Racial Disparities in Medication Use During Pregnancy: Results from the NISAMI Cohort.

Purpose: This study aimed to evaluate racial disparities in medication use and associated factors among pregnant women receiving prenatal care at Brazilian Unified Health System primary care health units in the northeast region. Patients and Methods: A total of 1058 pregnant women in the NISAMI Cohort were interviewed between June 2012 and February 2014. Medicines used during pregnancy were classified according to the Anatomical Therapeutic Chemical (ATC) classification system and ANVISA pregnancy risk categories. Prevalence ratios (crude and adjusted) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were estimated using Poisson regression with robust error variance. All analyses were stratified by race (Asian, black, brown/mixed, Brazilian indigenous, and white). Results: Approximately 84% of the pregnant women used at least one medication, with a lower proportion among white women. The most reported medications were antianemic preparations (71.08%; 95% CI 68.27-73.72%), analgesics (21.74%; 95% CI 19.36-24.32%), and drugs for functional gastrointestinal disorders (18.81%; 95% CI 16.57-21.28%). Approximately 29% of women took potentially risky medications during pregnancy, with a higher prevalence among Asian and white women. Factors associated with medication use during pregnancy include a greater number of prenatal consultations, higher education levels, health problems, and smoking. In addition, maternal age above 25 years, smoking status, and two or more previous pregnancies were associated with potentially risky medication use during pregnancy. Conclusion: A high prevalence of medication use during pregnancy was found; however, this prevalence was lower among white women. Nonetheless, black and brown women used antianemic preparations less frequently. This finding suggests that race is a factor of inequity in prenatal care, demanding public policies to mitigate it.

Effects of sexual orientation-based bullying on feelings of loneliness and sleeping difficulty among Brazilian middle school students.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the extent to which sexual orientation-based bullying relates to self-reported feelings of loneliness and sleeping difficulty among Brazilian middle school students. METHOD: This is a cross-sectional study using data from the 2015 PeNSE (Pesquisa Nacional de Saúde do Escolar), a survey designed to monitor the health of children and adolescents enrolled in the ninth grade in public and private Brazilian schools. Multiple linear regressions stratified by sex were used on a sample of 101,646 students, considering as reference students who had not experienced bullying, as well as students who had experienced other causes of bullying; a significance level of p<0.05 was accepted. RESULTS: When the reference group was composed of students who had not experienced bullying, the associations between sexual orientation-based bullying and feelings of loneliness and between sexual orientation-based bullying and sleeping difficulty were positive (p<0.05) for both male and female students, with magnitudes about twice as large as those found among those who reported having experienced other cause s of bullying. However, when the reference group was composed of students who had experienced other causes of bullying, only the association between sexual orientation-based bullying and feelings of loneliness was positive (p<0.05) for both male and female students. CONCLUSION: This study highlights that sexual orientation-based bullying is a predictor of feelings of loneliness.

Effect of the zero-tolerance drinking and driving law on mortality due to road traffic accidents according to the type of victim, sex, and age in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil: An interrupted time series study.

Objective: The objective of this study was to estimate the effect of the Brazilian zero-tolerance drinking and driving law on mortality rates due to road traffic accidents according to the type of victim, sex, and age. Methods: An interrupted time series design was used to compare yearly mortality rates due to road traffic accidents in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, before and after the zero-tolerance drinking and driving law came into effect on June 19, 2008. Yearly mortality rates were compared according to the type of victim: pedestrian, cyclist, motorcyclist, and vehicle occupant. We used the Prais-Winsten procedure of autoregression in the analysis of time series; the outcome of this analysis was the annual percentage change in the rates. Overall and stratified analyses were conducted to investigate whether the zero-tolerance drinking and driving law may have had a distributional effect on mortality rates due to road traffic accidents depending on sex and age group; a significance level of P < .01 was accepted. Results: From 1999 to 2016, there were 15,629 deaths due to road traffic accidents in Rio de Janeiro. The effect of the zero-tolerance drinking and driving law on overall mortality rates due to road traffic accidents in Rio de Janeiro was not statistically significant. However, among cyclists and motorcyclists aged ≥60 years and among pedestrians of both sexes and aged ≥20 years, the effect of the zero-tolerance drinking and driving law was to decrease mortality due to road traffic accidents at a yearly rate. Conclusion: There is evidence of reduced mortality rates due to road traffic accidents among cyclists and motorcyclists aged ≥60 years and among pedestrians of both sexes aged ≥20 years in the second major Brazilian capital 9 years after the zero-tolerance drinking and driving law was adopted.

Inconsistent reports of risk behavior among Brazilian middle school students: National School Based Survey of Adolescent Health (PeNSE 2009/2012).

This study assessed the consistency of self-reports of risk behavior (overall and within four specific domains: alcohol use, tobacco use, drug use, and sexual activity) in two editions of the Brazilian National School Based Survey of Adolescent Health (PeNSE): 2009 and 2012. The overall proportion of cases with at least one inconsistent response in the two editions was 11.7% (2.7% on the alcohol items, 2.1% for drug use, 4.3% for cigarette use, 3% for sexual activity) and 22.7% (12.8% on alcohol items, 2.5% for drug use, 4.3% for cigarette use, 4.1% for sexual activity), respectively. Such inconsistency was more prevalent among males, delayed students, those who reported having experimented with drugs, and those who did not have a cellphone. Because inconsistent responses were more prevalent among the students who claimed to have engaged in risky activities, removing inconsistent responders affected the estimated prevalence of all risk behaviors in both editions of the survey. This study supports the importance of performing consistency checks of self-report surveys, following the growing body of literature on this topic.

The role of city income inequality, sex ratio and youth mortality rates in the effect of violent victimization on health-risk behaviors in Brazilian adolescents.

This study integrates insights from evolutionary psychology and social epidemiology to present a novel approach to contextual effects on health-risk behaviors (unprotected sex, drunkenness episodes, drugs and tobacco experimentation) among adolescents. Using data from the 2012 Brazilian National Survey of Adolescent Health (PeNSE), we first analyzed the effects of self-reported violent victimization on health-risk behaviors of 47,371 adolescents aged 10-19 nested in the 26 Brazilian state capitals and the Federal District. We then explored whether the magnitude of these associations was correlated with cues of environmental harshness and unpredictability (youth external mortality and income inequality) and mating competition (sex ratio) from the city level. Results indicated that self-reported violent victimization is associated with an increased chance of engagement in health-risk behaviors in all Brazilian state capitals, for both males and females, but the magnitude of these associations varies in relation to broader environmental factors, such as the cities' age-specific mortality rates, and specifically for females, income inequality and sex ratio. In addition to introducing a novel theoretical and empirical approach to contextual effects on adolescent health-risk behaviors, our findings reinforce the need to consider synergies between people's life experiences and the conditions where they live, when studying health-risk behaviors in adolescence.

Breathalyzer test: results and refusals to take the test of drivers intercepted under the DUI Spot-Check Campaign in Rio de Janeiro. / Teste do bafômetro: resultados e recusas de motoristas interceptados pela Operação Lei Seca no Rio de Janeiro.

Abstract This paper involved a cross-sectional study that evaluated the results and refusals to take the breathalyzer test among drivers intercepted by the Driving Under the Influence (DUI) Spot-Check Campaign (Operação Lei Seca) in the capital of Rio de Janeiro and Baixada Fluminense. It was conducted using data provided by the State Government which were collected from drivers intercepted in the months of December 2013 and January 2014. Descriptive analysis was conducted of the sample and of the association between gender, age and location variables with the result of the breathalyzer test and refusal to take the test using a logistic regression model. Of the 4756 (100%) drivers intercepted, 59 (1.2%) failed the breathalyzer test and 229 (4.8%) refused to take it. Only the location of interception variable was statistically significant with greater chances of failing (OR = 4.01) and refusal to take the test (OR = 5.14) among drivers intercepted in the Baixada Fluminense. Systematic monitoring actions taken by the DUI Spot-Check Campaign that have occurred for longer in the capital appear to have a positive impact on the drinking and driving behavior of drivers.

Effects of sexual orientation-based bullying on feelings of loneliness and sleeping difficulty among Brazilian middle school students

Abstract Objective: To investigate the extent to which sexual orientation-based bullying relates to self-reported feelings of loneliness and sleeping difficulty among Brazilian middle school students. Method: This is a cross-sectional study using data from the 2015 PeNSE (Pesquisa Nacional de Saúde do Escolar), a survey designed to monitor the health of children and adolescents enrolled in the ninth grade in public and private Brazilian schools. Multiple linear regressions stratified by sex were used on a sample of 101,646 students, considering as reference students who had not experienced bullying, as well as students who had experienced other causes of bullying; a significance level of p < 0.05 was accepted. Results: When the reference group was composed of students who had not experienced bullying, the associations between sexual orientation-based bullying and feelings of loneliness and between sexual orientation-based bullying and sleeping difficulty were positive (p < 0.05) for both male and female students, with magnitudes about twice as large as those found among those who reported having experienced other cause s of bullying. However, when the reference group was composed of students who had experienced other causes of bullying, only the association between sexual orientation-based bullying and feelings of loneliness was positive (p < 0.05) for both male and female students. Conclusion: This study highlights that sexual orientation-based bullying is a predictor of feelings of loneliness.

Prevalência de discriminação percebida por orientação sexual nos serviços de saúde do Brasil: Pesquisa Nacional de Saúde, 2013 / Prevalence of discrimination perceived by sexual orientation in Brazilian health services: National Health Survey, 2013

Resumo Introdução A associação entre discriminação por orientação sexual e desfechos negativos em saúde é cada vez mais estabelecida na literatura. Entretanto, poucos estudos exploram a discriminação por orientação sexual nos serviços de saúde em amostras representativas da população geral. Objetivo Estimar a prevalência de discriminação percebida por orientação sexual nos serviços de saúde do Brasil. Método Este estudo transversal utilizou dados da Pesquisa Nacional de Saúde 2013. A prevalência de discriminação percebida por orientação sexual nos serviços de saúde foi estimada de forma global, e sua associação com características sociodemográficas e de uso de serviços de saúde foi investigada por meio de regressão de Poisson com variância robusta que calculou razões de prevalências. Resultados A prevalência global do fenômeno sob investigação foi igual a 0,18%. Embora estatisticamente significativa, a magnitude das associações observadas foi tão pequena, que nenhuma das características sociodemográficas e de uso de serviços de saúde investigadas pareceu ser capaz de, pragmaticamente, influenciar o risco de uma pessoa sofrer discriminação por orientação sexual nos serviços de saúde do Brasil. Conclusão O estudo reforça a importância de instaurar ações de promoção do respeito à diversidade sexual nos serviços de saúde do Brasil.

Abstract Background The association between discrimination based on sexual orientation and adverse health outcomes is increasingly observed in the literature. However, few studies explore discrimination based on sexual orientation in health services in representative samples of the overall population. Objective To estimate the prevalence of discrimination perceived by sexual orientation in Brazilian health servicesl. Method This cross-sectional study used data from the 2013 National Health Survey. The prevalence of discrimination perceived by sexual orientation in health services was globally estimated and its association with sociodemographic characteristics and those regarding health services was investigated using Poisson regression producing robust variance that calculated prevalence ratios. Results The global prevalence of the phenomenon investigated was equal to 0.18%. Although statistically significant, the magnitude of the observed associations was so small that none of the sociodemographic characteristics and the use of health services investigated seemed to be able to pragmatically influence the risk of a person being discrimined due to his/her sexual orientation in Brazilian health servicesl. Conclusion The study stresses the importance of establishing actions to promote respect for sexual diversity in Brazilian health services.

Desigualdades raciais em saúde e a pandemia da Covid-19 / Racial health inequalities and the COVID-19 pandemic / Las desigualdades raciales en la salud y la pandemia del Covid-19

Resumo O racismo é um sistema estruturante, gerador de comportamentos, práticas, crenças e preconceitos que fundamentam desigualdades evitáveis e injustas, baseadas na raça ou etnia. Na saúde o racismo pode se manifestar de diversas formas, como o institucional, que frequentemente ocorre de forma implícita. A pandemia do coronavírus tem sido um desafio para países que apresentam profundas desigualdades. No Brasil, em que pese a ausência das informações desagregadas por raça ou etnia ou que quando coletadas apresentam um preenchimento precário, sabe-se que negras e negros irão sofrer mais severamente os impactos da pandemia e seus vários desfechos negativos. No texto recuperamos aspectos históricos e sua relação com as condições de vulnerabilidade da população negra e apresentamos uma agenda de ações específicas para o combate ao racismo e suas devastadoras consequências no contexto da Covid-19.

Abstract Racism is a structural system that generates behaviors, practices, beliefs and prejudices that underlie unfair and avoidable inequalities, based on race or ethnicity. In health, racism can manifest itself in several ways, including institutional racism, which often occurs covertly. The coronavirus pandemic has been a challenge for countries with profound inequalities. In Brazil, despite the absence of information disaggregated by race or ethnicity, and even when collected, oftentimes recorded with errors; it is known that black people will suffer more sever impacts of the pandemic as well as its various negative outcomes. In this article we recall historical aspects and their relationship with the vulnerability of black population as well as suggest specific actions to combat racism and its devastating consequences in the context of COVID-19.

Resumen El racismo es un sistema estructural, que genera comportamientos, prácticas, creencias y prejuicios que dan fundamento a desigualdades que son evitables e injustas, basadas en la raza o etnia. En la salud, el racismo se puede manifestar de varias maneras, como la institucional, que a menudo ocurre de manera implícita. La pandemia del coronavirus ha sido un desafío para países que presentan grandes desigualdades. En Brasil, a pesar de la falta de información separadas por raza o etnia, o que, cuando se recopila, las respuestas son incompletas; se sabe que la raza negra, sufrirán mucho más los impactos de la pandemia y los diversos resultados negativos. En el texto recuperamos aspectos históricos y su relación con las condiciones de vulnerabilidad de la población negra y presentamos un plan de acciones específicas para combatir el racismo y sus consecuencias devastadoras dentro del contexto de Covid-19.

Parental conceptions about child emotional development / Concepções parentais sobre emoções e o desenvolvimento emocional de crianças

Abstract Mothers' and fathers' conceptualizations of joy, sadness, anger, fear, pride and shame were assessed. Their beliefs regarding the importance of children's manifestation of those emotions and the connection with the profiles of autonomy, relatedness and related-autonomy were also assessed. Sixty mother- father dyads with children up to three years old participated in the study. Questionnaires of parents' conceptualizations of emotions were used. Most participants considered joy an important emotion to be manifested by children of their kids' age (with an individual character motivation). However, anger, pride and shame were associated with older children. Mothers' and fathers' conceptualizations and beliefs were not divergent. The autonomous-related self model correlated positively with the importance mothers and parents attributed to all studied emotions.

Resumo Foram analisadas concepções de mães e pais sobre alegria, tristeza, raiva, medo, orgulho e vergonha, bem como suas crenças quanto à importância da manifestação dessas emoções por crianças, além da articulação com perfis de autonomia, relação e autonomia-relacionada. Participaram 60 duplas mãe-pai de filhos com até três anos de idade. Aplicado o questionário sobre concepções parentais de emoções, a alegria foi considerada pela maioria dos participantes como manifestada por crianças na idade de seus filhos e importante (com motivação de caráter individual), mas a raiva, o orgulho e a vergonha foram mais consideradas para crianças maiores. Não houve divergência nas concepções e crenças entre mães e pais. O modelo de self autônomo-relacionado correlacionou-se positivamente com a importância que mães e pais atribuíram a todas as emoções estudadas.

Metas Parentais de Socialização sobre Emoções: Um Estudo Exploratório / Parent's Goals of Socialization about Emotions: An Exploratory Study / Metas Parentales de Socialización de Emociones: Un Estudio Exploratorio

Estudar metas parentais de socialização emocional permite conhecer particularidades de contextos socioculturais e seus impactos no desenvolvimento infantil. Para analisar essas metas em mães e pais e sua relação com a valorização da autonomia ou da relação, realizou-se um estudo exploratório em que foram entrevistadas 60 duplas mãe-pai de filhos com até três anos, residentes na cidade do Rio de Janeiro. As respostas das entrevistas foram analisadas por uma técnica de análise de conteúdo e, posteriormente, foram calculadas frequências de evocações para as categorias identificadas e empregados procedimentos estatísticos descritivos e testes de associação entre grupos. Os resultados indicaram que as características emocionais desejadas por mães e pais para os filhos quandoadultos sinalizavam valorização da autonomia, independência e autoconfiança emocional, com as condições para o seu desenvolvimento estando principalmente centradas no contexto. A atuação parental prevalente foi a de educar/orientar para o desenvolvimento das metas emocionais que estabeleceram. Não foram encontradas diferenças significativas entre mães e pais, nem entre mães-pais de meninos e meninas quanto a quaisquer dos aspectos investigados. Sugere-se novos estudos abarcando distintas configurações familiares, com participantes de variados níveis de escolaridade e em outros contextos socioculturais.(AU)

Studying parental socialization goals allows us to understand the characteristics of sociocultural contexts and its impacts on child development. In order to analyze such goals in mothers and fathers and its relationship with their values regarding autonomy and relatedness, an exploratory study was conducted in which we interviewed 60 mother-father couples of children up to three years of age, living in the city of Rio de Janeiro. Interview responses were analyzed by a content analysis technique and, subsequently, emission frequencies were calculated for the identified categories and descriptive statistical procedures and association tests between groups were employed. Results showed that the emotional characteristics that the parents desired for their children as adults valued autonomy, independence and emotional self-confidence, with the conditions for child development mostly centered in contextual factors. The most frequently reported parental behavior was involvement in education/guidance towards their child developmental goals. No differences were found between mothers and fathers, neither between parents of girls or boys regarding any of the variables analyzed. Further studies are suggested covering different family configurations, with participants of varying levels of education and in other socio-cultural contexts.(AU)

Estudiar metas parentales de socialización emocional permite conocer particularidades de contextos socioculturales y sus impactos en el desarrollo infantil. Para analizar esas metas en madres y padres y su relación con la valorización de la autonomía o de la relación, se realizó un estudio exploratorio y se entrevistó 60 dobles madre-padre de hijos con hasta tres años, residentes en la ciudad de Río de Janeiro. Las respuestas de la entrevista se analizaron mediante técnica de análisis de contenido y, posteriormente, se calcularon las frecuencias de emisión para las categorías identificadas y se emplearon procedimientos estadísticos descriptivos y pruebas de asociación entre grupos. Los resultados indicaron que las características emocionales deseadas por madres y padres para los hijos cuando adultos señalaban valorización de autonomía, independencia y autoconfianza emocional, con las condiciones para su desarrollo estando principalmente centradas en el contexto. La actuación parental prevalente fue la de educar/orientar para el desarrollo de las metas emocionales que establecieron. No se encontraron diferencias significativas entre madres y padres, ni entre madres-padres de niños y niñas en cuanto a cualquiera de los aspectos investigados. Se sugieren estudios adicionales que abarquen diferentes configuraciones familiares, participantes de diferentes niveles de educación y en otros contextos socioculturales.(AU)

Autonomy Development: Gender and Age Differences from Adolescence to Emerging Adulthood / Desarrollo de la Autonomía: Diferencias por Sexo y Edad desde la Adolescencia hasta la Adultez Emergente

Abstract The development of autonomy during the transition to adulthood may present itself in different forms, depending on age, gender and cultural variations. Grounded in developmental psychology, this study examined gender and age differences in autonomy in Brazilian youth. Participants were 154 Brazilian adolescents and emerging adults (14-33 years old, M= 20.87, SD= 3.74, 50% female) from the state capital of Rio de Janeiro. Our findings indicate a positive association between age and autonomy scores in the Kağitçibaşi's Autonomous, Related and Related-autonomous Self scales. Correlation results showed gender specific results in such associations, such as that for men, age was positively associated with autonomy, whereas for women, it was associated with related-autonomy. These results suggest that, in Brazil, traditional views continue to reinforce gender roles towards men's agentic behavior and women's communal behavior. These findings highlight the importance of elucidating gender differences in the development of autonomy in different sociocultural contexts.

Resumen El desarrollo de la autonomía durante la transición a la edad adulta puede presentarse en diferentes formas, según la edad, el género y las variaciones culturales. Basado en la psicología del desarrollo, este estudio examinó las diferencias de género y edad en la autonomía de los jóvenes brasileños. Los participantes fueron 154 adolescentes brasileños y adultos emergentes (14-33 años, M = 20.87, SD = 3.74, 50% mujeres) de la capital del estado de Río de Janeiro. Nuestros hallazgos indican una asociación positiva entre las puntuaciones de edad y autonomía en las escalas de Self Autónomo, Relacionado y Autónomo-relacionado de Kağitçibaşi. Los resultados de la correlación mostraron resultados específicos de género en tales asociaciones, como la de los hombres, la edad se asoció positivamente con la autonomía, mientras que para las mujeres se asoció con la autonomía relacionada. Estos resultados sugieren que, en Brasil, las opiniones tradicionales continúan reforzando los roles de género hacia la conducta de los hombres y la conducta comunitaria de las mujeres. Estos hallazgos resaltan la importancia de dilucidar las diferencias de género en el desarrollo de la autonomía en diferentes contextos socioculturales.

A valorização da obediência infantil como meta de socialização em diferentes configurações familiares / Valorization of child obedience as socialization goal in different family settings / La valorización de la obediencia infantil como meta de socialización en diferentes configuraciones familiares

Estudos apontam que as metas de socialização da obediência são frequentemente valorizadas na criação de filhos. Contudo, a maior parte deles focaliza mães de famílias nucleares, não considerando a pluralidade de configurações familiares do contexto atual. Sendo assim, o presente estudo teve por objetivo investigar as metas de socialização da obediência infantil em famílias nucleares, monoparentais e reconstituídas. Participaram da pesquisa pais e mães de 50 famílias da cidade do Rio de Janeiro, com filhos de até dois anos de idade completos. Os participantes responderam ao Inventário de Metas de socialização/desenvolvimento (Keller et al., 2006). Os resultados não apontaram diferenças significativas na valorização das metas de socialização da obediência entre os três tipos de família. Famílias monoparentais, nucleares e reconstituídas valorizaram com a mesma intensidade a meta "aprender a obedecer aos pais" (H(2)=0.179, p=0.914) e a meta "aprender a obedecer as pessoas mais velhas" (H(2)=4.634, p=0.099). No entanto, em famílias reconstituídas, foi observada uma maior valorização da obediência em pais e mães de meninas quando comparados a pais e mães de meninos (U=16, p=0.012). Além disso, em famílias monoparentais notou-se que quanto mais jovens são os filhos, mais valorizada é a obediência (ρ=-0.81, p=0.005). Entende-se que a aprendizagem da obediência aparece, de fato, como uma das mais importantes metas de socialização, na medida em que consiste em uma característica priorizada desde os primeiros anos de vida.

Literature shows that socialization goals related to obedience are frequently valued in childrearing practices. However, previous studies were mostly restricted to observation of maternal beliefs in groups of nuclear families, not fully considering the variety of family configurations in modern contexts. The present study aims at investigating socialization goals related to child obedience in nuclear, remarried and single parent families. Parents of 50 families from the state capital of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, constituted the sample, all with children up to two years of age. Participants filled the Socialization Goals Inventory (Keller et al., 2006). Results did not reveal significant differences in how parents valued socialization goals of obedience among the three different family types. Nuclear, remarried and single parent families valued the goal "learn to obey parents" (H(2)=0.179, p=0.914) and "learn to obey older people" (H(2)=4.634, p=0.099) with the same intensity. However, in remarried families there was a higher valorization of obedience by parents of girls in comparison of parents of boys (U=16, p=0.012). Moreover, in single parent families, valorization of obedience was negatively correlated with the parents valorization of obedience, the younger their children, the more parents valued obedience as socialization goal (ρ=-0.81, p=0.005). Obedience appears to be highly valued by different types of Brazilian families, regardless of their configuration, and is prioritized since the first years of children's lives.

Los estudios apuntan que las metas de socialización de la obediencia se valoran en la crianza de hijos. Sin embargo, investigaciones anteriores detuvieron su foco de investigación en madres de familias nucleares, no considerando la pluralidad de configuraciones familiares del contexto actual. Siendo así, el presente estudio tuvo por objetivo investigar las metas de socialización de la obediencia infantil en familias nucleares, monoparentales y reconstituidas. Participaron de la investigación padres y madres de 50 familias de la ciudad de Río de Janeiro con hijos de hasta dos años de edad completos. Los participantes respondieron al Inventario de Metas de socialización / desarrollo (Keller et al., 2006). Los resultados no apuntaron diferencias significativas en la valorización de las metas de socialización de la obediencia entre los tres tipos de familia. Familias nucleares, monoparentales y reconstituidas valoraron con la misma intensidad la meta "aprender a obedecer a los padres" (H(2)=0.179, p=0.914) y la meta "aprender a obedecer las personas mayores" (H(2)=4.634, p=0.099). Sin embargo, en familias reconstituidas, se observó una mayor valoración de la obediencia en padres y madres de niñas cuando comparadas a padres y madres de niños (U=16, p=0.012). Además, en familias monoparentales, se notó que cuanto más jóvenes son los hijos, más valorada es la obediencia (ρ=-0.81, p=0.005). Se entiende que el aprendizaje de la obediencia aparece como una de las más importantes metas de socialización y consiste en una característica priorizada desde los primeros años de vida.

Inconsistent reports of risk behavior among Brazilian middle school students: National School Based Survey of Adolescent Health (PeNSE 2009/2012) / Inconsistências no relato de comportamentos de risco entre estudantes brasileiros: Pesquisa Nacional de Saúde do Adolescente (PeNSE 2009/2012) / Informes inconsistentes de comportamientos de riesgo entre los estudiantes de secundaria de Brasil: Encuesta Nacional de Salud del Adolescente (PeNSE 2009/2012)

Abstract: This study assessed the consistency of self-reports of risk behavior (overall and within four specific domains: alcohol use, tobacco use, drug use, and sexual activity) in two editions of the Brazilian National School Based Survey of Adolescent Health (PeNSE): 2009 and 2012. The overall proportion of cases with at least one inconsistent response in the two editions was 11.7% (2.7% on the alcohol items, 2.1% for drug use, 4.3% for cigarette use, 3% for sexual activity) and 22.7% (12.8% on alcohol items, 2.5% for drug use, 4.3% for cigarette use, 4.1% for sexual activity), respectively. Such inconsistency was more prevalent among males, delayed students, those who reported having experimented with drugs, and those who did not have a cellphone. Because inconsistent responses were more prevalent among the students who claimed to have engaged in risky activities, removing inconsistent responders affected the estimated prevalence of all risk behaviors in both editions of the survey. This study supports the importance of performing consistency checks of self-report surveys, following the growing body of literature on this topic.

Resumo: O presente estudo avaliou as inconsistências no autorrelato de comportamentos de risco (geral e em quatro domínios específicos: uso de álcool, tabaco, drogas e atividade sexual) em duas edições da Pesquisa Nacional de Saúde do Adolescente (PeNSE): 2009 e 2012. Nas duas edições, a proporção de casos com ao menos uma resposta inconsistente foi de 11,7% (2,7% nos itens sobre consumo de álcool, 2,1% para uso de drogas, 4,3% para uso de tabaco, 3% para atividade sexual) e 22,7% (12,8% nos itens sobre consumo de álcool, 2,5% para uso de drogas, 4,3% para uso de tabaco, 4,1% para atividade sexual), respectivamente. Tal inconsistência foi mais prevalente entre participantes do sexo masculino, estudantes com atraso escolar, participantes que relataram ter experimentado drogas e participantes que não possuíam telefone celular. Dado que as inconsistências foram mais prevalentes entre os estudantes que declararam ter se engajado nos comportamentos de risco, remover os casos com inconsistência afetou as estimativas de prevalência destes comportamentos em ambas as edições da pesquisa. Este estudo ressalta a importância de testes para a checagem da consistência dos dados autorrelato em pesquisas, acompanhando a crescente literatura na área.

Resumen: Este estudio evaluó las inconsistencias en las conductas de riesgo de auto-reporte (general y cuatro áreas específicas: el alcohol, el tabaco, las drogas y la actividad sexual) en dos ediciones de la Encuesta Nacional de Salud del Adolescente (PeNSE): 2009 y 2012. En dos ediciones, la proporción de casos con al menos una respuesta inconsistente fue 11,7% (2,7% en alcohol, 2,1% en drogas, 4,3% en tabaco, 3% en actividad sexual) y 22,7% (12,8% en alcohol, 2,5% en drogas, 4,3% en tabaco, 4,1% en actividad sexual), respectivamente. Tal inconsistencia era más frecuente entre los participantes masculinos, los alumnos con retraso escolar, los participantes que reportaron haber consumido drogas y participantes probado que no tenían teléfono celular. Dado que las inconsistencias fueron más prevalentes entre los estudiantes que reportaron haber participado en comportamientos de riesgo, eliminar los casos de inconsistencia afectó a las estimaciones de la prevalencia de estas conductas en las dos ediciones de la encuesta. Este estudio pone de relieve la importancia de las pruebas para comprobar la coherencia de los datos de auto-informe sobre la investigación, a raíz de la creciente literatura en la zona.

Desenvolvimento de um instrumento para avaliação de satisfação e segurança no bairro / Development of an instrument for the assessment of Satisfaction and Safety in the neighborhood / Elaboración de un instrumento para la evaluación de satisfacción y seguridad en el barrio

Este trabalho representa o primeiro passo no desenvolvimento da Escala de Avaliação de Satisfação e Segurança no local de moradia (EASS), reunindo evidências conceituais e psicométricas. Propõe-se um instrumento para a avaliação subjetiva do local de moradia, através de duas dimensões teoricamente relevantes para a Psicologia Evolucionista: satisfação e segurança. Participaram 160 jovens moradores do estado do Rio de Janeiro (RJ). Uma análise de componentes principais apontou uma estrutura multidimensional da EASS, com três componentes e boa consistência interna (α=0,83). A análise de componentes principais sugeriu como aceitável a estrutura multifatorial desta medida, o que foi confirmado pela PAF. Apesar de não confirmar a estrutura bidimensional esperada, uma ANOVA com grupos de jovens em diferentes condições de moradia (duas favelas cariocas versus bairros de classe média) demonstrou que a EASS tem boa validade discriminante. São sugeridas as etapas seguintes para a validação da escala, concluindo-se que a EASS é uma medida consistente, e pode ser útil em futuros estudos de avaliação do local de moradia. (AU)

Gathering conceptual and psychometric evidence, this paper reports the first stage of development of the Satisfaction and Safety in the Neighborhood Scale (SSNS), an instrument designed for Brazilian contexts. Satisfaction and Safety are two evolutionary relevant dimensions of people's environment evaluations. The study involved 160 youngsters living in Rio de Janeiro. Principal component analysis yielded a multidimensional structure for the scale, with three components and good internal consistency (α=0,83). This structure was corroborated through principal axis factoring. Though not confirming the two dimensions originally proposed, an ANOVA with two subsets of youth in different living conditions (slums and more affluent neighborhoods) suggested that SNSS has a good discriminatory validity, proving to be able to assess different environmental evaluations of people. Next steps are suggested to continue the validation process of the instrument. (AU)

Este trabajo representa el primer paso en el desarrollo de la Escala de Evaluación de Satisfacción y seguridad en el lugar de residencia (EASS), reuniendo evidencia conceptual y psicométrica. Se propone un instrumento para la evaluación subjetiva del lugar de vivienda, por medio de dos dimensiones teóricamente relevantes para la Psicología Evolutiva: satisfacción y seguridad. Participaron 160 jóvenes residentes del estado de Río de Janeiro (RJ). Un análisis de componentes principales mostró una estructura multidimensional de la EASS con tres componentes y una buena consistencia interna (α = 0,83). El análisis de los componentes principales sugiere la estructura multifactorial de la medida como aceptable, que fue confirmada por el PAF. Aunque la estructura de dos dimensiones no se ha confirmado, un ANOVA con grupos de jóvenes en diferentes condiciones de la vivienda (dos barrios marginales (favelas) de Río frente a los barrios de clase media) mostró que la EASS tiene una buena validez discriminante. Para validación de la escala son sugeridos los próximos pasos y se concluye que la EASS es una medida coherente, y puede ser útil en futuros estudios para evaluar el lugar de vivencia. (AU)

Autonomia-Relacionada como Tendência do Desenvolvimento do Self: Novas Evidências em um Contexto Brasileiro / Related Autonomy as a Tendency in Development of the Self: New Evidence from a Brazilian Context

RESUMO Estudos brasileiros sobre as trajetórias de desenvolvimento do self, em sua maioria com mães de crianças pequenas, indicam predominância do modelo de autonomia-relacionada (AR). Visando ampliar a investigação dessa tendência, foram realizados dois estudos: (a) com avós(ôs), mães, pais e filhos (16-25 anos) e (b) quatro grupos de cuidadoras de crianças com até um ano, com níveis de escolaridade diversos, selecionados não aleatoriamente. Observamos predomínio de características de self AR para todos os participantes. O efeito da escolaridade sobre autonomia foi confirmado para os pais, a AR de pais e filhos (estudo 1), e de mães (estudo 2). Mães criadas no Rio de Janeiro (capital) apresentaram maiores escores de autonomia. A consistência familiar de modelo de self autônomo-relacionado foi evidenciada.

ABSTRACT Studies in Brazil on developmental trajectories of the self , mostly with mothers of young children, indicate a prevalence of the related autonomy model (RA). Aiming to broaden the investigation of this trend, two studies were realized: (a) with grandparents, mothers, fathers and their sons and daughters (16-25 years old), and (b) with four groups of caretakers of children up to one year old, with diverse educational levels, non-randomly selected. We observed predominance of RA self for all participants. The effect of school level over autonomy was confirmed for fathers, RA of fathers and sons and daughters (study 1), and of mothers (study 2). Mothers who were raised in Rio de Janeiro (state capital) had higher autonomy scores. The results support the family consistency of the related-autonomy model of development of the self.

Concepções sobre autonomia em faixas etárias diversas / Conceptions of autonomy in different age groups

Resumo Autonomia e relação são tendências universais desenvolvidas ao longo da ontogênese, concomitantes com distintas fases psicossociais. A autonomia é compreendida como uma necessidade psicológica que não exclui a de relação com os outros e proximidade interpessoal. Assim, o objetivo deste estudo foi analisar as crenças e concepções sobre autonomia em diferentes faixas etárias. Participaram 110 sujeitos, dentre eles crianças de 10 a 13 anos de idade; adolescentes entre 15 e 18 anos; jovens e adultos entre 20 e 50 anos; e adultos acima dos 50. Os participantes responderam um questionário de dados sociodemográficos e à questão de evocação de palavras ou expressões relacionadas a autonomia. Utilizando a análise de conteúdo temático-categorial, foram estabelecidas dez categorias, e as respostas foram classificadas de acordo com elas. Diferenças entre as faixas etárias foram encontradas, sendo que as categorias independência e senso de liberdade foram as mais frequentes. Os resultados sugerem o desenvolvimento de um processo contínuo com a construção da identidade se dando ao longo do ciclo vital.

Abstract Autonomy and relatedness are universal tendencies developed during ontogenesis in parallel with distinct psychosocial stages. Autonomy is understood as a psychological need that includes relatedness and proximity to others. The aim of the present study was to analyze the beliefs and ideas about autonomy in different age groups. A total of 110 subjects participated in this study: 10-13yo children; 15-18yo adolescents; 20-50yo adults; over 50yo adults. Participants answered a socio-demographic questionnaire and a question about evocation of words or phrases related to autonomy. Using Thematic-Categorical Content Analysis, ten categories were proposed, and the answers were classified according to them. Differences between age groups were found, and the categories denominated Independency and Sense of Freedom were the most frequent. The results suggest the development of a continuous process with identity construction occurring throughout the life cycle.

Teste do bafômetro: resultados e recusas de motoristas interceptados pela Operação Lei Seca no Rio de Janeiro / Breathalyzer test: results and refusals to take the test of drivers intercepted under the DUI Spot-Check Campaign in Rio de Janeiro

Resumo Estudo transversal que avaliou os resultados e as recusas ao teste do bafômetro entre motoristas interceptados pela Operação Lei Seca na capital do Rio de Janeiro e Baixada Fluminense. Realizado com base em dados cedidos pelo Governo do Estado que foram coletados durante atendimento de motoristas interceptados entre dezembro de 2013 e janeiro de 2014. Procederam-se análises descritivas da amostra e de associação entre as variáveis sexo, faixa etária e local de abordagem com as recusas e os resultados do teste do bafômetro através de um modelo de regressão logística. Dos 4756 (100%) condutores interceptados, 59 (1,2%) apresentaram resultado positivo no teste do bafômetro e 229 (4,8%) recusaram-no. Apenas a variável local de abordagem apresentou significância estatística com maiores chances de resultados positivos (OR = 4,01) e recusas ao teste (OR = 5,14) entre os condutores interceptados na Baixada Fluminense. As ações sistemáticas de fiscalização efetuadas pela Operação Lei Seca que ocorrem há mais tempo na capital parecem influenciar positivamente o comportamento de beber e dirigir dos motoristas.

Abstract Abstract This paper involved a cross-sectional study that evaluated the results and refusals to take the breathalyzer test among drivers intercepted by the Driving Under the Influence (DUI) Spot-Check Campaign (Operação Lei Seca) in the capital of Rio de Janeiro and Baixada Fluminense. It was conducted using data provided by the State Government which were collected from drivers intercepted in the months of December 2013 and January 2014. Descriptive analysis was conducted of the sample and of the association between gender, age and location variables with the result of the breathalyzer test and refusal to take the test using a logistic regression model. Of the 4756 (100%) drivers intercepted, 59 (1.2%) failed the breathalyzer test and 229 (4.8%) refused to take it. Only the location of interception variable was statistically significant with greater chances of failing (OR = 4.01) and refusal to take the test (OR = 5.14) among drivers intercepted in the Baixada Fluminense. Systematic monitoring actions taken by the DUI Spot-Check Campaign that have occurred for longer in the capital appear to have a positive impact on the drinking and driving behavior of drivers.

Sistemas de cuidados e o discurso de diferentes cuidadores do Rio de Janeiro: evidências de trajetória de desenvolvimento / Child care systems and discourse of different caretakers in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil: Evidences of development trajectories

Contemporaneamente, o cuidado de crianças pequenas em sociedades urbanas e ocidentais tem sido compartilhado, principalmente em famílias de nível socioeconômico médio, com creches, babás ou avós maternas. Quando se pensa no desenvolvimento no contexto e nas trajetórias que assume, é necessário considerar as crenças desses diferentes cuidadores. Assim, a exploração das trajetórias de desenvolvimento evidenciadas no discurso dos diferentes cuidadores na construção do self de crianças em um contexto do Rio de Janeiro pode ser enriquecedora. Uma entrevista semiestruturada, utilizando cinco fotos que retratavam os cinco Sistemas de Cuidados Parentais, foi realizada em 60 duplas constituídas por mães com filhos de até um ano, avós, babás e educadoras de creche. Os sistemas mais valorizados pelas participantes foram "contato corporal" e "face-a-face". Características desse discurso são discutidas em relação às crenças dos cuidadores e às tendências de trajetórias de desenvolvimento priorizadas.(AU)

The care of young children in urban and Western societies has currently been shared, especially between daycare services, nannies, and maternal grandmothers, mainly in middle-class families. When considering the developmental process and its trajectories in the context studied, it is necessary to take the beliefs of these different caregivers into consideration. Therefore, studying and understanding the development trajectories in the children's construction of self that are evident in the discourse of different caregivers in the city of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, is important. A semi-structured interview using five photographs representing different Parental Care Systems was conducted with a total of 60 dyads composed of mothers of children up to one year old and a child care provider: grandmothers, nannies, and daycare educators, 20 dyads of each, respectively. Body contact and face-to-face contact were the most frequent mentioned discourse of the respondents. The characteristics of these discourses are discussed in terms of their beliefs and the tendencies of development trajectories prioritized.(AU)

Sistemas de cuidados e o discurso de diferentes cuidadores do Rio de Janeiro: evidências de trajetória de desenvolvimento / Child care systems and discourse of different caretakers in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil: evidences of development trajectories

Contemporaneamente, o cuidado de crianças pequenas em sociedades urbanas e ocidentais tem sido compartilhado, principalmente em famílias de nível socioeconômico médio, com creches, babás ou avós maternas. Quando se pensa no desenvolvimento no contexto e nas trajetórias que assume, é necessário considerar as crenças desses diferentes cuidadores. Assim, a exploração das trajetórias de desenvolvimento evidenciadas no discurso dos diferentes cuidadores na construção do self de crianças em um contexto do Rio de Janeiro pode ser enriquecedora. Uma entrevista semiestruturada, utilizando cinco fotos que retratavam os cinco Sistemas de Cuidados Parentais, foi realizada em 60 duplas constituídas por mães com filhos de até um ano, avós, babás e educadoras de creche. Os sistemas mais valorizados pelas participantes foram "contato corporal" e "face-a-face". Características desse discurso são discutidas em relação às crenças dos cuidadores e às tendências de trajetórias de desenvolvimento priorizadas.

The care of young children in urban and Western societies has currently been shared, especially between daycare services, nannies, and maternal grandmothers, mainly in middle-class families. When considering the developmental process and its trajectories in the context studied, it is necessary to take the beliefs of these different caregivers into consideration. Therefore, studying and understanding the development trajectories in the children's construction of self that are evident in the discourse of different caregivers in the city of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, is important. A semi-structured interview using five photographs representing different Parental Care Systems was conducted with a total of 60 dyads composed of mothers of children up to one year old and a child care provider: grandmothers, nannies, and daycare educators, 20 dyads of each, respectively. Body contact and face-to-face contact were the most frequent mentioned discourse of the respondents. The characteristics of these discourses are discussed in terms of their beliefs and the tendencies of development trajectories prioritized.