Perceptions on support, challenges and needs among parents and caregivers of children with developmental disabilities in Croatia, North Macedonia and Serbia: a cross-sectional study.

BACKGROUND: Parents/caregivers of children with developmental disabilities (CDD) have a wide range of support needs and there are various interventions available. Support, challenges, and needs among parents/caregivers of CDD likely vary in different geographical settings. This study aimed to analyze the perceptions of support, challenges, and needs among parents/caregivers of CDD in Croatia, North Macedonia, and Serbia. METHODS: We conducted a cross-sectional study in March-April 2023 within the Erasmus + SynergyEd project. The eligible participants were parents and caregivers of CDD in Croatia, North Macedonia, and Serbia, who filled out a modified Caregiver Needs Survey online. RESULTS: Among 953 participants, 542 (57%) were from Croatia, 205 (21%) were from North Macedonia and 206 (22%) were from Serbia. The most common diagnosis of participants' children was autism spectrum disorder (26%). The child most often received the first diagnosis at the median of 2 years, diagnosed by a team of professionals. More than half (58%) of children attended preschool and public school, while 22% did not attend any schooling. Additional support from the state/city/county was received by 66% of CDD. Most participants declared not participating in association/organization for family support. Participants mostly (68%) used experts who work with the child as a source of information about their child's condition, followed by the Internet (53%). In the last 12 months, 60% of participants had difficulties with the availability of services in their area or problems getting appointments. The biggest problem in getting support was ensuring the child's basic rights were protected. Participants stated that ensuring greater rights for CDD was the greatest need for their families. CONCLUSION: Parents/caregivers of CDD in Croatia, North Macedonia, and Serbia faced multiple challenges, but most of them were satisfied with the services provided to their children. Future efforts to develop policies and services related to CDD should consider the opinions of their parents/caregivers and disparities in access to services.

Evaluation of Vitamin D3 levels and dietary management in patients with papillary thyroid cancer.

OBJECTIVE: Vitamin D (VitD) plays various roles, promotes musculoskeletal health, maintains parathyroid hormone levels and supports the immune processes. Vitamin D deficiency is common among cancer patients including thyroid cancer. Since some data indicate that preoperative VitD levels in cancer patients correlate with the further prognosis of the disease. Therefore, it is worthwhile to investigate this in the most common cancer of the thyroid gland, papillary thyroid cancer (PTC). The aim of this study was to evaluate serum VitD levels in patients with PTC concerning age, gender, body mass index (BMI), cancer stage, thyroid hormone levels, thyroglobulin concentration and the efficiency of VitD3 supplementation in these patients. SUBJECTS AND METHODS: Our cross-sectional study included 105 patients, and 34 healthy subjects in the control group. After 12 weeks of VitD3 supplementation (insufficient patients received1000IJ/day, deficient patients 2000IJ/day, severe deficient patient 5000IJ/day) along with the lifestyle and dietary management, the response was evaluated according to the personal characteristics, levels of VitD, free thyroxine (FT4), freetriiodothyronine (FT3) hormones and thyroglobulin (TG). RESULTS: The responders whose median age was 61-year-old, were mostly women (94%), with BMI below 23.7kg/m3, which indicates that most of the patients were normally nourished. 70% of patients were in the first stage of PTC, 76% had a vitamin D deficiency, while musculoskeletal disorders were present in 30% patients. VitD supplementation improved serum VitD status, FT3 discretely elevated and the TG levels significantly decreased in our PTC patients. CONCLUSION: It should be noted that VitD deficiency is presented in 70% of patients with PTC in our study sample. Dietary recommendation applied as lifestyle changes along with oral VitD3 supplementation, corrected VitD status to the recommended serum level. Although the data from our study is not sufficient to evaluate the VitD level as a prognostic factor for cancer, we have shown that it is necessary to examine its level along with an individual dietary approach for each patient with PTC.

Trans fatty acids in frequently consumed products from Serbian and Slovenian market.

OBJECTIVES: Industrially produced trans fatty acid (iTFA) have adverse health effects and thus their consumption should be limited. The aim of this study was to determine and compare the iTFA content in frequently consumed food products by young adults from the Serbian and Slovenian market with supposedly elevated iTFA content in 2015. At the time of this study, there was no recommended limit of iTFA in both countries, and reduction of iTFA in foods was on voluntary basis. METHODS: We determined iTFA content in food products, 19 from the Serbian and 22 from the Slovenian market, blinded and analysed in the same analytical run. Contents of fatty acids (FA) methyl esters were analysed by capillary gas chromatography with a flame ionisation detector. Heptadecanoic acid was used as internal standard. Individual FA along with TFA were expressed as percentages of total measured FA. The amount of each FA in the sample was then calculated from the response factor and the transformation factor of the FA from the FA methyl ester content. RESULTS: Elaidic acid (C18:1t) was found as the most abundant TFA in analysed products, ranging from 0.52 g/100 g of total FA in chocolate candy up to 60.4 g/100 g in a salami from Serbian market. In Slovenian products, the values for elaidic acid were lower, 0.04-3.95 g/100 g of total FA, except in one type of wafers (24.3 g/100 g). CONCLUSIONS: The majority of analysed products from the Serbian and three from Slovenian market exceeded the recommended WHO and EU limit of 2% iTFA of total fat in foods. Samples of frequently consumed salami, wafers, tea biscuits, and snacks were identified as products with potentially higher burden of iTFA in diets of young adults in Serbia.

EFFICACY OF A LIPID-LOWERING DIET ON KEY FATTY ACID RATIOS AND OMEGA-3 INDEX IN HYPERLIPIDEMIC SUBJECTS.

Polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) dietary intake, status and serum key fatty acid (FA) ratios may aid in cardiovascular disease-related risk assessment. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of lipid-lowering diet on key FA ratios in serum phospholipids and omega-3 index in erythrocyte phospholipids in moderately hyperlipidemic subjects. The study included 41 subjects, mean age 56±6 years. Nutritional habits were evaluated by food frequency questionnaire. Participants followed lipid lowering diet for 12 weeks. Energy intake of omega-6 and omega-3 FA was changed from 7.6% and 0.6% to 5.7% and 1.2%, respectively. Marked decrease in four FA ratios in serum phospholipids, i.e., omega-6/omega-3, arachidonic acid (AA)/eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), AA/docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), AA/(EPA+DHA) and omega-3 index (EPA+DHA) was found in study subjects after lipid-lowering diet. Total cholesterol/high-density lipoprotein (HDL), low-density lipoprotein (LDL)/HDL and triacylglycerol/HDL-cholesterol ratios positively correlated with all FA ratios, and negatively correlated with total omega-3 levels in serum phospholipids and omega-3 index in erythrocytes. Total serum omega-3 levels showed strongest association with lipoprotein ratios and positive correlation with homeostatic model assessment (HOMA) index. In conclusion, lipid-lowering diet resulted in decreased serum key FA ratios, increased omega-3 levels, and improved insulin sensitivity that may lead to a lower risk of cardiovascular disease in subjects with moderate hyperlipidemia.

Metabolically healthy obesity: is there a link with polyunsaturated fatty acid intake and status?

The aim of this study was to compare dietary intake and status of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) in plasma and erythrocyte phospholipids metabolically healthy and unhealthy, and obese and nonobese persons. Metabolic health status in 171 participants was defined according to criteria for metabolic syndrome. Obese and nonobese metabolically unhealthy persons (MUHO and MUHNO) had higher energy intake of n-6 PUFA (7.82 ± 1.03 and 7.49 ± 0.86) and lower intake of n-3 PUFA (0.60 ± 0.12 and 0.62 ± 0.11) compared to obese and nonobese metabolically healthy persons (MHO and MHNO) (5.92 ± 0.63 and 5.72 ± 0.67; 1.20 ± 0.07 and 1.22 ± 0.09, respectively) and a higher n-6/n-3 PUFA ratio. The plasma level of n-6 PUFA was lower in the MUHO and MUHNO groups (38.49 ± 3.71 and 38.53 ± 2.19) compared to MHNO (40.90 ± 2.43), while n-3 PUFA status was lower in obese than in nonobese persons (3.58 ± 0.79 and 3.50 ± 1.02 vs. 4.21 ± 0.80 and 4.06 ± 1.15). The MHO group had a higher eicosapentaenoic/arachidonic acid ratio and estimated desaturase (SCD16, D6D) and elongase activity in plasma phospholipids compared to MHNO. The low intake of n-3 PUFA is directly associated with metabolic risk factors. These results indicated that obesity is closely associated with low levels of n-3 PUFA in plasma phospholipids, suggesting that dietary modifications including n-3 PUFA supplementation appear to be suitable therapeutic strategy in obese persons.

Systematic Review of Observational Studies with Dose-Response Meta-Analysis between Folate Intake and Status Biomarkers in Adults and the Elderly.

BACKGROUND: Dietary reference values for folate intake vary widely across Europe. METHODS: MEDLINE and Embase through November 2016 were searched for data on the association between folate intake and biomarkers (serum/plasma folate, red blood cell [RBC] folate, plasma homocysteine) from observational studies in healthy adults and elderly. The regression coefficient of biomarkers on intake (ß) was extracted from each study, and the overall and stratified pooled ß and SE (ß) were obtained by random effects meta-analysis on a double log scale. These dose-response estimates may be used to derive folate intake reference values. RESULTS: For every doubling in folate intake, the changes in serum/plasma folate, RBC folate and plasma homocysteine were +22, +21, and -16% respectively. The overall pooled regression coefficients were ß = 0.29 (95% CI 0.21-0.37) for serum/plasma folate (26 estimates from 17 studies), ß = 0.28 (95% CI 0.21-0.36) for RBC (13 estimates from 11 studies), and ß = -0.21 (95% CI -0.31 to -0.11) for plasma homocysteine (10 estimates from 6 studies). CONCLUSION: These estimates along with those from randomized controlled trials can be used for underpinning dietary recommendations for folate in adults and elderly.

Association between being overweight and oral health in Serbian schoolchildren.

BACKGROUND: Childhood obesity, dental caries, and periodontal disease are major public health problems due to their adverse impact on the growth and development of children. AIM: To examine the association between nutritional status, oral health, and lifestyle habits among schoolchildren in Serbia. DESIGN: This cross-sectional study assessed 422 children and adolescents aged 6-18 years with the following dental indexes analyzed: DMF/dmf (decayed, missed, and filled teeth), plaque index (PI), and gingival index (GI). Depending on their nutritional status, the subjects were categorized, as being 'normal weight,' 'at risk of overweight,' and 'overweight.' Logistic regression was applied to study the association between the dental indexes and independent variables: gender, age, toothbrushing, nutritional status, and lifestyle factors. RESULTS: Being overweight positively correlated with GI, but negatively correlated with the DMF/dmf index among the participants. Multivariate analysis showed a strong association between the weight category and toothbrushing with GI and PI. Overweight children (6-11 years) were less likely to have caries, whereas in older children/adolescents (12-18 years), caries was associated with the intake of sugar-sweetened juices. CONCLUSIONS: Being overweight was found to be significantly associated with a higher probability of developing gingivitis and negatively associated with caries prevalence in Serbian children and adolescents.

Effects of dietary milled seed mixture on fatty acid status and inflammatory markers in patients on hemodialysis.

BACKGROUND: Plant seeds have gained interest for their health benefits due to their fatty acid content. The objective of this study was to determine the effects of dietary consumption of milled sesame/pumpkin/flax seed mixture on glycemic control, serum lipids, phospholipid fatty acid status, and inflammatory factors in patients on hemodialysis. METHODS: Thirty patients with well nutrition status (18 male, 12 female) were enrolled in the study. Participants consumed 30 g of milled sesame/pumpkin/flax (6 g/6 g/18 g, resp.) seeds mixture added to their habitual diet. RESULTS: Total n-6 and n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids and levels of linoleic, dihomo-gamma-linolenic (DGLA), arachidonic, alpha-linolenic (ALA), eicosapentaenoic, docosapentaenoic, and docosahexaenoic (DHA) acid were increased after 12 weeks of supplementation. A significant decrease of the serum triglyceride level (P < 0.001), glucose, insulin, calculated IR HOMA (P < 0.05), and inflammatory markers (TNF-alpha, IL-6, and hs-CRP, P < 0.001) was observed after seed mixture treatment. The serum levels of CRP and TNF-alpha negative correlate with ALA, DHA, and DGLA. CONCLUSION: Results of this study indicated that dietary milled sesame/pumpkin/flax seed mixture added to a habitual diet lowered triglyceride and CRP, TNF-alpha, IL-6 levels, affect glycemic control and improved fatty acid profile and pruritus symptoms in hemodialysis patients.

Osteosarcopenic adiposity (OSA) phenotype and its connection with cardiometabolic disorders: Is there a cause-and-effect?

The objectives were to examine if there is a causal relationship between osteosarcopenic adiposity (OSA) syndrome (coexistence of osteopenia/osteoporosis, sarcopenia, and excess adiposity) and cardiometabolic disorders or if these disorders initiate the development of OSA and its worsening. The search was conducted in PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science to include articles up to the end of 2023. Of n=539 articles retrieved, n=15 met the eligibility criteria. Only studies conducted in adults and with all three body composition compartments (bone, muscle/lean, adipose) measured were considered. The results revealed that several cardiometabolic disorders, namely, hypertension, dyslipidemia (elevated total and LDL-cholesterol, lower HDL-cholesterol), insulin resistance, hyperglycemia, lower serum vitamin D, and some inflammatory markers were accompanied by OSA. In most cases, the OSA phenotype was associated with worse outcomes than cases with healthy or less impaired body composition. Our initial questions about the reciprocal cause-and-effect relationships could be surmised with more certainty for the OSA and some cardiovascular risks (hypertension, dyslipidemia) and some metabolic abnormalities (several inflammatory markers). The results of this review underscore the importance of body composition in health and from a clinical perspective, all three body composition compartments should be measured by standardized technologies using regulated diagnostic criteria to identify OSA. Randomized trials and prospective studies in diverse groups of older and younger individuals are necessary to determine if the relationships between OSA and clinical endpoints are causal and reversible through intervention and to uncover the mechanisms.

EURRECA-Estimating iodine requirements for deriving dietary reference values.

Iodine is an essential component of thyroid hormones, and current recommendations for intake are based on urinary iodine excretion, assessment of thyroid size, thyroidal iodine accumulation and turnover, radioactive iodine uptake, balance studies, and epidemiological studies. Dietary iodine is rapidly and almost completely absorbed. The prevalence of inadequate iodine intake is high: 29% of the world's population lives in iodine-deficient areas and 44% of Europe remains mildly iodine deficient. To assess current data and update evidence for setting dietary recommendations for iodine, the EURRECA Network of Excellence has undertaken systematic review and evaluation of (i) the usefulness of iodine status biomarkers (ii) the relationship between iodine status biomarkers and dietary iodine intake, and (iii) the relationship between iodine intake and health outcomes (endemic goiter, hypothyroidism, and cognitive function). This review summarizes the main research outputs: the key findings of the literature review, results of the meta-analyses, and discussion of the main conclusions. Currently, data for relevant intake-status-health relationships for iodine are limited, particularly for population groups such as children under two years, pregnant women, and the elderly. The EURRECA Network developed best practice guidelines for the identification of pertinent iodine studies based on a systematic review approach. This approach aimed to identify comparable data, suitable for meta-analysis, for different countries and across all age ranges. When new data are available, the EURRECA Network best practice guidelines will provide a better understanding of iodine requirements for different health outcomes which could be used to set evidence-based dietary iodine recommendations for optimal health.

Abnormalities in the serum phospholipids fatty acid profile in patients with alcoholic liver cirrhosis - a pilot study.

The fatty acid composition of serum phospholipids were analyzed in 20 patients with alcoholic liver cirrhosis (11 with malnutrition and 9 with acceptable nutritional status); 25 healthy age and sex-matched adults were used as controls. Cirrhotic patients showed higher levels of palmitic acid and total saturated fatty acids than healthy subjects. Total n-6 and n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA), and levels of linoleic, dihomo-gama linolenic, arachidonic, and docosahexaenoic acid were significantly lower (p<0.001) in patients with alcoholic cirrhosis compared to healthy controls. Significant changes were also found between patients stratified according to nutritional status. In particular, the sum of n-3 PUFA was significantly lower (p<0.001) and ratio of n-6/n-3 fatty acids was higher (p<0.01) in malnourished patients when compared to the patients with acceptable nutritional status. Furthermore, important changes in the levels of saturated fatty acids, palmitoleic and oleic acid and long-chain PUFA were found in well-nourished patients with alcoholic cirrhosis as well. Our present data confirmed evidence that malnutrition is one of the factors that led to lower levels of polyunsaturated fatty acids in patients with alcoholic liver cirrhosis. PUFA supplementation in the latter needs further investigation.

Plasma fatty acid composition and some markers of dietary habits are associated with cardiovascular disease risk determined by an atherogenic plasma index in postmenopausal women.

It is hypothesized that plasma proportion of selected fatty acids (FAs) and dietary habits are linked with the risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD) in postmenopausal women. Therefore, this study was designed to determine the association of plasma FA composition and markers of dietary habits with an atherogenic index of plasma (AIP), a predictor of CVD risk in postmenopausal women. In total, 87 postmenopausal women with an average age of 57 ± 7 years were recruited and their dietary intake, anthropometric and biochemical parameters, and FA status in total plasma lipid proportions were determined, showing that 65.5% of the participants had a high risk of CVD according to their AIP value. After adjusting for some confounders (age, body mass index, and physical activity level), the risk of CVD was only positively associated with the frequency of consumption of animal fat spreads (butter and lard) of terrestrial origin. Regarding the FA profile, CVD risk was positively associated with the percentages of vaccenic acid, dihomo-γ-linolenic acid, and monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFA; mainly n-7) in total FA, as well as the MUFA/SFA ratio in total plasma and stearoyl-CoA desaturase-16 activity (16:1/16:0 ratio). In contrast, the risk of CVD was negatively associated with percentages of α-linolenic acid, total polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA), and PUFA/MUFA ratio in total plasma lipid, and the estimated activity of Δ5-desaturase (20:4/20:3 n-6 ratio). These results support the current recommendations to decrease the frequency of animal fat spread intake because it is associated with a reduced CVD risk based on AIP in postmenopausal women. In accordance with these plasma percentages of ALA, vaccenic acid, dihomo-γ-linolenic acid, PUFA, PUFA/MUFA ratio, and 16:1/16:0 ratio may be important parameters in CVD risk assessment.

Nutrition and Physical Activity as Modulators of Osteosarcopenic Adiposity: A Scoping Review and Recommendations for Future Research.

Osteosarcopenic adiposity (OSA) syndrome denotes the confluence of bone, muscle, and adipose tissue deterioration. Being a complex entity, numerous uncertainties about OSA still exist, despite the extensive research on the topic. Our objectives were to evaluate human studies addressing dietary intake/nutritional status and the quantity/types of physical activity related to OSA. The search in PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science databases was conducted to examine relevant articles published from inception to the end of December 2022, utilizing the MeSH strings in the search strategy. Only studies published in English and conducted in humans (≥18 years) without chronic conditions (cancers, kidney/liver disease) or pregnancy were used. Book chapters, abstracts-only, and studies in which participants did not have all three body composition components measured to identify OSA or when body composition components could not be related to the independent/exposure variables were excluded. A total of n = 1020 articles were retrieved from all three databases and eight more from the reference lists. After the exclusion of duplicates and other unsuitable articles, n = 23 studies were evaluated. Among those, eleven were from epidemiological or cross-sectional studies relating nutrients/dietary intake or nutritional status with OSA. Another four examined the relationship between serum biomarkers (vitamin D and ferritin) with OSA, while eight articles presented the results of the interventional studies with resistance training. Overall, higher protein, calcium, potassium, and vitamins D and C intakes emerged as nutrients positively modifying OSA, along with a diet higher in fruits and low-fat dairy foods. Higher serum vitamin D and ferritin were respectively positively and negatively related to OSA. Resistance training was a safe intervention yielding several beneficial outcomes for the OSA syndrome in older women.

Crosstalk between dietary patterns, obesity and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease.

The prevalence of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is rising worldwide, paralleling the epidemic of obesity. The liver is a key organ for the metabolism of proteins, fats and carbohydrates. Various types of fats and carbohydrates in isocaloric diets differently influence fat accumulation in the liver parenchyma. Therefore, nutrition can manage hepatic and cardiometabolic complications of NAFLD. Even moderately reduced caloric intake, which leads to a weight loss of 5%-10% of initial body weight, is effective in improving liver steatosis and surrogate markers of liver disease status. Among dietary patterns, the Mediterranean diet mostly prevents the onset of NAFLD. Furthermore, this diet is also the most recommended for the treatment of NAFLD patients. However, clinical trials based on the dietary interventions in NAFLD patients are sparse. Since there are only a few studies examining dietary interventions in clinically advanced stages of NAFLD, such as active and fibrotic steatohepatitis, the optimal diet for patients in these stages of the disease must still be determined. In this narrative review, we aimed to critically summarize the associations between different dietary patterns, obesity and prevention/risk for NAFLD, to describe specific dietary interventions' impacts on liver steatosis in adults with NAFLD and to provide an updated overview of dietary recommendations that clinicians potentially need to apply in their daily practice.

Circulatory Imbalance of Essential and Toxic Trace Elements in Pre-dialysis and Hemodialysis Patients.

The status of essential and toxic trace elements in patients with different stages of chronic kidney disease (CKD) is still unclear and not well characterized. The present study examined the circulatory levels of a wide panel of trace elements (Al, Cr, Mn, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, As, Se, Rb, Sr, Cd, Pb, and U) in hemodialysis patients (HD group) and pre-dialysis patients with stage 3 CKD (PD group). Comparisons were made between groups of patients and healthy individuals from the control group (CG). The levels of Al, Mn, Co, Ni, Cu, As, Se, Sr, and Pb were higher, while the levels of Cr, Zn, Rb, Cd, and U were lower in HD patients than in our CG. Higher levels of Al and Se, as well as lower levels of As, Sr, Zn, Rb, and U were significant and distinguished HD from PD. Among other analyzed elements, Co, Se, and U are the only trace elements that did not distinguish PD from CG at a statistically significant level. The HD group had lower serum U levels than the PD group, and this could be a result of hemodialysis. This study also revealed that the Cu/Zn ratio could be used as a marker for early and late detection of renal failure. Marked changes of essential and toxic trace element levels in sera indicate additional pathophysiological events in CKD, which could additionally contribute to the preexisting increased morbidity of HD patients. Measurement of trace elements in HD patients should be performed routinely.

A systematic review of meta-research studies finds substantial methodological heterogeneity in citation analyses to monitor evidence-based research.

OBJECTIVES: This systematic review aimed to identify the characteristics and application of citation analyses in evaluating the justification, design, and placement of the research results of clinical health studies in the context of earlier similar studies. STUDY DESIGN AND SETTING: We searched MEDLINE (Ovid), Embase (Ovid), and the Cochrane Methodology Register for meta-research studies. We included meta-research studies assessing whether researchers used earlier similar studies and/or systematic reviews of such studies to inform the justification or design of a new study, whether researchers used systematic reviews to inform the interpretation of new results, and meta-research studies assessing whether redundant studies were published within a specific area. The results are presented as a narrative synthesis. RESULTS: A total of 27 studies were included. How authors of citation analyses define their outcomes appears rather arbitrary, as does how the reference of a landmark review or adherence to reporting guidelines was expected to contribute to the initiation, justification, design, or contextualization of relevant clinical trials. CONCLUSION: Continued and improved efforts to promote evidence-based research are needed, including clearly defined and justified outcomes in meta-research studies to monitor the implementation of an evidence-based approach.

Liver disease and COVID-19: The link with oxidative stress, antioxidants and nutrition.

Varying degrees of liver injuries have been reported in patients infected with the severe acute respiratory syndrome-coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2). In general, oxidative stress is actively involved in initiation and progression of liver damage. The liver metabolizes various compounds that produce free radicals. Maintaining the oxidative/antioxidative balance is important in coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) patients. Antioxidant vitamins, essential trace elements and food compounds, such as polyphenols, appear to be promising agents, with effects in oxidative burst. Deficiency of these nutrients suppresses immune function and increases susceptibility to COVID-19. Daily micronutrient intake is necessary to support anti-inflammatory and antioxidative effects but for immune function may be higher than current recommended dietary intake. Antioxidant supplements (ß-carotene, vitamin A, vitamin C, vitamin E, and selenium) could have a potential role in patients with liver damage. Available evidence suggests that supplementing the diet with a combination of micronutrients may help to optimize immune function and reduce the risk of infection. Clinical trials based on the associations of diet and SARS-CoV-2 infection are lacking. Unfortunately, it is not possible to definitively determine the dose, route of administration and best timing to intervene with antioxidants in COVID-19 patients because clinical trials are still ongoing. Until then, hopefully, this review will enable clinicians to understand the impact of micronutrient dietary intake and liver status assessment in COVID-19 patients.

Zinc Deficiency, Plasma Fatty Acid Profile and Desaturase Activities in Hemodialysis Patients: Is Supplementation Necessary?

Background: Desaturation and elongation are critical processes in endogenous metabolic fatty acid pathways. Zinc (Zn) is a cofactor for desaturases and elongases enzymes. There is limited evidence regarding the relationships between biomarkers of Zn status, nutritional intake, plasma phospholipid fatty acid profile and clinical outcomes among patients undergoing hemodialysis (HD). Objective: To examine the relationships between dietary and serum levels of Zn and Cu/Zn ratio and to explore associations of these micronutrients with PUFA profile and estimated desaturase and elongase enzyme activities in serum phospholipids among HD patients. Methods: This study included 40 adult patients undergoing hemodialysis treatment. Repeated 24-h recalls were applied for dietary intake assessment. Serum concentration of Zn and Cu were determined using inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry and fatty acid composition by gas-liquid chromatography. Desaturase and elongase activities were calculated from product-precursor fatty acid ratios. Results: Inadequate dietary Zn intake was found in 55% of HD patients. They all had serum Zn concentration below the reference value of 60 µg/dL (mean 38.8 ± 7.72 µg/dL). Adequate zinc intake was accompanied with significantly higher intake of energy, total fats, SFA, MUFA and proteins. There was no correlation between Zn serum status and Zn intake estimates. Serum Cu/Zn ratio was high, (2.76 ± 0.68), directly and significantly associated with HD period, CRP, BMI, VFA, and inversely with Kt/V, albumin, iron, and iPTH. The n-6/n-3 ratio in plasma phospholipids was elevated (12.25 ± 3.45) and patients with inadequate Zn intake had lower n-3 PUFA intake and status compared to those with adequate intake. Serum Zn concentrations were inversely correlated with linoleic/dihomo-γ-linolenic acid ratio (LA/DGLA) (p = 0.037), related to D6-desaturase activity (p = 0.033) and directly with DGLA relative abundances (p = 0.024). Cu status was inversely associated with EPA level (p = 0.03) and estimates of elongase activity (p = 0.001). Furthermore, positive relationship was found between the Cu/Zn ratio and determined elongase value (p = 0.01). Conclusion: Findings of this study underpin the high prevalence of Zn deficiency and inadequate n-3 PUFA intake and status among subjects undergoing HD. The results obtained indicate that the assessment of Zn status should be a standard parameter of nutritional status screening in HD patients while emphasizing the importance of Cu/Zn determination. Although further research is warranted, Zn and-n-3 PUFA supplementation in HD patients might be beneficial for the prevention and attenuation of adverse health outcomes.

Influence of Higenamine on Exercise Performance of Recreational Female Athletes: A Randomized Double-Blinded Placebo-Controlled Trial.

The aim of this study was to determine the ergogenic effects and the safety profile of a one-component higenamine supplement in female recreational athletes. Twelve recreational female basketball players (age 29-41 years, oxygen consumption (VO2max) > 30 ml⋅kg-1⋅min-1, with training > 5 h wk-1) were randomized either to the higenamine group, or to the placebo group for 3 weeks. In order to determine ergogenic effects and safety profile of higenamine administration, we assessed the following variables before and after 3 weeks of supplementation: anthropometric parameters, resting metabolic rate (RMR), exercise testing variables, serum free fatty acids (FFAs), blood pressure, enzyme activity, urea, lipid profile, and complete blood count. There were no differences between groups in anthropometric parameters, including basal metabolic rate (BMR), RMR and body fat [p = 0.706 (Cohen's d 0.223), p = 0.169 (Cohen's d 0.857), and p = 0.223 (Cohen's d 0.750), respectively], FFAs [0.43 ± 0.03 vs. 0.54 ± 0.23, p = 0.206 (Cohen's d 0.540)], neither significant differences in cardiopulmonary parameters after the intervention period. Furthermore, all measured outcome variables in the safety assessment were not significant, with values remaining stable during the intervention period for participants in both groups. This is the first study to document the effects and the safety profile of higenamine-based dietary supplements at a specified dose in female recreational athletes. Our data indicate that 21-day of supplementation with 75 mg higenamine would not result in improving cardiopulmonary exercise fitness and weight loss in female recreational athletes. Moreover, supplementation with 75 mg higenamine is safe and well-tolerated in younger recreational female athletes.

Abnormal fatty acid distribution of the serum phospholipids of patients with non-Hodgkin lymphoma.

The data about the fatty acid (FA) status of non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) patients are poor. Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate the FA profile of serum phospholipids in NHL patients related to the aggressiveness and clinical stage of NHL. We analyzed the FA profile of serum phospholipids in 47 newly diagnosed, untreated NHL patients and in 29 healthy subjects. Significantly higher (p < 0.001) levels of palmitic (16:0), oleic (18:1 n-9) and arachidonic acids (20:4 n-6), saturated and monounsaturated FA were found in NHL patients, while linoleic acid (18:2 n-6) and the levels of total polyunsaturated FA (PUFA), n-3 PUFA, eicosapentaenoic (20:5 n-3) and docosahexaenoic (DHA, 22:6 n-3) were significantly reduced (p < 0.01). The level of oleic acid in patients with indolent NHL was significantly lower (p < 0.05) than in more aggressive types of disease. Contents of palmitoleic acid, docosatetraenoic (22:4 n-6), and PUFA was lower in very aggressive NHL. According to clinical stage (CS), patients with CS I had significantly higher SFA and lower n-6 FA than other three groups, and group with CS IV showed significantly decreased DHA and n-3 PUFA. Our results showed an abnormal FA profile in serum phospholipids in NHL patients.