index hospitalization. Among 2855 patients who survived 3 months after surgery, 10-year observed survival was 65.3%, while country-adjusted, age-adjusted, and sex-adjusted expected survival was 81.3%, yielding a relative survival of 80.4%. Among 558 propensity score-matched pairs, total aortic arch replacement increased the risk of in-hospital (21.0% vs. 14.9%, P =0.008) and 10-year mortality (47.1% vs. 40.1%, P =0.001), without decreasing the incidence of distal aortic reoperation (10-year: 8.9% vs. 7.4%, P =0.690) compared with ascending aortic replacement. Among 933 propensity score-matched pairs, in-hospital mortality (18.5% vs. 18.0%, P =0.765), late mortality (at 10-year: 44.6% vs. 41.9%, P =0.824), and cumulative incidence of proximal aortic reoperation (at 10-year: 4.4% vs. 5.9%, P =0.190) after aortic root replacement was comparable to supracoronary aortic replacement. CONCLUSIONS: Replacement of the aortic root and aortic arch did not decrease the risk of aortic reoperation in patients with TAAD and should be performed only in the presence of local aortic injury or aneurysm. The relative survival of TAAD patients is poor and suggests that the causes underlying aortic dissection may also impact late mortality despite surgical repair of the dissected aorta.

Direct Aortic Versus Supra-Aortic Arterial Cannulation During Surgery for Acute Type A Aortic Dissection.

AIMS: In this study we evaluated the impact of direct aortic cannulation versus innominate/subclavian/axillary artery cannulation on the outcome after surgery for type A aortic dissection. METHODS: The outcomes of patients included in a multicenter European registry (ERTAAD) who underwent surgery for acute type A aortic dissection with direct aortic cannulation versus those with innominate/subclavian/axillary artery cannulation, i.e. supra-aortic arterial cannulation, were compared using propensity score matched analysis. RESULTS: Out of 3902 consecutive patients included in the registry, 2478 (63.5%) patients were eligible for this analysis. Direct aortic cannulation was performed in 627 (25.3%) patients, while supra-aortic arterial cannulation in 1851 (74.7%) patients. Propensity score matching yielded 614 pairs of patients. Among them, patients who underwent surgery for TAAD with direct aortic cannulation had significantly decreased in-hospital mortality (12.7% vs. 18.1%, p = 0.009) compared to those who had supra-aortic arterial cannulation. Furthermore, direct aortic cannulation was associated with decreased postoperative rates of paraparesis/paraplegia (2.0 vs. 6.0%, p < 0.0001), mesenteric ischemia (1.8 vs. 5.1%, p = 0.002), sepsis (7.0 vs. 14.2%, p < 0.0001), heart failure (11.2 vs. 15.2%, p = 0.043), and major lower limb amputation (0 vs. 1.0%, p = 0.031). Direct aortic cannulation showed a trend toward decreased risk of postoperative dialysis (10.1 vs. 13.7%, p = 0.051). CONCLUSIONS: This multicenter cohort study showed that direct aortic cannulation compared to supra-aortic arterial cannulation is associated with a significant reduction of the risk of in-hospital mortality after surgery for acute type A aortic dissection. TRIAL REGISTRATION: ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT04831073.

Outcomes after Surgery for Endocarditis among Intravenous Drug Users and Nonusers.

BACKGROUND: The optimal treatment strategy for intravenous drug users (IVDU) with infective endocarditis (IE) is controversial. We therefore sought to investigate outcomes among IVDUs after surgery for IE. METHODS: We retrospectively reviewed all 192 consecutive patients who underwent an operation for IE between 2005 and 2016 in the Helsinki University Hospital. Forty-seven patients (24.5%) were IVDUs and 145 (75.5%) were non-IVDUs. Mortality and reinfection and reoperation rates were evaluated. RESULTS: IVDUs were younger (29.9 vs. 63.8 years, p < 0.001) and had less cardiovascular risk factors and lower EuroSCORE II (4.3 vs. 7.3%, p < 0.001), but Staphylococcus aureus infection (66.0 vs. 23.4%, p < 0.001), tricuspid valve endocarditis (34.0 vs. 2.8%, p < 0.001), and liver disease (63.8 vs. 2.8%, p < 0.001) occurred more often in IVDUs than in non-IVDUs. Thirty-day mortality of IVDUs was 8.5% and that of non-IVDUs was 6.9% (p = 0.711). Survival of IVDUs at 5 years was 70.8 ± 7.4% and survival of non-IVDUs was 67.9 ± 4.7% (p = 0.678). Relative to an age- and sex-matched general population, IVDUs had 58.6 (95% confidence interval [CI]: 33.7-101.9; p < 0.001) and non-IVUD 4.4 (95% CI: 3.1-6.2; p < 0.001) standardized mortality ratio. IVDUs had a higher reinfection rate at 5 years (25.8 ± 7.7% vs. 3.0 ± 1.7%, p < 0.001) and a higher early reoperation rate than non-IVDUs (10.6 vs. 1.4%, p = 0.003). CONCLUSIONS: IVDUs and non-IVDUs had comparable survival at 5 years, but IVDUs had a very significantly increased risk of death in comparison to an age- and sex-matched general population. IVDUs had higher reinfection and early reoperation rates. Survival was poor after medically treated reinfection.

Chronic lung allograft dysfunction subtype analysis by computed tomography volumetry.

BACKGROUND: Chronic lung allograft dysfunction (CLAD) limits long-term survival after lung transplantation. Of the two subtypes, restrictive allograft syndrome (RAS) is characterized by a larger lung volume decrease and worse prognosis than bronchiolitis obliterans syndrome (BOS). We used computed tomography (CT) volumetry to classify CLAD subtypes and determined their clinical impact. METHODS: Adult primary lung transplants performed 2003-2015 (n = 167) were retrospectively evaluated for CLAD and subclassified with CT volumetry. Lung volume decrease of < 15% from baseline resulted in BOSCT-vol and ≥15% resulted in RASCT-vol diagnosis. Clinical impact of CLAD subtypes was defined, and the prognostic value of different lung function, radiological, and lung volume parameters present at the time of CLAD diagnosis were compared. RESULTS: CLAD affected 43% of patients and was classified with CT volumetry as BOSCT-vol in 89% and RASCT-vol in 11%. Median graft survival estimate in RASCT-vol was significantly decreased compared to BOSCT-vol (1.6 vs. 9.7 years, P = .038). At CLAD onset, RASCT-vol diagnosis (P = .05), increased lung density (P = .007), and more severe FEV1 (P = .004) decline from baseline, increased graft loss risk in multivariate analysis. CONCLUSIONS: CT volumetry serves to identify lung transplant patients with a poor clinical outcome but should be validated in prospective trials.

13-year single-center experience with the treatment of acute type B aortic dissection.

Background. Acute type B aortic dissection (TBAD) is catastrophic event associated with significant mortality and lifelong morbidity. The optimal treatment strategy of TBAD is still controversial. Methods. This analysis includes patients treated for TBAD at the Helsinki University Hospital, Finland in 2007-2019. The endpoints were early and late mortality, and intervention of the aorta. Results. There were 205 consecutive TBAD patients, 59 complicated and 146 uncomplicated patients (mean age of 66 ± 14, females 27.8%). In-hospital and 30-day mortality rates were higher in complicated patients compared with uncomplicated patients with a statistically significant difference (p = 0.035 and p = 0.015, respectively). After a mean follow-up of 4.9 ± 3.8 years, 36 (25.0%) and 22 (37.9%) TBAD -related adverse events occurred in the uncomplicated and complicated groups, respectively (p = 0.066). Freedom from composite outcome was 83 ± 3% and 69 ± 6% at 1 year, 75 ± 4% and 63 ± 7% at 5 years, 70 ± 5% and 59 ± 7% at 10 years in the uncomplicated group and in the complicated group, respectively (p = 0.052). There were 25 (39.1%) TBAD-related deaths in the overall series and prior aortic aneurysm was the only risk factor for adverse aortic-related events in multivariate analysis (HR 3.46, 95% CI 1.72-6.96, p < 0.001). Conclusion. TBAD is associated with a significant risk of early and late adverse events. Such a risk tends to be lower among patients with uncomplicated dissection, still one fourth of them experience TBAD-related event. Recognition of risk factors in the uncomplicated group who may benefit from early aortic repair would be beneficial.

Perioperative Bleeding Requiring Blood Transfusions is Associated With Increased Risk of Stroke After Transcatheter and Surgical Aortic Valve Replacement.

OBJECTIVES: The authors aimed to investigate the impact of severe bleeding and use of red blood cell (RBC) transfusion on the development of postoperative stroke after surgical (SAVR) and transcatheter aortic valve replacement (TAVR), taken from the FinnValve registry. DESIGN: Nationwide, retrospective observational study. SETTING: Five Finnish university hospitals participated in the registry. PARTICIPANTS: A total of 6,463 patients who underwent SAVR (n = 4,333) or TAVR (n = 2,130). INTERVENTIONS: Patients who underwent TAVR or SAVR with a bioprosthesis with or without coronary revascularization. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS: The incidence of postoperative stroke after SAVR was 3.8%. In multivariate analysis, the number of transfused RBC units (odds ratio [OR], 1.098; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.064-1.133) was one of the independent predictors of postoperative stroke. The incidence of stroke increased, along with the severity of perioperative bleeding, according to the European Coronary Artery Bypass Grafting (E-CABG) bleeding grades were as follows: grade 0, 2.2% (reference group); grade 1, 3.4% (adjusted OR, 1.841; 95% CI, 1.105-3.066); grade 2, 5.5% (adjusted OR, 3.282; 95% CI, 1.948-5.529); and grade 3, 14.8% (adjusted OR, 7.103; 95% CI, 3.612-13.966). The incidence of postoperative stroke after TAVR was 2.5%. The number of transfused RBC units was an independent predictor of stroke after TAVR (adjusted OR, 1.155; 95% CI, 1.058-1.261). The incidence of postoperative stroke increased, along with the severity of perioperative bleeding, as stratified by the E-CABG bleeding grades: E-CABG grade 0, 1.7%; grade 1, 5.3% (adjusted OR, 1.270; 95% CI, 0.532-3.035); grade 2, 10.0% (adjusted OR, 2.898; 95% CI, 1.101-7.627); and grade 3, 30.0% (adjusted OR, 10.706; 95% CI, 2.389-47.987). CONCLUSIONS: Perioperative bleeding requiring RBC transfusion and/or reoperation for intrathoracic bleeding is associated with an increased risk of postoperative stroke after SAVR and TAVR. Patient blood management and meticulous preprocedural planning and operative technique aiming to avoid significant perioperative bleeding may reduce the risk of cerebrovascular complications.

Effect of 4% Albumin Solution vs Ringer Acetate on Major Adverse Events in Patients Undergoing Cardiac Surgery With Cardiopulmonary Bypass: A Randomized Clinical Trial.

Importance: In cardiac surgery, albumin solution may maintain hemodynamics better than crystalloids and reduce the decrease in platelet count and excessive fluid balance, but randomized trials are needed to compare the effectiveness of these approaches in reducing surgical complications. Objective: To assess whether 4% albumin solution compared with Ringer acetate as cardiopulmonary bypass prime and perioperative intravenous volume replacement solution reduces the incidence of major perioperative and postoperative complications in patients undergoing cardiac surgery. Design, Setting, and Participants: A randomized, double-blind, single-center clinical trial in a tertiary university hospital during 2017-2020 with 90-day follow-up postoperatively involving patients undergoing on-pump coronary artery bypass grafting; aortic, mitral, or tricuspid valve surgery; ascending aorta surgery without hypothermic circulatory arrest; and/or the maze procedure were randomly assigned to 2 study groups (last follow-up was April 13, 2020). Interventions: The patients received in a 1:1 ratio either 4% albumin solution (n = 693) or Ringer acetate solution (n = 693) as cardiopulmonary bypass priming and intravenous volume replacement intraoperatively and up to 24 hours postoperatively. Main Outcomes and Measures: The primary outcome was the number of patients with at least 1 major adverse event: death, myocardial injury, acute heart failure, resternotomy, stroke, arrhythmia, bleeding, infection, or acute kidney injury. Results: Among 1407 patients randomized, 1386 (99%; mean age, 65.4 [SD, 9.9] years; 1091 men [79%]; 295 women [21%]) completed the trial. Patients received a median of 2150 mL (IQR, 1598-2700 mL) of study fluid in the albumin group and 3298 mL (IQR, 2669-3500 mL) in the Ringer group. The number of patients with at least 1 major adverse event was 257 of 693 patients (37.1%) in the albumin group and 234 of 693 patients (33.8%) in the Ringer group (relative risk albumin/Ringer, 1.10; 95% CI, 0.95-1.27; P = .20), an absolute difference of 3.3 percentage points (95% CI, -1.7 to 8.4). The most common serious adverse events were pulmonary embolus (11 [1.6%] in the albumin group vs 8 [1.2%] in the Ringer group), postpericardiotomy syndrome (9 [1.3%] in both groups), and pleural effusion with intensive care unit or hospital readmission (7 [1.0%] in the albumin group vs 9 [1.3%] in the Ringer group). Conclusions and Relevance: Among patients undergoing cardiac surgery with cardiopulmonary bypass, treatment with 4% albumin solution for priming and perioperative intravenous volume replacement solution compared with Ringer acetate did not significantly reduce the risk of major adverse events over the following 90 days. These findings do not support the use of 4% albumin solution in this setting. Trial Registration: ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT02560519.

Early and late pace-maker implantation after transcatheter and surgical aortic valve replacement.

BACKGROUND: Conduction defects requiring permanent pacemaker (PPM) implantation are frequent complications occurring after surgical (SAVR) and transcatheter aortic valve replacement (TAVR). METHODS: Patients who underwent TAVR or SAVR with a bioprosthesis from the nationwide FinnValve registry were the subjects of this study. Patients with prior PPM, who received a sutureless prosthesis, or required cardiac resynchronization therapy or implantable cardioverter defibrillator were excluded from this analysis. RESULTS: Four thousand and ten patients underwent SAVR and 1,897 underwent TAVR. TAVR had an increased risk of PPM implantation at 30-day (10.1% vs. 3.5%, unadjusted OR 3.11, 95%CI 2.56-3.87) and 5-year (15.7% vs. 8.6%, unadjusted SHR, 2.12, 95%CI 1.81-2.48) compared to SAVR. PPM implantation within 30 days from the index procedure did not increase the risk of 5-year mortality after either SAVR or TAVR. Among 1,042 propensity score matched pairs, TAVR had an increased risk of PPM implantation at 30-day (9.9% vs. 4.7%, p < .0001) and 5-year (14.7% vs. 11.4%, p = .001), but late (>30 days) PPM implantation at 5-year (4.7% vs. 6.9% SHR 0.72, 95%CI 0.47-1.10) was comparable to SAVR. The types of prosthesis had an impact on 30-day PPM implantation after TAVR, but not on late (>30 days) PPM implantation. CONCLUSIONS: Although the risk of 30-day PPM implantation is higher after TAVR compared to SAVR, late (>30 days) PPM implantation was comparable with these treatment methods. PPM implantation within 30 days did not affect late survival.

Outcome of valve sparing root replacement for diverse indications.

OBJECTIVES: We report the mid-term outcomes of valve-sparing aortic root replacement (VSRR) in a cohort including patients with bicuspid aortic valve (BAV), connective tissue disorder (CTD), aortic dissection (AD), and congenital heart disease (CHD). Design. From 2005 to 2017, 174 patients underwent VSRR with the reimplantation technique. The mean age was 46 ± 14 years. The mean follow-up time was 4.8 ± 2.8 years. The indication for operation was aortic aneurysm for 127 (73%), aortic insufficiency (AI) for 38 (22%), and AD for 9 patients (5%). Preoperatively, 53 patients (31%) had ≥ moderate AI. BAV, CTD (Marfan or Loyes-Dietz), previous Ross procedure, or CHD was present in 57 (33%), 28 (16%), 7 (4%) and 12 patients (7%), respectively. Concomitant aortic valve repair was performed for 103 patients (59%). Results. Thirty-day mortality was zero. Four patients underwent aortic valve replacement (AVR) during follow-up. Kaplan-Meier estimates for survival, freedom from AVR, and freedom from ≥ moderate AI or reoperation were 96, 98, and 97% at 5 years. There was no difference in survival, freedom from AVR, or freedom from ≥ moderate AI or reoperation in patients with and without BAV, CTD, leaflet repair, or preoperative ≥ moderate AI. In Cox regression analysis, BAV, CTD, aortic valve repair, preoperative ≥ moderate AI, or aortic dimension were not risk factors for reoperation or valve dysfunction. Conclusions. Mid-term outcomes of VSRR for patients with diverse indications in terms of survival, reoperation rate, and valve dysfunction rate were excellent in a center with a limited annual volume of VSSR.

Cerebral Oximetry Monitoring in Patients Undergoing Surgery for Stanford Type A Aortic Dissection.

OBJECTIVES: The aim of this study was to evaluate the prognostic impact of cerebral regional oxygen saturation (crSO2) in patients undergoing surgery for Stanford type A aortic dissection (TAAD). DESIGN: Observational, retrospective, institutional study. SETTING: University hospital. PARTICIPANTS: A total of 152 patients who underwent surgery for TAAD from June 2009 to December 2018 at the authors' institution. INTERVENTIONS: Surgery for TAAD using continuous perioperative monitoring of crSO2 with near-infrared cerebral oximetry (INVOS, Medtronic, MN). MEASUREMENTS AND RESULTS: The rates of postoperative stroke/global brain ischemia were 22.4% and of hospital mortality 14.5%. Age, hemoglobin, and cardiogenic shock were independent predictors of nadir crSO2 from both frontal areas at arrival to the operating room. Repeated measures test showed that changes in crSO2 between the first measurement at operating room arrival, at the start of surgery, and at the end of surgery were not significant when measured on the right frontal area (p = 0.632), left frontal area (p = 0.608), as a nadir value from both frontal areas (p = 0.690), and as a difference between frontal areas (p = 0.826) in patients with and without major neurologic complications. Patients who had a nadir crSO2 <40% anytime during the perioperative period, had a numerically higher rate of major neurologic complications (27.3% v 20.4%, p = 0.354), but this difference did not reach statistical significance. The incidence of nadir of crSO2 value <40% at operating room arrival (5.9%, p = 1.000), at the start of surgery (5.3%, p = 0.685), and at the end of surgery (1.3%, p = 1.000) was rather low and not associated with these adverse events. CONCLUSIONS: Derangements in crSO2 detected by cerebral oximetry before and during surgery for TAAD did not predict postoperative stroke and/or global brain ischemia.

Outcomes of surgery for extensive infective endocarditis.

OBJECTIVE: Extensive infective endocarditis (EIE) involving the valve annulus or the intervalvular fibrous body (IFB) is a treatment challenge. We sought to clarify the outcomes of patients undergoing surgery for EIE. METHODS: We retrospectively reviewed all 197 consecutive patients who underwent an operation for infective endocarditis (IE) between 2005 and 2016 in the Helsinki University Hospital. Thirty-five (18%) patients had EIE, of which 17 (9%) infection extended to IFB. RESULTS: Patients with EIE had higher EuroSCORE II (24.4% vs. 12.4% p < .001), higher frequency of diabetes (29% vs. 13% p = .017), more often NYHA Class IV (83% vs. 56% p = .02), aortic (97% vs. 45% p < .001), multivalve (40% vs. 11% p < .001), and prosthetic valve IE (37% vs. 9% p < .001), and underwent more often emergency surgery (46% vs. 29% p = .042). Thirty-day mortality was 9% in the EIE group and 7% in the non-EIE group (p = .720). Survival of patients with EIE at 5 years was 60% and with non-EIE 71% (p = .029). The frequency of complications was higher in EIE (54%) than in non-EIE patients (25%) (p < .001), due to the higher need for permanent pacemaker implantations (34% vs. 4% p < .001). Freedom from re-operations at 5 years was 91% in the EIE group and 97% in the non-EIE group (p = .203). CONCLUSIONS: Early mortality of surgery for EIE was comparable with non-EIE. Midterm survival was lower after surgery for EIE than after surgery for non-EIE but there was no difference in survival of patients with IE limited to the valve annulus amenable to patch repair and patients with endocarditis requiring IFB reconstruction.

Epitranscriptomics of Ischemic Heart Disease-The IHD-EPITRAN Study Design and Objectives.

Epitranscriptomic modifications in RNA can dramatically alter the way our genetic code is deciphered. Cells utilize these modifications not only to maintain physiological processes, but also to respond to extracellular cues and various stressors. Most often, adenosine residues in RNA are targeted, and result in modifications including methylation and deamination. Such modified residues as N-6-methyl-adenosine (m6A) and inosine, respectively, have been associated with cardiovascular diseases, and contribute to disease pathologies. The Ischemic Heart Disease Epitranscriptomics and Biomarkers (IHD-EPITRAN) study aims to provide a more comprehensive understanding to their nature and role in cardiovascular pathology. The study hypothesis is that pathological features of IHD are mirrored in the blood epitranscriptome. The IHD-EPITRAN study focuses on m6A and A-to-I modifications of RNA. Patients are recruited from four cohorts: (I) patients with IHD and myocardial infarction undergoing urgent revascularization; (II) patients with stable IHD undergoing coronary artery bypass grafting; (III) controls without coronary obstructions undergoing valve replacement due to aortic stenosis and (IV) controls with healthy coronaries verified by computed tomography. The abundance and distribution of m6A and A-to-I modifications in blood RNA are charted by quantitative and qualitative methods. Selected other modified nucleosides as well as IHD candidate protein and metabolic biomarkers are measured for reference. The results of the IHD-EPITRAN study can be expected to enable identification of epitranscriptomic IHD biomarker candidates and potential drug targets.

Incidence and impact of chronic lung allograft dysfunction after lung transplantation - single-center 14-year experience.

Objectives. Lung transplantation remains the only available treatment option for many end-stage lung diseases. We evaluated our long-term lung transplantation results and the impact of chronic lung allograft dysfunction (CLAD). Design. Adult de novo lung transplants (2003-2015, n=175) in a nationwide single transplant center were retrospectively analyzed. Kaplan-Meier survival and Cox regression analysis were used to evaluate the effect of CLAD. Results. Recipient and graft 1-, 5- and 10-year survival estimates were 94%, 79% and 64%, and 93%, 75% and 59%, respectively. CLAD affected 43% of patients at a median of 2.3 years after transplantation, and impaired recipient (p = .03) and graft survival (p = .001) with the most advanced CLAD stage, and restrictive CLAD phenotype, resulting in worst graft survival. CLAD was the primary cause of death in 54% of all patients, and in 80% of patients with an established CLAD diagnosis. CLAD, high-risk cytomegalovirus serostatus, and recipient preoperative sensitization increased graft loss hazard ratio. CLAD was the only significant investigated risk factor for graft loss in multivariate regression analysis. Conclusions. Although very favourable lung transplant patient long-term survival was achieved, CLAD significantly impaired recipient and graft survival. Identification of risk factors and therapeutic options for CLAD may further improve lung transplantation results.

Heparin Dose and Point-of-Care Measurements of Hemostasis in Cardiac Surgery-Results of a Randomized Controlled Trial.

OBJECTIVE: High heparin doses during cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) have been suggested to reduce thrombin activation and consumption coagulopathy and consequently bleeding complications. The authors investigated the effect of a high heparin dose during CPB on point-of-care measurements of coagulation. The authors hypothesized that during CPB a high heparin dose compared with a lower heparin dose would reduce thrombin generation and platelet activation and tested whether this would be reflected in the results of rotational thromboelastometry (TEM) and platelet aggregation, measured with multiple electrode aggregometry (MEA). DESIGN: Prospective, randomized, controlled, open single-center study. SETTING: University teaching hospital. PARTICIPANTS: Sixty-three consecutive patients undergoing elective coronary artery bypass grafting with CPB were enrolled. INTERVENTIONS: Patients were randomly assigned to receive either a high (600 IU/kg, n = 32) or a low (300 IU/kg, n = 31) initial dose of heparin. Target levels of activated clotting time during CPB were >600 seconds in the high heparin dose group and >400 seconds in the low heparin dose group. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS: Blood samples were collected (1) preoperatively after induction of anesthesia, (2) 10 minutes after aortic declamping, (3) 30 minutes after protamine administration, and (4) 3 hours after protamine administration. TEM and MEA were then measured. There was no difference in blood loss up to 18 hours postoperatively (median 735 mL for high dose v 610 mL for low dose; p < 0.056) or transfusions between the groups. Total median heparin dose (54,300 IU v 27,000 IU; p = 0.001) and median antifactor Xa levels during CPB (9.38 U/mL v 5.04 U/mL; p = 0.001) were greater in the high than in the low heparin dose group. However, neither TEM nor MEA results differed significantly between the groups. CONCLUSIONS: Compared with a lower dose of heparin during CPB, a high dose of heparin had little effect on the point-of-care measurements of hemostasis, TEM, and MEA. Based on the similarity of platelet and coagulation activity assessments, the higher heparin dose does not appear to offer benefit during CPB.

Glycocalyx Degradation and Inflammation in Cardiac Surgery.

OBJECTIVE: Experimental inflammation induces degradation of glycocalyx. The authors hypothesized that inflammation is an important determinant of glycocalyx degradation in patients undergoing cardiac surgery with cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB). DESIGN: A prospective observational study. SETTING: Operation theater and intensive care unit of a university hospital. PARTICIPANTS: Two separate prospective patient cohorts. INTERVENTIONS: Blood samples were collected at 5 perioperative time points in the trial cohort (30 patients) and only preoperatively in the preoperative cohort (35 patients). Plasma syndecan-1 (biomarker of glycocalyx degradation), interleukin-6 (IL-6), IL-8, and IL-10 were measured. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS: In the trial cohort, preoperative ranges were as follows: 0.8-198 ng/mL for syndecan-1; 0-902 pg/mL for IL-6; 0-314.9 pg/mL for IL-8, and 0-2,909 pg/mL for IL-10. Seven out of 30 patients were outliers in terms of plasma concentrations of syndecan-1 and all cytokines preoperatively. The increase of syndecan-1 was 2.7-fold, and those of IL-6 and IL-8 were both 2.5-fold. The increase of IL-10 was modest. Plasma syndecan-1 correlated with all cytokines preoperatively (IL-6: R = 0.66, p < 0.001; IL-8: R = 0.67, p = 0.001; IL-10: R = 0.73, p < 0.001) as well as at 6 hours postoperatively (IL-6: R = 0.49, p = 0.006; IL-8: R = 0.43, p = 0.02; IL-10: R = 0.41, p = 0.03) and on the postoperative morning (IL-6: R = 0.57, p = 0.001; IL-8: R = 0.37, p = 0.06; IL-10: R = 0.51, p = 0.005) but not intraoperatively. The preoperative findings of the trial cohort could be confirmed in the preoperative cohort. CONCLUSIONS: In patients undergoing cardiac surgery with CPB, inflammation in terms of proinflammatory cytokines IL-6 and IL-8 and anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10 is associated with glycocalyx degradation measured as plasma syndecan-1 concentrations.

Blood Transfusion and Outcome After Transfemoral Transcatheter Aortic Valve Replacement.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the prognostic impact of red blood cell (RBC) transfusion on the outcome after transfemoral transcatheter aortic valve replacement (TAVR). DESIGN: Nationwide, retrospective multicenter study. SETTING: Five University Hospitals. PARTICIPANTS: The nationwide FinnValve registry included data from 2,130 patients who underwent TAVR for aortic stenosis from 2008 to 2017. After excluding patients who underwent TAVR through nontransfemoral accesses, 1,818 patients were selected for this analysis. INTERVENTION: TAVR with or without coronary revascularization. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS: RBCs were transfused in 293 patients (16.1%). Time-trend analysis showed that the rates of RBC transfusion decreased significantly from 27.5% in 2012 to 10.0% in 2017 (p < 0.0001). Among 281 propensity score matched pairs, RBC transfusion was associated with higher 30-day mortality (7.1% v 0%, p < 0.0001), late mortality (at 5-year, 59.1% v 43.3%, p = 0.008), as well as increased risk of acute kidney injury (17.0% v 4.4%, p < 0.0001), renal replacement therapy (3.6% v 0.4, p < 0.0001) and prolonged hospital stay (mean, 8.5 v 4.7 days, p < 0.0001) compared with patients who did not receive blood transfusion. In the overall series, the risk of adverse events increased significantly with the increasing amount of transfused RBC units and when operation for excessive bleeding was necessary. Consistently with these findings, postoperative hemoglobin drop and nadir level were associated with higher early and late mortality. CONCLUSIONS: Patients who received blood transfusion after TAVR had an increased risk of early and late adverse events. These adverse effects were particularly evident with increasing amount of RBC transfusion and operations for excessive bleeding.

Outcome of early vs delayed surgery for infective mitral endocarditis.

BACKGROUND AND AIM OF THE STUDY: Timing of surgery for infective endocarditis is controversial. The objective of this study was to report the outcomes of early vs delayed surgery (DS) of mitral endocarditis. METHODS: We retrospectively reviewed all patients treated surgically for mitral endocarditis between 2005 and 2016 in a single center. We analyzed midterm outcomes of early surgery (ES; surgery within 7 days or less of prior directed antibiotic treatment) in comparison to DS (surgery after more than 7 days of prior directed antibiotic treatment). RESULTS: Survival of all patients was 87% at one and 72% at 5 years. Mean follow-up time was 4.0 ± 3.1 years. Thirty-three (36.3%) patients were in the ES and 58 (63.7%) were in the DS group. Patients with ES were younger (47.4 vs 55.3 years), were in New York Heart Association class III or IV more frequently (97.0 vs 65.5%), and had higher EuroScore2 (15.6 vs 8.6%). The ES group had lower freedom from valve reoperation (98.2 vs 87.2%; P = .035) and the composite endpoint of >2 + regurgitation or reoperation at 5 years (98.2 vs 72.7%; P = .004). CONCLUSIONS: ES was associated with a higher rate of reoperations and the composite endpoint of recurrent MR or reoperation.