[Primary graft dysfunction after lung transplantation]. / Disfunción primaria del injerto tras el trasplante pulmonar.

Lung transplantation is a therapeutic option for pulmonary diseases in which the other treatment options have failed or in cases of rapid disease progression. However, transplantation is not free from complications, and primary graft dysfunction is one of them. Primary graft dysfunction is a form of acute lung injury. It characteristically develops during the immediate postoperative period, being associated to high morbidity and mortality, and increased risk of bronchiolitis obliterans. Different terms have been used in reference to primary graft dysfunction, leading to a consensus document to clarify the definition in 2005. This consensus document regards primary graft dysfunction as non-cardiogenic pulmonary edema developing within 72 hours of reperfusion and intrinsically attributable to alteration of the lung parenchyma. A number of studies have attempted to identify risk factors and to establish the underlying physiopathology, with a view to developing potential therapeutic options. Such options include nitric oxide and pulmonary surfactant together with supportive measures such as mechanical ventilation or oxygenation bypass.

Pretransplant predictors of early mortality in adult recipients of liver transplantation in the MELD-Na Era. / Predictores pretrasplante de mortalidad precoz en receptores adultos de trasplante hepático en la era MELD-Na.

AIMS: To identify pretransplant predictors of early mortality (90 days after transplantation) and evaluate their discriminating capacity in adult liver transplant recipients (LTR). DESIGN: An observational, retrospective, nested cases-controls study from a consecutive cohort of LTRs was carried out. SETTING: University hospital. PATIENTS: All consecutive LTR between January 2003 and December 2016 were eligible for inclusion. Patients with acute liver failure, previous graft dysfunction, simultaneous multiple organ transplantation, non-heart beating donors, and those needing urgent retransplantation during the study period were excluded. The analysis comprised 471 patients. MAIN VARIABLES OF INTEREST: Pretransplant characteristics were the main variables of interest. The LTR were grouped according to the dependent variable (early mortality). Multivariate logistic regression analysis was conducted to identify predictors of early mortality. The discriminating capacity of the models obtained was evaluated by comparing ROC curves (models versus MELD-Na). RESULTS: The MELD-Na score (OR = 1.069, 95% CI = 1.014-1.127), age > 60 years (OR = 2.479, 95% CI = 1.226-5.015), and LTR height < 163cm (OR = 4.092, 95% CI = 2.115-7.917) were identified as independent predictors of early mortality. The cause of transplantation (hepatocellular carcinoma or decompensated cirrhosis) was identified as a confounding factor. CONCLUSIONS: In LTR due to decompensated cirrhosis, the MELD-Na score, age > 60 years, and height < 163cm are independent predictors of early mortality. These factors provide a better classification model than the MELD-Na score for early post-transplant mortality.

Rescue of Discarded Grafts for Liver Transplantation by Ex Vivo Subnormothermic and Normothermic Oxygenated Machine Perfusion: First Experience in Spain.

BACKGROUND: Ex vivo machine perfusion (MP) has been reported as a possibly method to rescue discarded organs. The main aim of this study was to report an initial experience in Spain using MP for the rescue of severely marginal discarded liver grafts, and to, secondarily, define markers of viability to test the potential applicability of these devices for the real increase in the organ donor pool. METHODS: The study began in January 2016. Discarded grafts were included in a research protocol that consisted of standard retrieval followed by 10 hours of cold ischemia. Next, either normothermic (NMP) or controlled subnormothermic (subNMP) rewarming was chosen randomly. Continuous measurements of portal-arterial pressure and resistance were screened. Lactate, pH, and bicarbonate were measured every 30 minutes. The perfusion period was 6 hours, after which the graft was discarded and evaluated as potentially usable, but never implanted. Biopsies of the donor and at 2, 4, and 6 hours after ex vivo MP were obtained. RESULTS: A total of 4 grafts were included in the protocol. The first 2 grafts were perfused by NMP and grafts 3 and 4 by subNMP. The second and third grafts showed a clear trend toward optimal recovery and may have been used. Lactate dropped to levels below 2.5 mmol/L with stable arterial and portal pressure and resistance. Clear biliary output started during MP. Biopsies showed an improvement of liver architecture with reduced inflammation at the end of the perfusion. CONCLUSION: This preliminary experience has demonstrated the potential of MP devices for the rescue of severely marginal liver grafts. Lactate and biliary output were useful for viability testing of the grafts. The utility of NMP or subNMP protocols requires further research.

Short-term evolution of renal transplant with grafts from donation after cardiac death: Type III Maastricht category.

BACKGROUND: Kidney transplantation from donors after cardiac death (Type III Maastricht category) is a therapeutic option for patients with terminal renal failure. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We present a cohort of 8 patients who received a kidney transplant from donors after cardiac death (DCD). We analyzed the analytical results for the first 6 months after transplantation. RESULTS: We included 8 cases of kidney transplants with organs from DCD (Type III Maastricht category). The mean age of donors was 58.40 ± 4.39 years and 3 (60%) were male. The mean creatinine (Cr) level prior to death was 1.10 ± 0.36 mg/dL. The mean age of recipients was 59.88 ± 10.58 years and 7 (87.5%) were male. Seven patients (87.5%) were on hemodialysis, whereas only 1 (12.5%) was on peritoneal dialysis. The median time on renal replacement therapy was 18 months (range, 2-76). Mean total warm ischemia time (WIT) was 24.88 ± 6.72 minutes, whereas the mean real WIT was 20.13 ± 4.51 minutes. The mean cold ischemia time (CIT) was 6 hours and 12 minutes ± 2 hours. Preimplantation biopsy showed acute tubular necrosis (extensive 40%). Tubular atrophy was mild in 100% of cases. After transplantation, 6 patients (75%) had delayed graft function requiring dialysis sessions whereas 2 patients (25%) did not require renal replacement therapy. Mean Cr level at 1, 3, and 6 months after transplantation was 2.37, 1.75, and 1.17 mg/dL, respectively. CONCLUSION: Kidney transplantation with grafts from donors after cardiac arrest Maastricht Type III evolves favorably in the short term. According to preliminary results, controlled asystole donation could be an effective alternative to transplantation.

Postoperative complications in the intensive care unit following lung transplantation in adults: results in University Hospital Reina Sofia.

The postoperative period following lung transplantation remains critical because of several complications. Infection, primary graft failure, acute rejection, and surgical complications are risk factors for mortality and morbidity. The recognition and early treatment of these complications is important to optimize outcomes. This article provides an overview of postoperative complications observed in our center during the last year. We were particularly interested in the influence of variables, such as inotrope usage and Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation (APACHE II) score, a well-known, and validated mortality prediction model for general intensive care unit (ICU) patients only infrequently reported in the transplantation literature. High APACHE II scores were significantly associated with prolonged mechanical ventilation (P = 0.041) and a tracheostomy requirement (P = .035). The factors significantly associated with an early postoperative death were older donor age (P = .005), prolonged donor ICU period (P = .004), need for cardiopulmonary bypass (CB; P = .005), and high inotrope requirements in the ICU (P = .034). CB data were biased because we selected the worst case patients. Donor age and high inotrope requirements in the ICU have been reported previously to be prognostic factors for poor graft function. We believe that control of these variables may improve outcomes.

Disfunción primaria del injerto tras el trasplante pulmonar / Primary graft dysfunction after lung transplantation

El trasplante pulmonar representa una opción terapéutica para procesos pulmonares en los que los tratamientos han fallado o que presenten una evolución rápidamente progresiva. Sin embargo, no está libre de complicaciones, siendo la disfunción primaria del injerto una de ellas. Se trata de una forma de lesión pulmonar aguda, y caracterizada por desarrollarse durante el postoperatorio inmediato, estar asociada a una alta morbi-mortalidad y aumentar el riesgo de bronquiolitis obliterante. Ha presentado diferentes acepciones terminológicas conduciendo a un documento de consenso que precisara su definición en el año 2005. En ese consenso se acordó considerar la disfunción primaria del injerto como edema pulmonar no cardiogénico en las primeras 72 horas de la reperfusión y debido a una alteración del propio parénquima pulmonar. Se han llevado a cabo estudios que tratan de identificar factores de riesgo y de conocer la fisiopatología subyacente para secundariamente desarrollar posibles opciones terapéuticas. Entre las opciones de tratamiento se encuentran el óxido nítrico o el surfactante pulmonar junto con las medidas de soporte como ventilación mecánica o la oxigenación extracórporea (AU)

Lung transplantation is a therapeutic option for pulmonary diseases in which the other treatment options have failed or in cases of rapid disease progression. However, transplantation is not free from complications, and primary graft dysfunction is one of them. Primary graft dysfunction is a form of acute lung injury. It characteristically develops during the immediate postoperative period, being associated to high morbidity and mortality, and increased risk of bronchiolitis obliterans. Different terms have been used in reference to primary graft dysfunction, leading to a consensus document to clarify the definition in 2005. This consensus document regards primary graft dysfunction as non-cardiogenic pulmonary edema developing within 72hours of reperfusion and intrinsically attributable to alteration of the lung parenchyma. A number of studies have attempted to identify risk factors and to establish the underlying physiopathology, with a view to developing potential therapeutic options. Such options include nitric oxide and pulmonary surfactant together with supportive measures such as mechanical ventilation or oxygenation bypass (AU)