Systematic Review of Hip Arthroscopy for Femoroacetabular Impingement: The Importance of Labral Repair and Capsular Closure.

PURPOSE: To evaluate the safety and efficacy of hip arthroscopy for femoroacetabular impingement syndrome by assessing complications, comprehensive procedure survivorship, and the influence of labral and capsular management on procedure survivorship. METHODS: A systematic review of multiple medical databases was performed using the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines and checklist. All clinical outcome studies that reported on the presence or absence of reoperation after hip arthroscopy for femoroacetabular impingement syndrome were eligible for inclusion. Data pertaining to patient demographic characteristics, surgical technique (specifically labral and capsular management), patient-reported outcomes, complications, reoperation, and conversion to arthroplasty were extracted from each study. RESULTS: A total of 68 studies (7,241 hips) were included. Most were Level IV studies (63%). Complications occurred in 1.9% of cases. The most common complications were neurologic (53%), heterotopic ossification (24%), infection (15%), and thromboembolic (7%). Conversion to total hip arthroplasty (456 cases) was the most common reason for reoperation, followed by revision hip arthroscopy (226 cases) and periacetabular osteotomy (7 cases). The rate of arthroplasty conversion was lower than 10% in 43 of 59 studies reporting this outcome. The average interval to arthroplasty conversion was 58 months. Between 2009 and 2017, the performance of labral repair increased from 19% to 81% of cases and capsular closure increased from 7% to 58% of cases. CONCLUSIONS: Arthroplasty conversion occurred in fewer than 10% of cases in the clear majority of series. Labral repair (compared with labral debridement) and capsular closure (compared with unrepaired capsulotomy) were associated with a lower risk of conversion to arthroplasty. Throughout the study interval, there were shifts in surgical technique favoring labral repair over debridement and capsular repair over unrepaired capsulotomy. The study is limited by selection bias because cases in which labral and capsular repair was performed may have had superior tissue that was more amenable to repair. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: Level IV, systematic review.

Surface Mapping of the Musculotendinous Attachments at the Pubic Symphysis in Cadaveric Specimens: Implications for the Treatment of Core Muscle Injury.

PURPOSE: To characterize the 3-dimensional muscular, musculotendinous, and neurovascular anatomy about the pubic symphysis relevant to core muscle injury (CMI). METHODS: Ten cadaveric hips were dissected to characterize the musculotendinous insertion of the rectus abdominis and inguinal ligament, origins of the adductor longus and adductor brevis, and the pubic cartilage plate. A 3-dimensional coordinate measuring system and data acquisition software were used to calculate structure cross-sectional area, and the landmark anatomical relationships to 1 another and relevant neurovascular structures. RESULTS: All specimens were male with an average age of 62 ± 2 years. The mean footprints of the rectus abdominis, inguinal ligament, adductor longus, and adductor brevis were 8.4 ± 3.1, 1.2 ± 0.5, 3.8 ± 1.6, and 2.9 ± 1.3 cm2, respectively. The mean pectineus and gracilis footprints were 6.3 ± 2.4 and 3.4 ± 0.9 cm2, respectively. The mean cross-sectional area of the cartilage plate was 24.8 ± 5.6 cm2. The adductor longus was an average 1.5 ± 0.25 cm from the adductor brevis and 0.69 ± 0.52 cm from the rectus abdominis. The genital branch of the genitofemoral nerve was an average of 4.3 cm (range, 2.8-6.4) lateral to the insertion of the inguinal ligament. The femoral vein and artery were 3.0 cm (range, 2.5-3.6) and 3.7 cm (range, 2.5-5.9) lateral to the inguinal ligament footprint. The obturator nerve was 2.5 cm (range, 1.6-3.4) lateral to the adductor longus. CONCLUSIONS: Familiarity with the anatomy of the pubic symphysis is essential for surgeons treating patients with CMI. We have shown that this relatively small area is the site of many muscular, musculotendinous, and neurovascular structures with various sized footprints and described the 3-dimensional anatomy of the anterior pubic symphysis. The origin of the adductor longus lies in close proximity to other structures, such as the adductor brevis, the insertion of the rectus abdominis, and the obturator nerve. These findings should be considered when operating in this region and treating patients with chronic groin pain. CLINICAL RELEVANCE: The anatomy of the pelvic region and pubic symphysis has not been well characterized. Intimate knowledge of relevant anatomy is essential to treating CMI, also known as athletic pubalgia or sports hernia.

What Factors Influence the Biomechanical Properties of Allograft Tissue for ACL Reconstruction? A Systematic Review.

BACKGROUND: Allograft tissue is used in 22% to 42% of anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstructions. Clinical outcomes have been inconsistent with allograft tissue, with some series reporting no differences in outcomes and others reporting increased risk of failure. There are numerous variations in processing and preparation that may influence the eventual performance of allograft tissue in ACL reconstruction. We sought to perform a systematic review to summarize the factors that affect the biomechanical properties of allograft tissue for use in ACL reconstruction. Many factors might impact the biomechanical properties of allograft tissue, and these should be understood when considering using allograft tissue or when reporting outcomes from allograft reconstruction. QUESTIONS/PURPOSES: What factors affect the biomechanical properties of allograft tissue used for ACL reconstruction? METHODS: We performed a systematic review to identify studies on factors that influence the biomechanical properties of allograft tissue through PubMed and SCOPUS databases. We included cadaveric and animal studies that reported on results of biomechanical testing, whereas studies on fixation, histologic evaluation, and clinical outcomes were excluded. There were 319 unique publications identified through the search with 48 identified as relevant to answering the study question. For each study, we recorded the type of tissue tested, parameters investigated, and the effects on biomechanical behavior, including load to failure and stiffness. Primary factors identified to influence allograft tissue properties were graft tissue type, sterilization methods (irradiation and chemical processing), graft preparation, donor parameters, and biologic adjuncts. RESULTS: Load to failure and graft stiffness varied across different tissue types, with nonlooped tibialis grafts exhibiting the lowest values. Studies on low-dose irradiation showed variable effects, whereas high-dose irradiation consistently produced decreased load to failure and stiffness values. Various chemical sterilization measures were also associated with negative effects on biomechanical properties. Prolonged freezing decreased load to failure, ultimate stress, and ultimate strain. Up to eight freeze-thaw cycles did not lead to differences in biomechanical properties of cadaveric grafts. Regional differences were noted in patellar tendon grafts, with the central third showing the highest load to failure and stiffness. Graft diameter strongly contributed to load-to-failure measurements. Age older than 40 years, and especially older than 65 years, negatively impacted biomechanical properties, whereas gender had minimal effect on the properties of allograft tissue. Biologic adjuncts show potential for improving in vivo properties of allograft tissue. CONCLUSIONS: Future clinical studies on allograft ACL reconstruction should investigate in vivo graft performance with standardized allograft processing and preparation methods that limit the negative effects on the biomechanical properties of tissue. Additionally, biologic adjuncts may improve the biomechanical properties of allograft tissue, although future preclinical and clinical studies are necessary to clarify the role of these treatments. CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Based on the findings of this systematic review that emphasize biomechanical properties of ACL allografts, surgeons should favor the use of central third patellar tendon or looped soft tissue grafts, maximize graft cross-sectional area, and favor grafts from donors younger than 40 years of age while avoiding grafts subjected to radiation doses > 20 kGy, chemical processing, or greater than eight freeze-thaw cycles.

Midterm results of osteochondral allograft transplantation to the humeral head.

BACKGROUND: This study evaluated clinical outcomes of osteochondral allograft (OCA) transplantation for humeral head osteochondral defects. We hypothesized that patients with isolated humeral head disease would achieve favorable results and that patients with bipolar disease would experience inferior outcomes. METHODS: We identified patients who underwent humeral head OCA transplantation. Subjective questionnaire data were obtained preoperatively and at a minimum of 2 years postoperatively. Radiographs were evaluated for graft incorporation. Failure was defined by conversion to shoulder arthroplasty, American Shoulder and Elbow Surgeons score <50, or dissatisfaction with the surgical result. RESULTS: Twenty patients (65% male) met inclusion criteria. Patients were an average age of 24.8 ± 8.1 years. Eleven patients underwent concomitant glenoid surgery (microfracture or meniscal allograft resurfacing). Follow-up was available for 18 patients (90%) at mean of 67 months. All grafts incorporated except 2. Four patients underwent shoulder arthroplasty at mean of 25 months postoperatively (all after pain pump chondrolysis). Eleven of the 20 patients were satisfied (all dissatisfied patients underwent glenoid surgery). Significant improvements (P < .001) were seen for the visual analog scale (from 6.1 to 1.5), Simple Shoulder Test (from 32 to 73), American Shoulder and Elbow Surgeons score (from 39 to 76), and the physical component of the 12-Item Short Form Survey (from 38 to 48). Pain pump patients who did not progress to arthroplasty experienced inferior satisfaction (40% vs. 87.5%, P = .04) and a trend toward inferior outcomes compared with the rest of the cohort. CONCLUSION: OCA transplantation is a viable option for young patients with isolated humeral chondral injury. Patients with bipolar disease or a history of intra-articular pain pump have increased failure and decreased subjective outcomes.

Epidemiologic Comparison of Pitching Mechanics, Pitch Type, and Pitch Counts Among Healthy Pitchers at Various Levels of Youth Competition.

PURPOSE: To determine differences among healthy pitchers at various levels of competition regarding pitching history, pitching mechanics, and prevalence of breaking pitches. METHODS: Demographic, anthropometric, pitching history, and kinematic data were collected on healthy youth pitchers using dual orthogonal high-speed video analysis. Players were grouped by maturity level (9 to 12 [prepubescent], 13 to 15 [pubescent], 16 to 17 [mature], and 18 to 22 years [adult]). Groups were compared regarding pitch counts, pitching mechanics, and use of breaking pitches. Mechanics were assessed for favorable observational parameters (e.g., closed foot orientation at foot-strike) and measurable parameters at cocking, foot-strike, and ball release (e.g., knee flexion). RESULTS: Two hundred ninety-five pitchers were included. Sixty-three were 9 to 12, 130 were 13 to 15, 78 were 16 to 17, and 24 were 18 to 22 years of age. Older pitchers threw more pitches per game (41, 52, 69, and 50 by age group; P < .001), per season (766, 975, 1,079, and 881; P = .017), and per year (901, 1,343, 2,064, and 1,302; P < .001). They were more likely to pitch for multiple teams, for more than 9 months, in showcases, and in violation of pitch count recommendations. Older pitchers were more likely to maintain their hand on top of the ball, maintain closed shoulders at foot-strike, achieve hip and shoulder separation, and lead with their hips. Older pitchers achieved greater relative stride-length, greater knee flexion at front-foot contact, and increased lead hip flexion at ball release. Pitchers began throwing curveballs and sliders at 12.6 and 13.5 years, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: As pitchers age, they throw more pitches per game, per season, and per year and are more likely than younger pitchers to violate pitch count recommendations. Older pitchers tend to pitch with improved mechanics and velocity. The proportion of pitchers throwing breaking pitches increases with age, with the greatest increase occurring between ages 12 and 13. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: Level II, cross-sectional study.

Correlates With History of Injury in Youth and Adolescent Pitchers.

PURPOSE: To determine the factors within pitcher demographic characteristics, pitching history, and pitch kinematics, including velocity, that correlate with a history of pitching-related injury. METHODS: Demographic and kinematic data were collected on healthy youth and adolescent pitchers aged 9 to 22 years in preseason training during a single preseason using dual orthogonal high-speed video analysis. Pitchers who threw sidearm and those who had transitioned to another position were excluded. Players were asked whether they had ever had a pitching-related shoulder or elbow injury. Multivariate logistic regression analysis was performed on those variables that correlated with a history of injury. RESULTS: Four hundred twenty pitchers were included, of whom 31% had a history of a pitching-related injury. Participant height (P = .009, R(2) = 0.023), pitching for more than 1 team (P = .019, R(2) = 0.018), and pitch velocity (P = .006, R(2) = 0.194) served as independent correlates of injury status. A model constructed with these 3 variables could correctly predict 77% of injury histories. Within our cohort, the presence of a 10-inch increase in height was associated with an increase in a history of injury by 20% and a 10-mph increase in velocity was associated with an increase in the likelihood of a history of injury by 12%. Playing for more than 1 team increased the likelihood of a history of injury by 22%. CONCLUSIONS: Pitch velocity, pitcher height, and pitching for more than 1 team correlate with a history of shoulder and elbow injury. Current recommendations regarding breaking pitches may not prevent injury. Pitchers should be cautioned about pitching for more than 1 team. Taller pitchers and high-velocity pitchers may be at risk of injury.

Predictors of throwing velocity in youth and adolescent pitchers.

BACKGROUND: Shoulder and elbow injuries are a common cause of pain, dysfunction, and inability to play in overhead throwers. Pitch velocity plays an integral part in the etiology of these injuries; however, the demographic and biomechanical correlates with throwing velocity remain poorly understood. We hypothesized that pitchers with higher velocity would have shared demographic and kinematic characteristics. METHODS: Normal preseason youth and adolescent pitchers underwent dual-orthogonal high-speed video analysis while pitch velocity was collected with a radar gun. Demographic and pitching history data were also collected. Kinematic data and observational mechanics were recorded. Multivariate regression analysis was performed. RESULTS: A total of 420 pitchers were included, with a mean pitching velocity of 64 ± 10 mph. After multivariate logistic regression analysis, the most important correlates with pitch velocity were age (P < .001; R(2) = 0.658), height (P < .001; R(2) = 0.076), separation of the hips and shoulders (P < .001; R(2) = 0.027), and stride length (P < .001; R(2) = 0.016); in combination, these 4 variables explained 78% of the variance in pitch velocity. Each year of age was associated with a mean 1.5 mph increase in velocity; each inch in height, with 1.2 mph; separation of the hips and shoulders, with 2.6 mph; and a 10% increase in stride length, with 1.9 mph. CONCLUSION: Pitch velocity is most strongly correlated with age, height, separation of the hips and shoulders, and stride length.

Blastomyces Tenosynovitis of the Foot and Ankle: A Case Report and Review of the Literature.

Deep fungal infection localized to the foot is not common, and when it occurs it often affects immunocompromised individuals. In this report, we describe the case of an adult diabetic patient who suffered with with Blastomycosis infection of the flexor digitorum longus and peroneal tendon sheaths. The condition was treated with systemic antifungal therapy and surgical debridement.

Operative treatment of femoroacetabular impingement.

Femoroacetabular impingement is a common pathologic disorder of the hip that causes pain and has been implicated in the development of early osteoarthritis in young adults. This disorder includes 2 different subtypes: cam impingement and pincer impingement. When nonsurgical treatment methods fail, surgical options are indicated. These options have been increasingly investigated over recent years and show promising results. Several surgical techniques have been described, including surgical dislocation of the hip, mini-open procedures, hip arthroscopy, and periacetabular osteotomies. Nevertheless, the preferred mode of surgical management of femoroacetabular impingement remains a source of controversy. Only short-term and midterm outcome data are available regarding the efficacy of these surgical techniques. This review details 5 approaches for surgical management of femoroacetabular impingement: open surgical dislocation, a combined arthroscopic and open approach, hip arthroscopy, a mini-open anterior approach, and periacetabular osteotomy. It focuses specifically on surgical technique, outcomes, and their efficacy in treatment of femoroacetabular impingement.

A Single-Surgeon 35-Year Experience With ACL Reconstruction Using Patellar Tendon Auto- and Allografts With the Transtibial Technique.

Background: Long-term follow-up for anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction (ACLR) is limited due to heterogeneity in the number of techniques utilized, the number of surgeons included, and attrition bias. Purpose: To analyze a single surgeon's 35-year experience with ACLR using the transtibial technique, with an emphasis on temporal trends in graft selection and subanalyses on rates of revision surgery, contralateral ACLR, and nonrevision reoperation among different demographic cohorts of patients. Study Design: Case series; Level of evidence, 4. Methods: All patients who underwent arthroscopically assisted single-bundle ACLR between 1986 and 2021 were identified from a prospectively maintained single-surgeon registry. Outcomes of interest included revision, reoperation, and contralateral rupture rates. Results: A total of 2915 ACLRs were performed during the senior surgeon's career. The mean age for primary ACLR was 29.4 ± 14.8 years. During primary ACLR, 98.4% of patients received a central-third bone-patellar tendon-bone (BPTB) graft. Increasing patient age was associated with increasing allograft usage (P < .01), with a significant temporal increase in allograft usage over the senior surgeon's career (P < .01). There was a higher revision rate among younger patients (P < .01), female patients aged 21 to 25 years (P = .01), and patients who received an allograft during the primary procedure (P = .04). The contralateral rupture rate showed no difference between sexes (P = .34); however, patients who underwent ACLR with autograft had a greater rate of contralateral injury compared with those with allograft (P < .01). The contralateral rupture rate was greater than the revision rate (P < .01). The most common causes of nonrevision reoperation were failed meniscal repair, new meniscal tears, arthrofibrosis, and painful hardware removal. Conclusion: The findings of this single-surgeon registry reveal temporal trends in ACLR over a 35-year career. There was a trend toward increasing BPTB allograft use in ACLR, especially in older patients and revision cases. A greater revision rate was observed among younger patients, female patients, and those receiving allografts during primary surgery. Contralateral ACLR was more common than revision surgery.

Autologous Chondrocyte Implantation and Osteochondral Allograft Transplantation Render Comparable Outcomes in the Setting of Failed Marrow Stimulation.

BACKGROUND: Marrow stimulation techniques (MSTs) such as subchondral drilling and microfracture are often chosen as first-line treatment options for symptomatic cartilage defects of the knee. When an MST fails, many cartilage restoration techniques are employed, including autologous chondrocyte implantation (ACI) and osteochondral allograft (OCA). However, a few series in the literature suggest that ACI after a failed MST results in inferior outcomes as compared with primary ACI. PURPOSE/HYPOTHESIS: The purpose of this study was (1) to evaluate the clinical outcomes of ACI and OCA after a failed MST (secondary ACI and OCA) and compare them with the outcomes of primary ACI and OCA and (2) to compare clinical outcomes of secondary ACI and secondary OCA for refractory lesions involving the femoral condyle. The hypotheses were as follows: (1) secondary ACI will render inferior functional outcomes and an increased clinical failure rate as compared with primary ACI, (2) secondary OCA will render comparable results to primary OCA, and (3) secondary OCA will render superior outcomes to secondary ACI. STUDY DESIGN: Cohort study; Level of evidence, 3. METHODS: Patients were retrospectively identified who underwent ACI and OCA for symptomatic chondral lesions of the knee refractory to a previous MST. Age-, sex-, and body mass index-matched groups of patients undergoing primary ACI and OCA were used as controls. Postoperative data were prospectively collected using several subjective scoring systems (Tegner, Lysholm, International Knee Documentation Committee, Knee injury and Osteoarthritis Outcome Score, 12-Item Short Form Health Survey). Groups were compared with regard to patient-reported outcomes, subjective satisfaction, clinical failure rate, and reoperation. Student t tests were used for continuous data, and chi-square tests were performed for categorical data. RESULTS: A total of 359 patients were examined: 92 patients undergoing secondary ACI, 100 primary ACI, 88 secondary OCA, and 79 primary OCA. The mean patient age was 30.3 years (range, 14.9-49.9 years) at the time of ACI and 35.4 (range, 15-54.5) at the time of OCA. There was no difference between the primary and secondary groups with regard to postoperative functional scores, subjective satisfaction, reoperation rate, and clinical failure rate. CONCLUSION: ACI and OCA are both viable treatment options for chondral defects of the knee, even in the setting of a failed MST. Secondary ACI renders functional outcomes, subjective satisfaction, and reoperation and failure rates comparable with primary ACI and secondary OCA.

The Prevalence of Cam Morphology: A Cross-Sectional Evaluation of 3,558 Cadaveric Femora.

Purpose: We sought to determine (1) the prevalence of cam deformity in the population and that of bilateral cam deformity, (2) the typical location of a cam lesion, and (3) the typical size of a cam lesion by direct visualization in cadaveric femora. Methods: Two observers inspected 3,558 human cadaveric femora from the Hamann-Todd Osteological Collection from the Cleveland Museum of Natural History. Any asphericity >2 mm from the anterior femoral neck line was classified as a cam lesion. Once lesions had been inspected, the prevalence in the population, prevalence by gender, and prevalence of bilateral deformity were determined. Additionally, each lesion was measured and localized to a specific quadrant on the femoral neck based upon location of maximal deformity. Results: Cam lesions were noted in 33% of males and 20% of females. Eighty percent of patients with a cam lesion had bilateral lesions. When stratified by location of maximal deformity, 90.9% of lesions were in the anterosuperior quadrant and 9.1% were in the anteroinferior quadrants. The average lesion measured 17 mm long × 24 mm wide × 6 mm thick in men and 14 mm × 22 mm × 4 mm in women (p < 0.05). Conclusions: The population prevalence of cam deformity determined by direct visualization in cadavers may be higher than has been suggested in studies utilizing imaging modalities. Level of Evidence : Level II, diagnostic study.

Mirror Image Modeling of Acetabular Rim Thickness Differences in Patients With Unilateral Femoroacetabular Impingement Syndrome.

PURPOSE: To use mirror imaging to identify the location and magnitude of difference in acetabular rim morphology between the symptomatic and unaffected acetabula in patients with symptomatic unilateral pincer-type or mixed femoroacetabular impingement syndrome (FAIS) using 1-dimensional models created with computed tomography (CT). METHODS: CT scans of bilateral hips in 33 patients diagnosed with unilateral pincer-type or mixed FAIS were obtained. Three-dimensional bilateral hip models were constructed, and the unaffected hemipelvis was superimposed onto the symptomatic side to compare acetabular thickness. Protrusion of the symptomatic side was recorded, and rim morphology was divided into clock face quadrants to analyze the location of greatest magnitude of difference between affected and unaffected acetabula. Analysis of the quadrants was performed using analysis of variance with post hoc Bonferroni correction. RESULTS: The study group consisted of more females (51.6%) than males, with an average age of 35.72 ± 7.8 years and an average body mass index of 24.3 ± 4.1 kg/m2. Of the 33 hips included, 14 were isolated pincer-type FAIS and 19 were mixed. The average preoperative symptomatic side lateral center edge angle was 37.5° ± 7.2° compared with 29° ± 5.1° on the asymptomatic side (P = .001). The symptomatic acetabular rim was on average 0.43 ± 0.18 mm thicker than the corresponding location on the unaffected rim. When the acetabulum was divided into clock face quadrants, the 12 to 3 o'clock position showed the greatest difference between symptomatic and unaffected sides (0.55 ± 0.18 mm) compared with the 3 to 6 o'clock position (0.4 ± 0.28 mm; P = .006), 6 to 9 o'clock (0.34 ± 0.07 mm; P < .001), and 9 to 12 o'clock (0.38 ± 0.03; P = .001). CONCLUSIONS: Patients with unilateral, symptomatic pincer-type or mixed FAIS show statistical differences in rim thickness between the affected and unaffected acetabula. Small changes in acetabular rim morphology on the order of ≤0.5 mm may be the difference between symptomatic FAIS and the unaffected hip. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: IV, case series.

High Rate of Return to High-Intensity Interval Training After Arthroscopic Management of Femoroacetabular Impingement Syndrome.

BACKGROUND: Since the inception of CrossFit in 2000, the popularity of high-intensity interval training (HIIT) in the United States has risen dramatically. While HIIT is a highly efficient exercise for weight loss and improved conditioning, some literature reports injuries in up to 34% of HIIT participants. We sought to evaluate the functional and sports-specific results of hip arthroscopic surgery in recreational HIIT participants. PURPOSE: To evaluate patients' ability to return to HIIT after hip arthroscopic surgery for femoroacetabular impingement syndrome (FAIS). STUDY DESIGN: Case series; Level of evidence, 4. METHODS: Consecutive patients with FAIS who had identified themselves as participating in HIIT and had undergone hip arthroscopic surgery for the treatment of FAIS by a single fellowship-trained surgeon between 2012 and 2015 were reviewed. Demographic data; preoperative physical examination findings; preoperative imaging results; preoperative patient-reported outcome (PRO) scores including the modified Harris Hip Score (mHHS), Hip Outcome Score-Activities of Daily Living (HOS-ADL), Hip Outcome Score-Sports-Specific Subscale (HOS-SSS), and visual analog scale (VAS) for pain; and postoperative examination and PRO scores at a minimum 2 years after surgery, including a HIIT-specific questionnaire, were assessed for all patients. RESULTS: Thirty-two patients (13 male, 19 female) with a mean age of 34.7 ± 6.9 years (range, 21-49 years) were identified with a minimum 24-month follow-up. Among these, 22 participated in CrossFit, 4 in Shred415, 3 in Orangetheory, and 3 in self-directed cross-training including plyometrics. Preoperatively, 14 patients had discontinued HIIT because of activity-related hip complaints, 17 patients had scaled back involvement in HIIT, and 1 patient maintained her baseline routine. Postoperatively, 28 of 32 patients (88%) returned to HIIT at a mean of 9.8 ± 5.7 months after surgery (range, 3-24 months); 96% returned to HIIT at the same level as or better than before the injury. Fear of reinjury was the most common reason for cessation (3/4). Preinjury and postoperative involvement in HIIT were comparable (5.3 vs 5.1 h/wk, respectively; P = .8). All patients had significant improvements in the HOS-ADL score (69.7 ± 17.3 to 94.2 ± 8.4; P < .001), HOS-SSS score (49.2 ± 21.2 to 83.3 ± 21.4; P < .001), mHHS score (59.9 ± 14.2 to 85.4 ± 11.6; P < .001), and VAS for pain score (7.5 ± 1.8 to 1.1 ± 1.3; P < .001) from preoperatively to postoperatively. CONCLUSION: Arthroscopic treatment of FAIS in recreational HIIT participants resulted in significant improvements in hip function and predictably high rates of patient satisfaction. Postoperatively, 88% of patients returned to HIIT, 44% noted improvement from preinjury HIIT performance, and the mean weekly participation was comparable with before the injury.

Open vs Percutaneous vs Arthroscopic Surgical Treatment of Lateral Epicondylitis: An Updated Systematic Review.

This study was performed to compare outcomes of open, arthroscopic, and percutaneous surgical techniques for lateral epicondylitis. We searched PubMed (MEDLINE) for literature published between January 1, 2004 and May 23, 2015 using these key words: lateral epicondylitis AND (surgery OR operative OR surgical OR open OR arthroscopic OR percutaneous). Meta-analyses were performed for outcomes reported in 3 studies using 2-sample and 2-proportion Z-tests. Thirty-five studies including 1640 elbows (1055 open, 401 arthroscopic, 184 percutaneous) met the inclusion criteria. There were no differences between groups regarding duration to return to work, complication rate, or patient satisfaction. A greater proportion of patients were pain free in the open group than in the arthroscopic group (70% vs 60%). Despite the absence of a difference among techniques regarding return to work and subjective function, we recommend open débridement as the technique most likely to achieve a pain-free outcome.

Thirty-Year Experience With ACL Reconstruction Using Patellar Tendon: A Critical Evaluation of Revision and Reoperation.

BACKGROUND: During the preoperative discussion prior to anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction (ACLR), patients are often interested in data regarding rates of revision reconstruction, reoperation, concomitant pathologic changes, and future contralateral ACL injury. PURPOSE: To analyze a single surgeon's experience with primary and revision ACLR over a 30-year interval, focusing on incidence and risk factors for revision and reoperation. STUDY DESIGN: Case series; Level of evidence, 4. METHODS: Patients who underwent ACLR from 1986 to 2016 were identified from a prospectively maintained database. Covariates of interest included age, sex, time, and graft selection. Outcomes of interest included revision and reoperation rates. RESULTS: A total of 2450 ACLRs (mean patient age, 29 years; 58% male) were reviewed. Among primary ACLRs performed (n = 2225), 68% entailed bone-patellar tendon-bone (BTB) autograft and 30% entailed BTB allograft. Patients undergoing ACLR with autograft and allograft had a mean age of 22 and 37 years, respectively. The rate of revision ACLR was 1.8% and 3.5% for primary and revision cases, respectively. An increased rate of revision was noted among females compared with males (2.6% vs 1.2%) and among allografts compared with autografts (2.7% vs 1.3%). Low-dose irradiation did not affect allograft revision rates. The nonrevision reoperation rate following primary ACLR was 12%. The nonrevision reoperation rate was lower among primary cases reconstructed with allograft than autograft (9% vs 13%). Seventeen percent of cases involved concomitant meniscal repair and, among these, 13% required revision meniscal surgery. The rate of contralateral ACLR was 5.3. CONCLUSION: This information is useful in the informed consent process, for perioperative decision making regarding graft choice, and for identifying patients who are at risk for injuring the uninvolved knee.

Trends in Shoulder Stabilization Techniques Used in the United States Based on a Large Private-Payer Database.

BACKGROUND: Arthroscopic stabilization is the most broadly used surgical procedure in the United States for management of recurrent shoulder instability. Latarjet coracoid transfer has been considered a salvage surgical procedure for failed arthroscopic repairs or cases of significant glenoid bone loss; however, with recent literature suggesting reduced risk of recurrent instability with Latarjet, several surgeons have advocated its broader utilization as a primary operation for treatment of shoulder instability. PURPOSE: To determine trends in shoulder stabilization techniques used in the United States. STUDY DESIGN: Cross-sectional study. METHODS: A retrospective analysis of a publicly available national insurance database was performed to identify shoulder stabilization procedures performed over 9 years (2007-2015). The following Current Procedural Terminology codes were searched: 29806 (arthroscopic stabilization), 23455 (open capsulolabral repair), 23466 (open capsular shift), 23462 (Latarjet coracoid transfer), and 23460 (open anterior capsulorrhaphy with other bone block augmentation). Outcomes of interest included (1) trends in the use of each technique throughout the study interval, (2) age and sex distributions of patients undergoing each technique, and (3) regional predilections for the use of each technique. RESULTS: Arthroscopic stabilization was the most broadly used shoulder stabilization procedure in the database (87%), followed by open Bankart (7%), Latarjet (3.2%), open capsular shift (2.6%), and alternative bone block procedure (0.8%). Throughout the study period, the incidence of arthroscopic stabilization and Latarjet increased (8% and 15% per year, respectively); the incidence of open capsular shift remained relatively constant; and the incidence of open Bankart decreased (9% per year). Arthroscopic stabilization, open Bankart, and Latarjet each had similar sex-based distributions (roughly 70% male), while open capsular shift and alternative bone block were relatively more common in females (54% and 50% male, respectively). The incidence of arthroscopic stabilization and Latarjet were greatest in the South and lowest in the Northeast. CONCLUSION: Arthroscopic stabilization remains the most commonly utilized stabilization technique in the United States. The use of the Latarjet procedure is steadily increasing and now rivals open Bankart stabilization among the most commonly used open stabilization techniques.

A Novel Complication of the Dall-Miles Cable Grip System Mimicking Recurrent Synovial Chondromatosis: A Case Report and Review of the Literature.

CASE: A 25-year-old man with synovial chondromatosis of the hip was treated with a synovectomy through a transtrochanteric approach; the repair was made with use of a Dall-Miles cable. Approximately 13 years later, the patient returned with a massive bursal reaction and a cyst containing "rice bodies." Although the physical examination and imaging were suggestive of recurrent synovial chondromatosis, the bursal reaction actually represented a novel complication of the Dall-Miles system. CONCLUSION: When a patient who has had prior orthopaedic instrumentation presents with pain and imaging that demonstrates formation of a bursal cyst, a cyst containing rice bodies secondary to bursal irritation by the implant should be considered.

Acetabular Osteoarticular Allograft After Ewing Sarcoma Resection: A 15-Year Follow-up: A Case Report.

CASE: A 4-year-old girl with Ewing sarcoma of the periacetabular region had been treated with neoadjuvant chemotherapy followed by resection and osteoarticular allograft reconstruction with an adult hemipelvis. At 15 years postoperatively, she remained disease-free with remarkable functionality. She had minimal groin pain and could walk an unlimited distance. Radiographs demonstrated union at the anastomotic junctions. The allograft, which had been considerably oversized 15 years ago, was now identical in size to the contralateral ilium. CONCLUSION: Osteoarticular allograft remains one of the best reconstructive options following hemipelvectomy in the pediatric population because of its potential durability and its capacity to restore pelvic stability and preserve functionality.

Outcomes and complications of unicondylar arthroplasty.

Unicompartmental knee arthroplasty has experienced resurgence in popularity because of the lower morbidity of the procedure and the proposed benefits over total knee replacement in appropriately selected patients. Improved component designs and advanced surgical techniques have promoted excellent results. Expanded indications to include the very young and the elderly have yielded comparable clinical outcomes. Nonetheless, the success of unicompartmental replacement depends on proper surgical technique and patient selection. Distinct surgical considerations exist depending on whether the medial, lateral, or patellofemoral compartment is replaced. Long-term studies have shown that unicompartmental knee replacement is an alternative to total knee arthroplasty.