Asociación de las determinantes de la seguridad alimentaria nutricional con la presencia de sobrepeso y obesidad en la población que acude a la unidad de epidemiología clínica del IINSAD de la Facultad de Medicina ­ UMSA / Association of the determinants of nutritional food safety with the presence of overweight and obesity in the population that comes to the clinical epidemiology unit of the IINSAD of the Faculty of Medicine - UMSA

OBJETIVO: identificar la asociación de las determinantes de la seguridad alimentaria con el sobrepeso y obesidad de la población que acude a la Unidad de Epidemiología Clínica del IINSAD de la Facultad de Medicina, Enfermería, Nutrición y Tecnología Médica ­ UMSA. MATERIAL Y MÉTODO: estudio de Casos y Controles, desarrollado en la Unidad de Epidemiologia Clínica del IINSAD de la Facultad de Medicina, UMSA. Ingresaron al estudio 288 personas, 144 casos y 144 controles, se aplicó la encuesta alimentaria, identificando el consumo y la frecuencia de alimentos y preguntas específicas sobre disponibilidad, acceso físico y económico a los alimentos. Se realizó una evaluación antropométrica para identificar los casos y controles. RESULTADOS: existe una probabilidad mayor de presentar sobrepeso u obesidad en la población con insuficiente acceso económico a los alimentos OR= 2.1 (IC95% 1.3-3.6 p=0.003). A mayor proporción de gasto en alimentos de una familia, mayor es el consumo de energía provenientes de carbohidratos y grasas OR= 30 (IC95% 23.6-58.8) p=0.000. No se encontró asociación entre la disponibilidad de alimentos y el lugar de aprovisionamiento. CONCLUSIONES: son factores asociados para la presencia de sobrepeso y obesidad los determinantes de seguridad alimentaria nutricional como ingreso destinado a la compra de los alimentos, el consumo alimentario en cantidad y calidad de la dieta consumida y adecuación de nutrientes, la disponibilidad de alimentos y el lugar de aprovisionamiento no presenta asociación

OBJECTIVE: to identify the association of food security determinants of overweight and obesity in the population attending the Clinical Epidemiology Unit of IINSAD Faculty of Medicine, Nursing, Nutrition and Medical Technology - UMSA La Paz, 2015. MATERIAL AND METHODS: an observational analytical case-control study, 288 individuals attending the IINSAD of the Faculty of Medicine, Nursing, Nutrition and Medical Technology - UMSA. 144 cases and 144 controls were analyzed. A food survey, where the consumption and food frequency and specific questions about availability, physical and economic access to food occurred was applied. Anthropometric assessment was performed to identify cases and controls. RESULTS: there is a greater likelihood of becoming overweight or obese in people with insufficient economic access to food OR = 2.1 (95% CI 1.3-3.6 p = 0.003). The greater the food expenditure proportion of a family, the greater is the consumption the energy from carbohydrates and fats OR = 30 (95% CI 23.6-58.8 p = 0.000). No association between the availability of food and the place of supply is found. CONCLUSIONS: there are factors associated to the presence of overweight and obesity determinants of nutritional food security such as income for the purchase of food, food consumption in quantity and quality of consumed diet and nutrient adequacy, the availability of food and the place of supplying is not considered associated for this study

Blood pressure and heart rate response to apomorphine in urethane anesthetized rats

The mechanisms involved in the hypotensive effect of apomorphine were studied in urethane anesthetized rats. The intravenous injection of apomorphine (0.01-0.75 mg/kg) produced a dose dependent fall in mean blood pressure. At the higher doses used (0.5-0.75 mg/kg) a marked bradycardia accompanied the hypotensive effect. These cardiovascular effects were prevented by pretreating the animals with pimozide (0.01-0.1 mg/kg). Low doses of haloperidol (0.03-0.3 mg/kg) did not antagonize the hypotensive action of apomorphine. Higher doses of haloperidol (1-3 mg/kg) reduced markedly the mean blood pressure. Atropine (1 mg/kg) partially antagonized the decrease in mean blood pressure induced by apomorphine and prevented completely the bradycardia. Hexamethonium (10 mg/kg) reduced the mean blood pressure and when apomorphine was administered, a residual hypotensive effect and no bradycardia was observed. It is concluded that the cardiovascular actions of apomorphine are central in origin and mainly due to the stimulation of a dopamine receptor. A probable peripheral effect could not be discarded.

Blood pressure and heart rate response to apomorphine in urethane anesthetized rats.

The mechanisms involved in the hypotensive effect of apomorphine were studied in urethane anesthetized rats. The intravenous injection of apomorphine (0.01-0.75 mg/kg) produced a dose dependent fall in mean blood pressure. At the higher doses used (0.5-0.75 mg/kg) a marked bradycardia accompanied the hypotensive effect. These cardiovascular effects were prevented by pretreating the animals with pimozide (0.01-0.1 mg/kg). Low doses of haloperidol (0.03-0.3 mg/kg) did not antagonize the hypotensive action of apomorphine. Higher doses of haloperidol (1-3 mg/kg) reduced markedly the mean blood pressure. Atropine (1 mg/kg) partially antagonized the decrease in mean blood pressure induced by apomorphine and prevented completely the bradycardia. Hexamethonium (10 mg/kg) reduced the mean blood pressure and when apomorphine was administered, a residual hypotensive effect and no bradycardia was observed. It is concluded that the cardiovascular actions of apomorphine are central in origin and mainly due to the stimulation of a dopamine receptor. A probable peripheral effect could not be discarded.

Analysis of left ventricular function by radionuclide ventriculogram in hypertensive patients treated with atenolol

The myocardial effects of a daily oral dose of atenolol were studied by radionuclide multitriggered ventriculogram in 10 patients (7 men and 3 women) with mild to moderate essential hypertension, aged 29 to 53 years (mean 43) at rest and during exercise. Before and after two months of treatment with 100 mg/day orally of atenolol, the following variables were recordedÑ systolic blood pressure (SBP), diastolic blood pressure (DBP), heart rate (HR), ejection fraction (EF), peak filling rate (PFR) and peak ejection rate (PER). Beta-blockade treatment caused a significant drop in SBP and DBP, both at rest and during exerciseñ HR slowed down at rest and during exercise. PFR diminished at rest and during exercise. PER was reduced at rest and during exercise (p < 0.001). No significant changes in EF were observed after treatment with atenolol. In conclusion,k atenolol impaired left ventricular relaxation in spite of the drop in blood pressure

Analysis of left ventricular function by radionuclide ventriculogram in hypertensive patients treated with atenolol.

The myocardial effects of a daily oral dose of atenolol were studied by radionuclide multi-triggered ventriculogram in 10 patients (7 men and 3 women) with mild to moderate essential hypertension, aged 29 to 53 years (mean 43) at rest and during exercise. Before and after two months of treatment with 100 mg/day orally of atenolol, the following variables were recorded: systolic blood pressure (SBP), diastolic blood pressure (DBP), heart rate (HR), ejection fraction (EF), peak filling rate (PFR) and peak ejection rate (PER). Beta-blockade treatment caused a significant drop in SBP and DBP, both at rest and during exercise; HR slowed down at rest and during exercise. PFR diminished at rest and during exercise. PER was reduced at rest and during exercise (p less than 0.001). No significant changes in EF were observed after treatment with atenolol. In conclusion, atenolol impaired left ventricular relaxation in spite of the drop in blood pressure.

Early abnormalities of left ventricular function in essential hypertension induced by exercise.

In order to assess their ventricular function at rest and during exercise, 42 essential hypertensives (164 +/- 2/98.7 +/- 2 mmHg) and 12 normotensives (131.7 +/- 4/81.2 +/- 1 mmHg) were studied. Ejection fraction (EF), peak filling rate (PFR) and peak ejection rate (PER) were measured by means of gated radionuclide ventriculography. At rest, no differences in EF, PFR and PER between hypertensives and normotensives were found. During exercise, hypertensives showed lower PFR (5.3 +/- 0.2 EDV/s) and EF (67.7 +/- 1

) than normotensives (PFR 7 +/- 0.5 EDV/s, p < 0.005 and EF 79.4 +/- 2

, p < 0.001). Likewise, hypertensive showed a lower increase from rest to exercise in PFR and in EF than normotensives p < 0.001. In addition, hypertensives showed a great individual variability in EF response to exercise, where 23 patients increased EF more than 5

and 19 patients failed to increase it during stress. Moreover, the last group of patients had higher systolic blood pressure (SBP) both at rest and during exercise than patients who increased EF, p < 0.01. In addition, there was a significantly negative correlation between resting SBP and the variation of Ef (r = 0.47 y: 163.1-0.79X, p < 0.01). Left ventricular mass (LVM) was similar in the two groups of hypertensives. On the other hand, there were no differences in any of the variables analyzed between the hypertensives with LV hypertrophy and those with normal LVM. These findings suggest that abnormalities in both systolic and diastolic LV during exercise may be found in hypertensive patients even before myocardial hypertrophy can be detected.

Analysis of left ventricular function by radionuclide ventriculogram in hypertensive patients treated with atenolol

The myocardial effects of a daily oral dose of atenolol were studied by radionuclide multitriggered ventriculogram in 10 patients (7 men and 3 women) with mild to moderate essential hypertension, aged 29 to 53 years (mean 43) at rest and during exercise. Before and after two months of treatment with 100 mg/day orally of atenolol, the following variables were recordedÑ systolic blood pressure (SBP), diastolic blood pressure (DBP), heart rate (HR), ejection fraction (EF), peak filling rate (PFR) and peak ejection rate (PER). Beta-blockade treatment caused a significant drop in SBP and DBP, both at rest and during exerciseñ HR slowed down at rest and during exercise. PFR diminished at rest and during exercise. PER was reduced at rest and during exercise (p < 0.001). No significant changes in EF were observed after treatment with atenolol. In conclusion,k atenolol impaired left ventricular relaxation in spite of the drop in blood pressure (AU)

Inhibitory effect of enalapril on serum aldosterone in essential hypertension

El objetivo del presente estudio fue evaluar en pacientes hipertensos esenciales, el efecto inhibitorio agudo y crónico del maleato de enalapril sobre la aldosterona plasmática. Diez pacientes con hipertensión arterial esencial leve y moderada (7 varones y 3 mujeres), con edades comprendidas entre 15 y 60 años, recibieron, luego de un período placebo de 28 días, 20mg de maleato de enalapril en una sola toma diaria. Durante el período placebo y a las 24, 48 y 72h de iníciado el tratamiento se determinó la actividad renínica plasmática (ARP) y los níveles de angiotensina II (AII) y aldosterona plasmática (A) por radioinmunoensayo, midiéndose asimismo la presión arterial media (PAM) utilizando un equipo automático de presión arterial (Critikon, Dynamap). Se comprobó un descenso significativo de la PAM de 120,6ñ4mmHg a 104,4ñ3, 102,6ñ2 y 100,5ñ1mmHg a las 24,48 y 72h, respectivamente (p<0,01). La ARP se incrementó de 0,68ñ0,6ng/ml/h a 9,33ñ2; 9,67ñ2 y 10,5ñ2ng/ml/h (p<0,05) y la AII descendió de 70,8ñ18pg/ml a 35,1ñ5; 27,6ñ3 y 25ñ4pg/ml (p<0,05)en el mismo período. La A descendió de 141,9ñ8 a 94,7ñ5pg/ml a las 24h (p<0,05), para retornar a las 48 y 72h a los niveles previos al tratamiento (106,7ñ6 y 118,5ñ7pg/ml). Ocho pacientes continuaron recibiendo enalapril 20mg/día durante un período de 6 meses al cabo del cual se determinó nuevamente AII y A previo y a las 2, 4 y 6h luego de la dosis diaria de enalapril. Se comprobó un descenso de la AII de 38,7ñ9 a 29ñ11pg/ml a las 2h (p<0,05), a 21ñ5pg/ml a las 4h (p<0,02) y a 17,5ñ4pg/ml a las 6h (p<0,01) de administrada la dosis de enalapril. La A descendió también de 170,14 a 106,3ñ8; 98,7ñ7 y 89,3ñ5pg/ml a las 2,4 y 6h de recibida la droga (p<0,01). En 7 de los 8 pacientes estudiados, se obtuvo una correlación individual entre AII y A que osciló en un rango de r entre 0,69 y la unidad. Se concluye que el enalapril mantiene el efecto inhibitorio sobre la enzima convertidora en el largo plazo al persistir reducidos los niveles de AII a los 6 meses de tratamiento. La tendencia a la recuperación de los niveles de aldosterona observados a las 48 y 72h y su posterior retorno a losvalores iniciales se debería a unasupersensibilidad del receptor de AII, aunque no podría descartarse la participación de la ACTH (AU)

Early abnormalities of left ventricular function in essential hypertension induced by exercise

In order to assess their ventricular function at rest and during exercise, 42 essential hypertensives (164 +/- 2/98.7 +/- 2 mmHg) and 12 normotensives (131.7 +/- 4/81.2 +/- 1 mmHg) were studied. Ejection fraction (EF), peak filling rate (PFR) and peak ejection rate (PER) were measured by means of gated radionuclide ventriculography. At rest, no differences in EF, PFR and PER between hypertensives and normotensives were found. During exercise, hypertensives showed lower PFR (5.3 +/- 0.2 EDV/s) and EF (67.7 +/- 1%) than normotensives (PFR 7 +/- 0.5 EDV/s, p < 0.005 and EF 79.4 +/- 2%, p < 0.001). Likewise, hypertensive showed a lower increase from rest to exercise in PFR and in EF than normotensives p < 0.001. In addition, hypertensives showed a great individual variability in EF response to exercise, where 23 patients increased EF more than 5% and 19 patients failed to increase it during stress. Moreover, the last group of patients had higher systolic blood pressure (SBP) both at rest and during exercise than patients who increased EF, p < 0.01. In addition, there was a significantly negative correlation between resting SBP and the variation of Ef (r = 0.47 y: 163.1-0.79X, p < 0.01). Left ventricular mass (LVM) was similar in the two groups of hypertensives. On the other hand, there were no differences in any of the variables analyzed between the hypertensives with LV hypertrophy and those with normal LVM. These findings suggest that abnormalities in both systolic and diastolic LV during exercise may be found in hypertensive patients even before myocardial hypertrophy can be detected (Au)

Early abnormalities of left ventricular function in essential hypertension induced by exercise.

In order to assess their ventricular function at rest and during exercise, 42 essential hypertensives (164 +/- 2/98.7 +/- 2 mmHg) and 12 normotensives (131.7 +/- 4/81.2 +/- 1 mmHg) were studied. Ejection fraction (EF), peak filling rate (PFR) and peak ejection rate (PER) were measured by means of gated radionuclide ventriculography. At rest, no differences in EF, PFR and PER between hypertensives and normotensives were found. During exercise, hypertensives showed lower PFR (5.3 +/- 0.2 EDV/s) and EF (67.7 +/- 1

) than normotensives (PFR 7 +/- 0.5 EDV/s, p < 0.005 and EF 79.4 +/- 2

, p < 0.001). Likewise, hypertensive showed a lower increase from rest to exercise in PFR and in EF than normotensives p < 0.001. In addition, hypertensives showed a great individual variability in EF response to exercise, where 23 patients increased EF more than 5

and 19 patients failed to increase it during stress. Moreover, the last group of patients had higher systolic blood pressure (SBP) both at rest and during exercise than patients who increased EF, p < 0.01. In addition, there was a significantly negative correlation between resting SBP and the variation of Ef (r = 0.47 y: 163.1-0.79X, p < 0.01). Left ventricular mass (LVM) was similar in the two groups of hypertensives. On the other hand, there were no differences in any of the variables analyzed between the hypertensives with LV hypertrophy and those with normal LVM. These findings suggest that abnormalities in both systolic and diastolic LV during exercise may be found in hypertensive patients even before myocardial hypertrophy can be detected.

Early abnormalities of left ventricular function in essential hypertension induced by exercise

In order to assess their ventricular function at rest and during exercise, 42 essential hypertensives (164 +/- 2/98.7 +/- 2 mmHg) and 12 normotensives (131.7 +/- 4/81.2 +/- 1 mmHg) were studied. Ejection fraction (EF), peak filling rate (PFR) and peak ejection rate (PER) were measured by means of gated radionuclide ventriculography. At rest, no differences in EF, PFR and PER between hypertensives and normotensives were found. During exercise, hypertensives showed lower PFR (5.3 +/- 0.2 EDV/s) and EF (67.7 +/- 1%) than normotensives (PFR 7 +/- 0.5 EDV/s, p < 0.005 and EF 79.4 +/- 2%, p < 0.001). Likewise, hypertensive showed a lower increase from rest to exercise in PFR and in EF than normotensives p < 0.001. In addition, hypertensives showed a great individual variability in EF response to exercise, where 23 patients increased EF more than 5% and 19 patients failed to increase it during stress. Moreover, the last group of patients had higher systolic blood pressure (SBP) both at rest and during exercise than patients who increased EF, p < 0.01. In addition, there was a significantly negative correlation between resting SBP and the variation of Ef (r = 0.47 y: 163.1-0.79X, p < 0.01). Left ventricular mass (LVM) was similar in the two groups of hypertensives. On the other hand, there were no differences in any of the variables analyzed between the hypertensives with LV hypertrophy and those with normal LVM. These findings suggest that abnormalities in both systolic and diastolic LV during exercise may be found in hypertensive patients even before myocardial hypertrophy can be detected

Inhibitory effect of enalapril on serum aldosterone in essential hypertension

El objetivo del presente estudio fue evaluar en pacientes hipertensos esenciales, el efecto inhibitorio agudo y crónico del maleato de enalapril sobre la aldosterona plasmática. Diez pacientes con hipertensión arterial esencial leve y moderada (7 varones y 3 mujeres), con edades comprendidas entre 15 y 60 años, recibieron, luego de un período placebo de 28 días, 20mg de maleato de enalapril en una sola toma diaria. Durante el período placebo y a las 24, 48 y 72h de iníciado el tratamiento se determinó la actividad renínica plasmática (ARP) y los níveles de angiotensina II (AII) y aldosterona plasmática (A) por radioinmunoensayo, midiéndose asimismo la presión arterial media (PAM) utilizando un equipo automático de presión arterial (Critikon, Dynamap). Se comprobó un descenso significativo de la PAM de 120,6ñ4mmHg a 104,4ñ3, 102,6ñ2 y 100,5ñ1mmHg a las 24,48 y 72h, respectivamente (p<0,01). La ARP se incrementó de 0,68ñ0,6ng/ml/h a 9,33ñ2; 9,67ñ2 y 10,5ñ2ng/ml/h (p<0,05) y la AII descendió de 70,8ñ18pg/ml a 35,1ñ5; 27,6ñ3 y 25ñ4pg/ml (p<0,05)en el mismo período. La A descendió de 141,9ñ8 a 94,7ñ5pg/ml a las 24h (p<0,05), para retornar a las 48 y 72h a los niveles previos al tratamiento (106,7ñ6 y 118,5ñ7pg/ml). Ocho pacientes continuaron recibiendo enalapril 20mg/día durante un período de 6 meses al cabo del cual se determinó nuevamente AII y A previo y a las 2, 4 y 6h luego de la dosis diaria de enalapril. Se comprobó un descenso de la AII de 38,7ñ9 a 29ñ11pg/ml a las 2h (p<0,05), a 21ñ5pg/ml a las 4h (p<0,02) y a 17,5ñ4pg/ml a las 6h (p<0,01) de administrada la dosis de enalapril. La A descendió también de 170,14 a 106,3ñ8; 98,7ñ7 y 89,3ñ5pg/ml a las 2,4 y 6h de recibida la droga (p<0,01). En 7 de los 8 pacientes estudiados, se obtuvo una correlación individual entre AII y A que osciló en un rango de r entre 0,69 y la unidad. Se concluye que el enalapril mantiene el efecto inhibitorio sobre la enzima convertidora en el largo plazo al persistir reducidos los niveles de AII a los 6 meses de tratamiento. La tendencia a la recuperación de los niveles de aldosterona observados a las 48 y 72h y su posterior retorno a losvalores iniciales se debería a unasupersensibilidad del receptor de AII, aunque no podría descartarse la participación de la ACTH

Monitoreo ambulatorio automático de la presión arterial de 24 horas (maapa) en hipertensos. / [Automated ambulatory 24-hour monitoring of blood pressure in hypertensive patients]

In order to analyse the 24 h blood pressure pattern, a non-invasive 24 h ABPM was recorded in 18 normotensives (23-44 years) and in 24 untreated essential hypertensives (28-65 years) using a Space-Labs 90202. This device was previously validated with a mercury sphigmomanometer (S) and with intraarterial blood pressure (IA). The correlation coefficient obtained for systolic blood pressure (SBP) between ABPM and IA was 0.89, p less than 0.0001 and between ABPM and S was 0.98, p less than 0.0001. Likewise, a significative correlation for diastolic blood pressure (DBP) was found between ABPM and IA (r = 0.78, p less than 0.0001) and between ABPM and S (r = 0.97, p less than 0.0001). Essential hypertensives showed higher mean values of SBP and DBP than normotensives (p less than 0.01) maintaining a similar circadian pattern. In these patients, the percentages of mean abnormal SBP (greater than 140 mmHg) and DBP (greater than 90 mmHg) readings were greater than 58

and 56

for the 24 h period, and 70

and 77

for the activity period, respectively. On the other hand, in normotensives the percentages of mean abnormal SBP and DBP readings were lower than 10.5

and 5.7

for the 24 h period, and 17.2

and 11.7

during the activity period, respectively. In conclusion, 24 h ABPM enabled us to characterize two well differentiated populations either by mean BP values of the percentages of abnormal readings. Between normotensives and hypertensives an intermediate group of subjects, with normal mean BP values and higher percentages of abnormal BP readings than normotensives remains to be characterized and longitudinally studied in order to evaluate their target organ repercussion.

Monitoreo ambulatorio automatico de la presion arterial de 24 horas (MAAPA) en hipertensos / Automated ambulatory 24 h monitoring of blood pressure in hypertensive patients

El Maapa es consideraod un método más representativo que la medición casual de la presión arterial (PA) para evaluar el efecto que esta ejerce sobre los órganos blanco. El método Maapa (Space Labs 90202) fue previamente validado con mediciones simultáneas mediante el esfigmomanómetro de mercurio (E) o un catéter intraarterial en arteria radial (IA) en reposo. El coeficiente de correlación para la PA sistólica (PAS) entre Maapa e IA fue de 0,89 (p < 0,0001) y para la diastólica (PAD) de 0,78 (p < 0,0001) y entre Maapa y E fue de 0,98 para la PAS y de 0,97 para la PAD (p < 0,0001). Con el objeto de evaluar el comportamiento de la PA durante las 24 h en actividad habitual, se estudiaron 18 individuos normotensos sin antecedentes familiares de hipertensión arterial (23-44 años) y 24 hipertensos esenciales sin tratamiento (28-65 años). En los hipertensos, el promedio de PAS en 24 h fue de 148,3 ñ 15 y de l54 ñ 12 mmHg en el período de actividad, el porcentaje de valores (límite de confiabilidad al 95%) de PAS por sobre 140 mmHg fue durante las 24 h del 58-73% y entre la 06-21 h del 79-90%, mientras que el promedio de PAD en 24 h 95,8 ñ 13 y en el período de actividad fue de 102,2 ñ 10 mmHg, el porcentaje de los valores de PAD por encima de 90 mmHg fueron en las 24 h de 56-70% y entre las 06-21 h de 77-91%. En los normotensos, el promedio de la PAS en 24 h fue de 120,6 ñ 11 y de 127,5 ñ 7 mmHg de 6 a 21 h, las lecturas de la PAS sobre 140 mmHg fueron de 0-10,5% y 0-17,2%. El promedio de... (AU)

Mechanical vs intrinsic components in the improvement of brachial arterial compliance. Comparison of the effects of atenolol versus ramipril in hypertensive patients.

The aim of this study was to compare the mechanical and intrinsic effects of an angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor, vs a beta-blocker, on brachial arterial compliance. In a double blind study, 34 essential hypertensive patients were treated for 3 months with either ramipril 2.5-5.0 mg daily (n = 17, age 57 +/- 7 y, 11 males) or atenolol 50-100 mg daily (n = 17, age 53 +/- 8 y, 11 males). Blood pressure (BP), brachial artery diameter (D), brachial-radial pulse wave velocity (PWV) and effective compliance (Ceff), were measured before and at the end of the study. Isobaric evaluation (Ciso) was performed in the entire population studied at an average mean BP of 110 mmHg. Ramipril significantly reduced BP from 155 +/- 16/94 +/- 6 mmHg to 140 +/- 15/85 +/- 7 mmHg (p < 0.001) without affecting heart rate (HR; 74 +/- 10 vs. 75 +/- 12 bpm). In addition, it significantly improved both PWV (18

; p < 0.001) and arterial compliance (45

; p < 0.001), from which 35

was related to a pressure independent effect (p < 0.01). Atenolol also induced a reduction in both BP (159 +/- 17/96 +/- 10 to 133 +/- 13/81 +/- 8 mmHg; p < 0.001) and HR (76 +/- 10 to 57 +/- 7 bpm; p < 0.001). In a similar way, PWV (11

; p < 0.05) and Ceff (30

; p < 0.05) were significantly improved without significant change in Ciso. This suggests that blood pressure reduction was responsible for compliance improvement. In conclusion, it is suggested that atenolol induces only hemodynamic changes, mediated mainly by BP reduction. In contrast, the improved brachial buffering function observed after ramipril involves not only hemodynamic changes, but also changes mediated by other mechanisms, such as modification of wall structures.

Monitoreo ambulatorio automatico de la presion arterial de 24 horas (MAAPA) en hipertensos / Automated ambulatory 24 h monitoring of blood pressure in hypertensive patients

El Maapa es consideraod un método más representativo que la medición casual de la presión arterial (PA) para evaluar el efecto que esta ejerce sobre los órganos blanco. El método Maapa (Space Labs 90202) fue previamente validado con mediciones simultáneas mediante el esfigmomanómetro de mercurio (E) o un catéter intraarterial en arteria radial (IA) en reposo. El coeficiente de correlación para la PA sistólica (PAS) entre Maapa e IA fue de 0,89 (p < 0,0001) y para la diastólica (PAD) de 0,78 (p < 0,0001) y entre Maapa y E fue de 0,98 para la PAS y de 0,97 para la PAD (p < 0,0001). Con el objeto de evaluar el comportamiento de la PA durante las 24 h en actividad habitual, se estudiaron 18 individuos normotensos sin antecedentes familiares de hipertensión arterial (23-44 años) y 24 hipertensos esenciales sin tratamiento (28-65 años). En los hipertensos, el promedio de PAS en 24 h fue de 148,3 ñ 15 y de l54 ñ 12 mmHg en el período de actividad, el porcentaje de valores (límite de confiabilidad al 95%) de PAS por sobre 140 mmHg fue durante las 24 h del 58-73% y entre la 06-21 h del 79-90%, mientras que el promedio de PAD en 24 h 95,8 ñ 13 y en el período de actividad fue de 102,2 ñ 10 mmHg, el porcentaje de los valores de PAD por encima de 90 mmHg fueron en las 24 h de 56-70% y entre las 06-21 h de 77-91%. En los normotensos, el promedio de la PAS en 24 h fue de 120,6 ñ 11 y de 127,5 ñ 7 mmHg de 6 a 21 h, las lecturas de la PAS sobre 140 mmHg fueron de 0-10,5% y 0-17,2%. El promedio de...