Occipitocervical Fetus in Fetu with Extracalvarial Extension: A Case Report.

Fetus in fetu (FIF) is an extremely rare congenital anomaly in the pediatric age group. It is defined by the presence of an axial skeleton and well-formed internal organs in a fetiform mass. Only about 15 cases of intracranial FIF have been reported in the literature worldwide. We report a case of temporo-occipitocervical FIF. This 7-month-old female child presented to us with occipital swelling that she had had since birth. A soft swelling was palpable in the retroauricular region with extension into the neck. A few bony parts were palpable in the swelling. Imaging was suggestive of a multiseptate mass lesion in the right occipital region with intracranial, intraspinal and extracranial components. The patient underwent exploration and excision of the extracranial mass and retromastoid suboccipital craniectomy and decompression of the intracranial component. Different parts, such as a terminal ileum, cecum, appendix, femur, humerus and vertebral body, were identified within the mass. This case meets Willis' criteria as well as 4/5 criteria stated by Spencer for the diagnosis of this condition. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first reported case of temporo-occipitocervical FIF with a well-defined embryological spectrum. This also supports Spencer's hypothesis of abnormal twinning.

Gender Differences Related to Attitudes Toward Suicide and Suicidal Behavior.

This descriptive study examined gender differences related to attitudes toward suicide among randomly selected urban residents. Data was collected using a standardized questionnaire through face-to-face interview. Our findings revealed that men hold more pro preventive attitudes to help persons with suicidal thoughts (80.3 %, p = 0.05) and agreed that suicidal attempts are impulsive (78.6 %, p = 0.01). However, they hold permissive attitude to help persons with incurable diseases and expressing death wishes to die (66 %, p = 0.05). A majority of men (78.6 %) than women agreed that "suicidal attempt is essentially a cry for help" (χ (2) = 11.798, p = 0.05). These gender differences need to be taken into consideration when developing appropriate programs to prevent suicide. Further, decriminalizing the law, high-quality research and raising awareness about suicide prevention among the general population is crucial in developing countries like India.

Influence of Religion on Attitude Towards Suicide: An Indian Perspective.

This cross-sectional survey was aimed to compare attitudes towards suicide and suicidal behaviour among randomly selected sample (N = 172) belonged to Hindu and Muslim religions. Data were collected through face-to-face interview. Hindus differed from Muslims regarding suicidal attempts among family (χ (2) = 12.356, p < .002) and community members (χ (2) = 20.425, p < .000). Our study also showed that suicidal behaviours were comparatively low among Muslim participants than Hindus. Further, Muslims hold more negative attitudes towards suicide than Hindus. An enhanced understanding of attitudes towards suicide among general population may be crucial to plan educational, intervention and prevention programs.

Effectiveness of Digital Learning in Community Mental Health Care Among Nurses in India.

Background: Digital learning is a cost-effective and time-saving approach in higher education. The present study aimed to check the impact of continuing nursing education programs through digital learning by connecting Indian nurses to NIMHANS Digital Academy (NDA). Materials and Methods: One group pre-test and post-test design was used for this study. Overall, 217 nurses registered for the course and 146 nurses were recruited on the basis of eligibility and their Expression of Interest (EoI) through the online registration portal. All the nurses who had access to the internet and enough internet literacy were included in the study. 64 nurses had not submitted the post-test due to various reasons within the stipulated time. Hence, the final sample achieved and calculated for the analysis was n = 82. The data for this study were collected through the retrospective chart review method. Result: The findings of this study reveal that most of the nurses in India had willingness and readiness for digital learning. All the nurses who joined the NDA learning program stated that they would like to improve their knowledge regarding mental health and illness, to identify and manage mentally ill patients efficiently. The results indicated that the training provided through NDA positively impacted the nurses' knowledge and fulfilled their learning needs. Statistical analysis showed a significant difference between knowledge, practice, and confidence score changes for the two-time point period, i.e. before and after the training. Conclusion: It can be concluded that conducting Continuing Nursing Education (CNE) through a digital learning program is an effective teaching-learning method in the nursing curriculum.

Effectiveness of structured teaching program on parents' knowledge about child physical abuse.

BACKGROUND: The issue of child physical abuse (CPA) is complex and challenging to study. According to World Health Organization fact sheets for 2020, about 3 in 4 children between 2 and 4 years of age regularly face physical maltreatment by parents or caregivers. It may cause a lifelong impact on physical and mental health. OBJECTIVE: To assess the parents' knowledge and to evaluate the effectiveness of the structured teaching program (STP) regarding child physical abuse (CPA) among parents. METHODS AND MATERIALS: The pre-experimental, "One-group Pre-test Post-test design" was adopted for this study. Parents of children who were admitted for treatment in the child psychiatry centre (CPC) of a tertiary care referral center between January 2019 and January 2020 were recruited for this study. Thirty parents were recruited with a convenience sampling technique. The study was conducted through an online platform (Zoom). Pre-test and post-tests were conducted through Google survey form. Data were collected with a self-developed knowledge questionnaire on CAP. An online structured teaching program (STP) was administered for three alternative days after the pre-test assessment. The post-test assessment was conducted at a two-point time, that is immediately after the STP and after the one-week gap. Descriptive and inferential statistics were used to analyze the data. "One-group Pre-test Post-test design" was adopted for this study. Parents of children who were admitted for treatment in the child psychiatry centre (CPC) of a tertiary care referral center between January 2019 and January 2020 were recruited for this study. Thirty parents were recruited with a convenience sampling technique. The study was conducted through an online platform (Zoom). Pre-test and post-tests were conducted through Google survey form. Data were collected with a self-developed knowledge questionnaire on CAP. An online structured teaching program (STP) was administered for three alternative days after the pre-test assessment. The post-test assessment was conducted at a two-point time, that is immediately after the STP and after the one-week gap. Descriptive and inferential statistics were used to analyze the data. RESULTS: The pre-test knowledge assessment means score regarding child physical abuse was found to be 12, with a standard deviation of 1.73. In the post-test one, 17.30 ± 1.39 and in the post-test two, 16 ± 1.55 with P < 0.001. Analysis revealed statistically significant improvement was found in the post-test knowledge regarding child physical abuse among the parents. There was no significant (p < 0.05) relationship found between the socio-demographic variables of the participants and their pre-intervention knowledge scores on child physical abuse. CONCLUSIONS: The study findings reveal that parents have a fair knowledge of CPA and the STP was effective and feasible to administer in improving the subjects' knowledge regarding child physical abuse.

Impact of structured physical activity program on the level of functional ability of Persons with Mental Illness.

BACKGROUND: A structured physical activity program has many health benefits. Physical activity improves the functional ability of a patient with mental illness as an adjunctive treatment. This study aimed to evaluate the efficacy of a physical activity program on the level of functional ability of patients with mental illness. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A pre-experimental research design and one group pre-post design were adopted. Thirty-one in-patients with mental illness who met the inclusion criteria were recruited for the study using convenient sampling. Baseline data were collected using sociodemographic and illness profiles developed by the researcher and validated by the experts. Functional ability and illness severity were assessed using the standardized World Health Organization Disability Assessment Schedule (WHODAS) (36-item version) and the Clinical Global Improvement Scale. Pretest, i.e., intervention with structured physical activity, was administered for 40 consecutive days. A posttest was given 30 days after the intervention ended to assess the impact of the structured physical activity program on the level of functional ability among the study participants. RESULTS: The impact of structured physical activity on functional ability was measured using the WHODAS 2.0, a 36-item version. The paired Sample t-test and the Wilcoxon Rank test analyzed the data. There was a significant improvement in the overall functional ability of study participants at P = 0. 001. CONCLUSION: The study findings support that structured physical activity substantially impacts functional ability among patients with mental illnesses.

Mothers' Knowledge of Childhood Neurodevelopmental Disorders: Indian Perspective.

Objectives This study aims to assess the knowledge of childhood neurodevelopmental disorders (CNDDs) among mothers of children younger than 5 years and to promote awareness through health education to promote early identification. Methods Quantitative approach, a descriptive survey in nature research design, was used. A total of 173 mothers who contented the inclusion conditions were chosen as sample on the basis of purposive sampling. The research study was done at the selected Primary Health Centre, Bengaluru, Karnataka. The tabulations were measured and construed based on the objectives of the study by using descriptive and inferential statistics. Results The findings showed that most of the mothers have insufficient knowledge (mean and standard deviation: 3.02 ± 2.75) and there is no substantial relationship found between mothers' knowledge on CNDD and their demographic variables except their occupation and majority of the mothers communicated that they needed further facts toward CNDD. Conclusion The government and nongovernmental organizations can take initiations to conduct health education programs toward childhood developmental delays and disorders for the general public including mothers and community health workers.

Admission experiences of psychiatric patients in tertiary care: An implication toward Mental Health Care Bill, 2013.

BACKGROUND: Coercion is not uncommon phenomenon among mental health service users during their admission into psychiatric hospital. Research on perceived coercion of psychiatric patients is limited from India. AIM: To investigate perceived coercion of psychiatric patients during admission into a tertiary care psychiatric hospital. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This was a cross-sectional descriptive survey carried out among randomly selected psychiatric patients (n = 205) at a tertiary care center. Data were collected through face-to-face interviews using structured questionnaire. RESULTS: Our findings revealed that participants experienced low levels of coercion during their admission process. However, a majority of the participants were threatened with commitment (71.7%) as well as they were sad (67.8%), unpleased (69.7%), confused (73.2%), and frightened (71.2%) with regard to hospitalization into a psychiatric hospital. In addition, the participants expressed higher levels of negative pressures (mean ± standard deviation, 3.76 ± 2.12). Participants those were admitted involuntarily (P > 0.001), diagnosed to be having psychotic disorders (P > 0.003), and unmarried (P > 0.04) perceived higher levels of coercion. CONCLUSION: The present study showed that more formal coercion was experienced by the patients those got admitted involuntarily. On the contrary, participants with voluntary admission encountered informal coercion (negative pressures). There is an urgent need to modify the Mental Health Care (MHC) Bill so that treatment of persons with mental illness is facilitated. Family member plays an important role in providing MHC; hence, they need to be empowered.