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1.
Nefrologia ; 28(4): 413-8, 2008.
Artigo em Espanhol | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-18662149

RESUMO

Alcohol intoxication (methanol, ethanol and ethylene glycol) may result in metabolic acidosis with increased anion gap, increased serum osmolal gap, and neurologic abnormalities ranging from drunkenness to coma, and death. The mortality and morbidity rates remain very high despite intensive care therapy. The toxicity of methanol and ethylene glycol is clearly correlated to the degree of metabolic acidosis. The established treatment of severe methanol and ethylene glycol intoxication is ethanol administration and hemodialysis (HD). By inhibiting the main metabolic pathway of methanol and ethylene glycol (alcohol dehydrogenase), ethanol prevents the formation of major toxic metabolites (formic acid, glycolic acid and oxalic acid). Conventional HD can reduce serum methanol, ethanol and ethylene glycol and its metabolites rapidly, but high-flux membranes should be capable of removing more toxic per hour of HD. In this report, we describe 14 cases of life-threatening alcohol intoxication (11 methanol, 1 ethanol, and 2 ethylene glycol) who were treated successfully with supportive care, ethanol infusion (methanol and ethylene glycol), and early HD with a high-flux dialyser. The median pH was 7.04 +/- 0.06 (range 6.60-7.33), median bicarbonate 9.9 +/- 1.9 mmol/l (range 1.4-25), and median base deficit 18.4 +/- 2.6 mmol/l (range 2-33). The median anion gap was 29.1 +/- 2.3 mmol/l (range 16-45) and the median osmolal gap was 119 +/- 47 mOsm/l (range 16-402). On admission there was an excellent linear correlation between the serum toxic alcohol concentrations and the osmolal gaps (R2 = 0.98, p = 0.0006). In all cases early HD corrected metabolic acidosis and osmolal abnormalities. The mortality was 7 % (1 from 14). We conclude that pre-emptive HD should be performed in severe intoxications to remove both the parent compound and its metabolites. The HD prescription should include a large surface area dialyser with high-flux membrane, a blood flow rate in excess of 250 ml/min, a modified bicarbonate bath enriched with phosphorus and potassium, and a long time session. The phosphorus and potassium-enriched bicarbonate-based dialysis solution used in patients with normal phosphorus and potassium serum levels avoided HD-induced hypophosphatemia and hypopotassemia. HD as implemented in these cases is a safe and very effective approach to the management of alcohol poisoning.


Assuntos
Tratamento de Emergência , Etanol/intoxicação , Etilenoglicol/intoxicação , Membranas Artificiais , Metanol/intoxicação , Diálise Renal , Adulto , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Doenças Metabólicas/induzido quimicamente , Doenças Metabólicas/terapia , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Intoxicação/terapia , Estudos Prospectivos
2.
Nefrología (Madr.) ; 28(4): 413-418, jul.-ago. 2008. ilus, tab
Artigo em Espanhol | IBECS (Espanha) | ID: ibc-99099

RESUMO

La intoxicación por alcoholes (metanol, etanol y etilenglicol)origina acidosis metabólica severa con hiato aniónico y osmolal elevados, alteraciones neurológicas que van desde la obnubilación al coma profundo, amaurosis y muerte. A pesar de la terapia intensiva la morbilidad y la mortalidad siguen siendo muy elevadas. En la intoxicación por etilenglicol, además, puede ocurrir la precipitación masiva de oxalato en los tejidos, sobre todo en el riñón, produciendo un fracaso renal agudo. El tratamiento establecido, en las intoxicaciones por metanol y etilenglicol, es la administración de etanol y la hemodiálisis (HD) precoz. La HD convencional puede reducir rápidamente los niveles de metanol, etanol y etilenglicol, así como los de sus metabolitos tóxicos, corrigiendo también los trastornos electrolíticos y ácido-base. Las membranas de alto flujo son capaces de eliminar más cantidad de tóxico por hora de HD pudiendo ser más eficaces en el tratamiento. En este estudio se presentan 14 casos de intoxicación por alcoholes (11metanol, 1 etanol y 2 etilenglicol) tratados precozmente con bicarbonato, infusión de etanol (para metanol y etilenglicol)y HD con membranas de alto flujo. Al ingreso el pH medio fue 7,04 ± 0,06 (rango 6,60-7,33), el bicarbonato medio de 9,9 ± 1,9 mmol/l (rango 1,4-25) y el déficit de bases medio de 18,4 ± 2,6 mmol/l (rango 2-33). El hiato aniónico inicial fue de 29,1 ± 2,3 mmol/l (rango 16-45) y el hiato osmolal de 119 ± 47 mOsm/l (rango 16-402). Existió una excelente correlación lineal entre los niveles séricos iniciales del alcohol tóxico y el hiato osmolal (R2 = 0,98, p = 0,0006). En todos los casos, el tratamiento precoz con HD corrigió la acidosis metabólica y el hiato osmolal. De los 14 casos, 11 sobrevivieron sin secuelas, 2 quedaron con amaurosis y 1 falleció (mortalidad 7 %). Se concluye que en las intoxicaciones severas por alcoholes la HD debe instaurarse precozmente. La infusión de etanol, al frenar el metabolismo del metanol y del etilenglicol, permite la eliminación rápida por HD de los alcoholes y sus metabolitos tóxicos. La prescripción de HD debe incluir un dializador de alto flujo y gran superficie, un flujo sanguíneo elevado, un baño de bicarbonato con concentraciones normales de potasio y fósforo, y debe prolongarse el tiempo necesario. La modificación del baño de HD evita la hipofosfatemia y la hipopotasemia. La HD según fue implementada en estos casos es una forma segura y efectiva de tratamiento de la intoxicación grave por alcoholes (AU)


Alcohol intoxication (methanol, ethanol and ethylene glycol)may result in metabolic acidosis with increased anion gap, increased serum osmolal gap, and neurologic abnormalities ranging from drunkenness to coma, and death. The mortality and morbidity rates remain very high despite intensive care therapy. The toxicity of methanol and ethylene glycol is clearly correlated tothe degree of metabolic acidosis. The established treatment of severe methanol and ethylene glycol intoxication is ethanol administration and hemodialysis (HD). By inhibiting the main metabolic pathway of methanol and ethylene glycol (alcohol dehydrogenase), ethanol prevents the formation of major toxic metabolites (formic acid, glycolic acid and oxalic acid). Conventional HD can reduce serum methanol, ethanol and ethylene glycol and its metabolites rapidly, but high-flux membranes should be capable of removing more toxic per hour of HD. In this report, we describe 14 cases of life-threatening alcohol intoxication(11 methanol, 1 ethanol, and 2 ethylene glycol) who were treated successfully with supportive care, ethanol infusion (methanol and ethylene glycol), and early HD with a high-flux dialyser. The median pH was 7.04 ± 0.06 (range 6.60-7.33), median bicarbonate 9.9 ± 1.9 mmol/l (range 1.4-25), and median base deficit 18.4 ± 2.6 mmol/l (range 2-33). The median anion gap was 29.1 ± 2.3 mmol/l (range 16-45) and the median osmolal gap was 119 ± 47 mOsm/l (range 16-402). On admission there was an excellent linear correlation between the serum toxic alcohol concentrations and the osmolal gaps (R2 = 0.98, p = 0.0006). In all cases early HD corrected metabolic acidosis and osmolal abnormalities. The mortality was 7% (1 from 14). We conclude that pre-emptive HD should be performed in severe intoxications to remove both the parent compound and its metabolites. The HD prescription should include a large surface area dialyser with high-flux membrane, a blood flow rate in excess of 250 ml/min, a modified bicarbonate bath enriched with phosphorus and potassium, and a long time session. The phosphorus and potassium- enriched bicarbonate-based dialysis solution used in patients with normal phosphorus and potassium serum levels avoided HD-induced hypophosphatemia and hypopotassemia. HD as implemented in these cases is a safe and very effective approach to the management of alcohol poisonin (AU)


Assuntos
Humanos , Cetose/fisiopatologia , Intoxicação Alcoólica/terapia , Diálise Renal , Etanol/intoxicação , Glicóis/intoxicação , Ânions/análise , Concentração Osmolar , Metanol/intoxicação
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