Replacement of the entire thoracic aorta in a single stage.

Aneurysms of the entire thoracic aorta are usually approached in two to three stages. From 1990 to 1992, we performed one-stage aortic replacement from the root to the diaphragm in 12 patients (7 men, 5 women; median age, 51 years; range, 49 to 73 years). There were 9 type A dissections, 5 of which were acute. Five patients underwent aortic valve reconstruction, and 5 had aortic root replacement by Bentall or Cabrol techniques. In 2 patients the innominate artery had to be replaced by a vascular graft separately, in addition to reimplantation of the supraaortic branches as an island flap into the arch prosthesis. In 5 patients a mid-sternotomy was used; in 7 a bilateral transverse thoracotomy. The procedure was performed under deep hypothermic circulatory arrest in all cases (median, 45 minutes). Two patients, both operated on for an acute dissection, died perioperatively: 1 due to a bronchopneumonia, 1 because of a thrombosed Cabrol graft to the right coronary artery. No bleeding or neurologic complications developed. At a median follow-up of 14 months (range, 1 to 33 months), all patients discharged from the hospital were still alive. Four patients underwent subsequent thoracoabdominal aortic replacement. This experience suggests that complete thoracic aortic replacement can be performed in a single session, with an operative risk comparable with that of the conventional two-stage approach. The bilateral transverse thoracotomy affords an excellent exposure. The lack of spinal cord ischemia may be the result of spinal cord protection with hypothermic circulatory arrest and the open clamp technique.

Single access for minimally invasive aortic valve replacement.

BACKGROUND: The method of replacing the aortic valve via a minithoracotomy has been reported in the recent literature. Although this strategy has clear advantages, further refinements of the process make the procedure even less invasive. METHODS: Aortic valve replacement was performed in 27 patients via a right parasternal minithoracotomy without rib resection. Cardiopulmonary bypass was connected through the same access site. Standard surgical technique and equipment were employed. RESULTS: There were no intraoperative complications. All patients survived and could be discharged home within 1 week, except 1. Cardiopulmonary bypass time, aortic cross-clamp time, and total operating time averaged 114 +/- 26, 76 +/- 19, and 190 +/- 40 minutes, respectively. Three patients could be extubated in the operative theater, the others in the intensive care unit at an average of 10 +/- 7 hours postoperatively. Chest drainage lost averaged 430 +/- 380 mL. CONCLUSIONS: The advantages of this method include further reduction of surgical trauma, early mobilization, and rehabilitation of the patient. Surgical technical improvements include avoidance of groin cannulation, simpler equipment, safe venting of the left ventricle, and preservation of chest wall integrity.

Minimally invasive aortic valve replacement without sternotomy. Experience with the first 50 cases.

OBJECTIVE: The method of replacing the aortic valve via a mini-thoracotomy has been reported in the recent literature. Although this strategy has clear advantages, further refinements of the process make the procedure even less invasive. METHODS: Aortic valve replacement was performed in 50 patients whose age ranged between 49 and 82 years, averaging 68+/-8.3 years. As access route, a right parasternal mini-thoracotomy of about 8 cm, without rib resection was used. Cardiopulmonary bypass was connected through the same access. Standard surgical techniques and equipment were employed. In all patients a mechanical prosthesis was implanted. RESULTS: There were neither intraoperative complications nor hospital death. All patients could be discharged home at an average of 10+/-3 days postoperatively. Cardiopulmonary bypass time, aortic cross-clamp time, total operation time averaged 118+/-32, 70+/-21, 180+/-45 min, respectively. Four patients could be extubated in the operative theater, the others on the intensive care units at an average of 12+/-6 h, postoperatively. One patient with a very thin aortic wall sustained a severe bleeding from the aortic cannulation site during an hypertensive crisis, just after extubation. He had to be re-entered immediately via a median sternotomy. A second patient, who was initially operated on because of a floride aortitis, had a limited periprosthetic leak 2 months postoperatively. The leak was repaired via a median sternotomy. Drainage lost and blood substitution averaged 751+/-400 and 274+/-390, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: The advantages of the present method include further reduction of hospital trauma, preservation of chest wall integrity, early mobilization and rehabilitation of the patient. Surgical technical improvements include avoidance of groin cannulation, simpler equipment, and an easy access in case of reoperation.

Early results of minimally invasive aortic valve replacement. Experience with the first 34 cases.

BACKGROUND: The method of replacing the aortic valve via a minithoracotomy has been reported in the recent literature. This strategy has clear advantages. However, further refinements of the process make the procedure even less invasive. METHODS: Aortic valve replacement was performed in 34 patients whose age ranged from 49 to 82 years, averaging 69 +/- 8 years. As access route, a right parasternal minithoracotomy about eight cm long and without rib resection was used. Cardiopulmonary bypass was connected through the same access. The standard surgical technique and equipment were employed. RESULTS: There were neither intraoperative complications nor hospital death. All patients, except two could be discharged home within one week. Cardiopulmonary bypass time, aortic cross-clamp time, and total operation time averaged 110 +/- 25, 73 +/- 19, and 183 +/- 38 minutes, respectively. Three patients could be extubated in the operating theater, and the others on the intensive care units at an average of 9 +/- 7 hours postoperatively. One patient had to be re-entered immediately after extubation because of a bleeding from the aortic cannulation site. A second patient, who was initially operated because of a florid aortitis, had a limited periprosthetic leak two months postoperatively which was repaired thereafter. CONCLUSIONS: The advantages of the present method include further reduction of surgical trauma, preservation of chest wall integrity, early mobilization, recovery and rehabilitation of the patient. Improvements in the surgical technique include avoidance of groin cannulation, simpler equipment, and an easy access through a mid-sternotomy in case of reoperation.

Lysosomal enzyme activity influenced by various types of respiration during extracorporeal circulation.

The hypoxic damage of the lung as seen after extracorporeal circulation (ECC) is in correlation to lysosomal hydrolase and protease activation. In the recent study the effect of various types of respiration during ECC on lysosomal enzyme release were studied. 53 patients undergoing open heart surgery were divided into 4 groups: Apnoea, low frequency, continuous positive airway pressure, combination of low frequency and continuous positive airway pressure. Paired blood samples were withdrawn from the superior vena cava (SVC) and the left atrium (LA) throughout the cardiopulmonary bypass. A continuous increase of N-azetyl-beta-D-Glucosaminidase (NAG) in venous plasma and significant differences (SVC-LA) with higher activities in the LA in the apnoea group were detectable (p less than or equal to 0.05-p less than or equal to 0.01). In the other groups a time dependent course could also be evaluated, but the changes of the activities were not significant. The different types of respiration during ECC influenced the clinical course and outcome of the patients in correlation to the release of lysosomal enzymes from the lung. It is concluded that concentration gradients of lysosomal enzymes are an index for pulmonary damage due to the extracorporeal perfusion in open heart surgery. The activation of lysosomal enzymes in the lung circulation are positively influenced by "ventilation" during ECC.

Surgical glove perforation in cardiac surgery.

BACKGROUND: Recently, concern for the protection of health care employees and health care recipients has led to increasing awareness of transmitted infections. Sterile surgical gloves were tested to determine the incidence of perforations after being worn during procedures commonly performed by cardiac surgeons. MATERIAL AND METHODS: In a prospective study conducted from January 15, 2000 through February 15, 2000, 953 gloves worn during cardiac surgery were evaluated for punctures. Pairs of sterile latex surgical gloves were collected over a period of one month. Routine tasks included mainly bypass and valve surgery. Impermeability was tested by means of a water retention test according to European standard EN 455 Part 1 performed on 954 (Manufix, Hartmann, Germany) latex gloves. A control group of 50 unused gloves was also evaluated for the presence of spontaneous leakage. Gloves were separated according to whether the wearer was an operator (254 gloves), first assistant (220 gloves), second assistant (272 gloves), or theatre nurse (207 gloves). Gloves with a known perforation occurring during the procedure were not included in the study. RESULTS: There were no punctures in the 50 unused gloves. Punctures were detected in 66 of 254 (26.0 %) gloves used by operators, 49 of 220 (22.3 %) used by first assistants, 25 of 272 (9.2 %) used by second assistants, and 78 of 207 (37.7 %) used by theatre nurses. Some gloves had more than one puncture, accounting for the 244 holes detected (operators 75/244 = 30.7 %; first assistants 54/244 = 22.1 %; second assistants 28/244 = 11.5 %; theatre nurses 87/244 = 35.7 %). Sites of scalpel and suture needle injuries were most commonly the thumb (27.3 %) and pointer finger (42.1 %) of the non-dominant hand, followed by, in descending order: middle finger (10.2 %), other fingers (15.7 %), palm (3.8 %) and back of the hand (0.9 %). CONCLUSION: The number of punctures that occur during cardiac operations is obviously higher than has so far been assumed. Therefore, cardiac surgeons should consider the incidence of unknown glove perforations when planning surgery in patients with infectious diseases.

Left ventricular malposition of a transvenous cardioverter defibrillator lead: a case report.

A case of left ventricular endocardial malposition of a transvenous implantable cardioverter defibrillator (ICD) lead through a patent foramen ovale is presented. Diagnostic modalities include lateral chest radiography, echocardiography, and electrocardiographic analysis during lead placement. The operative therapy consists of open lead replacement. Measures to avoid lead misplacement are suggested.