Unmasking of an isolated right subclavian artery from the pulmonary artery after device occlusion of a patent arterial duct.

Isolation of the right subclavian artery (RSCA) from the pulmonary artery is a rare anomaly of the aortic arch. We report a case of an isolated RSCA from the right pulmonary artery that was discovered at the time of device occlusion of a patent arterial duct. We review the literature and discuss management options.

Usefulness of the pediatric electrocardiogram in detecting left ventricular hypertrophy: results from the Prospective Pediatric Pulmonary and Cardiovascular Complications of Vertically Transmitted HIV Infection (P2C2 HIV) multicenter study.

BACKGROUND: A shortcoming of the pediatric electrocardiogram (ECG) appears to be its inability to accurately detect left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH). This study prospectively assesses the usefulness of the pediatric ECG as a screening modality for LVH. METHODS: Concomitant echocardiograms and ECGs from a large cohort of children who were exposed to the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV; uninfected) and children who were infected with HIV were compared. By use of the values of Davignon et al, qualitative determination of LVH and quantitative criteria for LVH (RV6, SV1, RV6+SV1, QV6, and Q(III) >98% for age, R/SV1 <98% for age, and [-]TV6) were compared to body surface area adjusted for left ventricular (LV) mass z score. Results were then stratified according to weight and weight-for-height z scores. New age-adjusted predicted values were then constructed from children of a mixed race who were HIV-uninfected, < or =6 years old, and similarly assessed. RESULTS: The sensitivity rate was <20% for detecting increased LV mass, irrespective of HIV status; the specificity rate was 88% to 92%. The sensitivity rate of the individual criteria ranged from 0 to 35%; the specificity rate was 76% to 99%. Test sensitivities remained low when stratified by weight and weight-for-height z scores. Areas under the receiver operator characteristic curves were between 0.59 and 0.70, also suggesting poor accuracy of the ECG criteria. By use of new age-adjusted predicted values, the sensitivity rate decreased to <17%, and the specificity rate increased to 94% to 100%. CONCLUSION: The ECG is a poor screening tool for identifying LVH in children. Sensitivity is not improved with revision of current criteria.

Lessons learned from preparticipation cardiovascular screening in a state funded program.

In 2007, the Texas legislature appropriated money for a pilot study to evaluate cardiovascular screening of student athletes to identify those who might be at risk of sudden death using a questionnaire, physical examination, electrocardiography, and limited echocardiography. We sought to determine (1) the feasibility of a state-wide cardiovascular screening program, (2) the ability to reliably identify at-risk subjects, and (3) problems in implementing screening state wide. The data were analyzed using established pediatric electrocardiographic and echocardiographic criteria. Positive results were confirmed by a blinded reviewer. In 31 venues (2,506 students), the electrocardiographic findings met the criteria for cardiovascular disease in 57 (2.3%), with 33 changes suggestive of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, 14 with long QT syndrome, 7 with Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome, and 3 with potential ischemic findings related to a coronary anomaly. Of the 2,051 echocardiograms, 11 had findings concerning for disease (9 with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy and 1 with dilated cardiomyopathy). In patients with electrocardiographic findings consistent with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, the limited echocardiograms were normal in 24 of 33. Of the 33 who remained at risk of sudden death on the electrocardiogram or echocardiogram, 25 (65.8%) pursued the recommended evaluation, which confirmed long QT syndrome in 4, Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome in 7, and dilated cardiomyopathy in 1. The interobserver agreement was 100% for electrocardiography and 79% for echocardiography. The questionnaire identified 895 (35% of the total) potentially at-risk students, with disease confirmed in 11 (1.23%). In conclusion, in this large state-funded project, electrocardiographic and echocardiographic screening identified 11 of 2,506 patients potentially at risk of cardiovascular disease. The questionnaire was of limited value and had a large number of false-positive results. Interobserver variation was significant for echocardiography and might create problems with limited echocardiographic screening. Finally, many subjects with abnormal screening results declined a follow-up evaluation.

Stentless xenograft implantation in aortic position in a 7-year-old girl.

Disease or dysfunction of the aortic valve in pediatric patients presents a substantial challenge. Valve preservation, even if not the definitive solution, is always optimal. Successful repair will enable somatic growth and avoid repeated valve replacement and the need for systemic anticoagulation. When repair of the aortic valve is not possible in pediatric patients, replacement of the valve requires the most suitable (or, often, the least unsuitable) choice for each patient. The limitations of the typical replacement options (pulmonary autografts, mechanical valves, stented bioprostheses, and homografts) have led us to explore the use of stentless xenografts. Herein, we present a case of aortic valve replacement with a stentless porcine xenograft in one of the youngest and smallest patients reported to date. Use of the xenograft enabled a proper fit with a small aortic annulus, precluded the need for subsequent systemic anticoagulation, and averted a transvalvular gradient and the creation of 2-valve disease. We believe that the stentless porcine xenograft is feasible for use in pediatric patients who require aortic valve replacement.

Pulmonary-to-systemic blood flow ratio effects of sevoflurane, isoflurane, halothane, and fentanyl/midazolam with 100% oxygen in children with congenital heart disease.

UNLABELLED: The cardiovascular effects of volatile anesthetics in children with congenital heart disease have been studied, but there are limited data on the effects of anesthetics on pulmonary-to-systemic blood flow ratio (Qp:Qs) in patients with intracardiac shunting. In this study, we compared the effects of halothane, isoflurane, sevoflurane, and fentanyl/midazolam on Qp:Qs and myocardial contractility in patients with atrial (ASD) or ventricular (VSD) septal defects. Forty patients younger than 14 yr old scheduled to undergo repair of ASD or VSD were randomized to receive halothane, sevoflurane, isoflurane, or fentanyl/midazolam. Cardiovascular and echocardiographic data were recorded at baseline, randomly ordered 1 and 1.5 mean alveolar anesthetic concentration (MAC) levels, or predicted equivalent fentanyl/midazolam plasma levels. Ejection fraction (using the modified Simpson's rule) was calculated. Systemic (Qs) and pulmonary (Qp) blood flow was echocardiographically assessed by the velocity-time integral method. Qp:Qs was not significantly affected by any of the four regimens at either anesthetic level. Left ventricular systolic function was mildly depressed by isoflurane and sevoflurane at 1.5 MAC and depressed by halothane at 1 and 1.5 MAC. Sevoflurane, halothane, isoflurane, or fentanyl/midazolam in 1 or 1.5 MAC concentrations or their equivalent do not change Qp:Qs in patients with isolated ASD or VSD. IMPLICATIONS: Sevoflurane, halothane, isoflurane, and fentanyl/midazolam do not change pulmonary-to-systemic blood flow ratio in children with atrial and ventricular septal defects when administered at standard anesthetic doses with 100% oxygen.