Burnout, Engagement, and Resilience During the COVID-19 Lockdown: Keys to a Model for Teachers' Self-Efficacy.

BACKGROUND: Social isolation measures by the COVID-19 pandemic have impacted teaching work. In an "Emergency Remote Teaching" (ERT) context, it is relevant to investigate the factors that affect teachers' self-efficacy. METHODS: A total of 289 teachers from schools in southern Spain have participated in this study. They have been asked about their levels of burnout, engagement, and resilience. Comparisons were made by groups in accordance with sex, type of center they belonged to, school social context, and educational level in which the teacher taught. Using a Structural Equations Model, the multivariate relationships between the variables related to burnout, engagement, and resilience were described. RESULTS: During the ERT, teachers' self-efficacy was influenced by the 3 factors: burnout-exhaustion and cynicism-engagement, and resilience. During the ERT, the teachers in semi-private and private centers showed greater self-efficacy. In turn, the teachers in childhood and primary education showed a significantly higher level of work engagement than the teachers in compulsory and post-compulsory secondary education. CONCLUSIONS: The results in relation to ERT are discussed in the context of the exceptionality and universal globality of the pandemic phenomenon and the complex self-perception of the social value of the teaching function.

Bullying and Cyberbullying in Adolescents from Disadvantaged Areas: Validation of Questionnaires; Prevalence Rates; and Relationship to Self-Esteem, Empathy and Social Skills.

Although bullying and cyberbullying have been widely studied in diverse geographical areas, the number of studies in isolated regions, located in rainforests such as the Peruvian Amazonia, is low. Most research has been conducted in wealthy, Western countries, although disadvantaged areas are usually the most affected by various problems. Thus, the aims of this study were to validate bullying and cyberbullying measurement instruments among adolescents in the Peruvian Amazonia, to determine the prevalence rates of bullying and cyberbullying among this population, and to examine how bullying and cyberbullying relate to self-esteem, empathy, and social skills. The sample included 607 students from the region of Loreto (Peruvian Amazonia) who completed self-report questionnaires. Both questionnaires used in the sample were found to have good psychometric properties. Results showed that bullying and cyberbullying are prevalent among teenagers in the Amazonia. Low self-esteem and high affective empathy predicted bullying victimization. Being a bully was related to high assertiveness. Being a bully-victim was related to low self-esteem and low assertiveness. Cybervictims showed higher cognitive empathy. Cyberbullies showed higher affective empathy in comparison to uninvolved adolescents. Having low self-esteem and higher affective empathy were related to being a cyberbully/victim. This study provides a validated questionnaire that can be used for research and practice in the Amazonia. Based on the current results, tailored anti-bullying and anti-cyberbullying interventions with components focused on self-esteem, empathy, and social skills should be implemented in Peruvian secondary schools.

Fear of COVID-19, Stress, and Anxiety in University Undergraduate Students: A Predictive Model for Depression.

Depression is a disabling illness which increases the risk of suicide. The Corona Virus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has led to a rise in fear, anxiety, stress, and depression among the population: of these, university undergraduates from countries severely affected by COVID-19 are some of the most vulnerable of all, as they face strict lockdown measures and have fewer resources to cope with it. The aim of this study was to analyze the levels of fear of COVID-19, stress, anxiety, and depression during lockdown among undergraduates from Ecuador, and to test these possible predictors of depression using a model taken from our study of the scientific literature. A total of 640 undergraduates (72% women) between 18 and 47 years old (M = 21.69; S.D = 4.093) were surveyed. The resulting mean levels found for stress, anxiety, and depression were above levels considered non-pathological. Women showed higher levels of fear of COVID-19 than men. The statistical prediction for depression showed a good fit. This depression could be related: both directly and positively by fear of COVID-19 and stress, and indirectly, as a result of these two factors, positively mediated by anxiety. Our study concludes by highlighting the important role that the complex relationships between fear, stress, and anxiety can play in the development of depression symptoms and how they can be taken into account in programs aimed at preventing and alleviating this disorder. We propose some general measures for reducing fear of COVID-19 and stress and suggest that specific programs be designed to control and overcome anxiety among undergraduates.

Prevalence and psychosocial predictors of cyberaggression and cybervictimization in adolescents: A Spain-Ecuador transcultural study on cyberbullying.

The present study aims to collect data about the prevalence of cyberbullying and the role of self-esteem, empathy, and social skills in predicting cybervictimization and cyberaggression in two different countries: Spain and Ecuador. Additionally, it compares the similarities found in both countries. A wide sample of adolescents from Secondary Education (N = 24943; mean age = 13.92; SD = 1.30, girls = 49.9%) from both countries (Spain = 14,206 and Ecuador = 10,737) took part by filling in a set of self-reports. Weighted analyses and structural equation models were used. The results revealed that 8.8% were cybervictims, 3.1% were cyberaggressors and 4.9% cybervictims-cyberaggressors in Spain; whereas 8.7% were cybervictims, 5.1% were cyberaggressors and 14.3% were cybervictims-cyberaggressors in Ecuador. Cybervictimization could be predicted in both countries by means of self-deprecation and social skills, although the meaning of some skills was different depending on the country. Cyberaggression could be predicted in both countries by means of empathy, assertiveness, and conflict-resolution skills, as well as by communicative and relational skills. Self-deprecation was a predictor of cyberaggression only in Spain. These results are discussed, and educational inferences are drawn for prevention.

Prevalence and Psychosocial Predictors of Homophobic Victimization among Adolescents.

Bullying and discrimination seriously damage the development and health of adolescents with non-heteronormative sexual orientation. Adolescents from sexual minorities are more likely to be the object of bullying. This research aims to know more about the prevalence, frequency, and some associated factors and predictors of homophobic victimization in adolescents, depending on their sexual orientation. A total of 820 Secondary Schools students took part in this study (average age = 14.87; SD = 1.72; 48.3% were boys and 51.7% were girls) by filling in a self-report questionnaire. The results showed that adolescents suffer homophobic victimization, regardless of their sexual orientation; however, homosexuals and bisexuals suffered it more frequently than heterosexuals. Homophobic victimization could be associated-in heterosexuals and people with doubts about their sexual orientation, positively with bullying victimization, bullying aggression and cyberbullying aggression. Homophobic victimization could be predicted-in heterosexuals, positively due to self-depreciation, and negatively due to communication and relationship skills; and in homosexuals and bisexuals, positively, because of affective empathy. The results are discussed and new lines of study and intervention are proposed.

Psychological Predictors of Bullying in Adolescents From Pluricultural Schools: A Transnational Study in Spain and Ecuador.

This study aimed to analyze the levels of personal aggression and victimization, ethnic-cultural aggression and victimization, self-esteem, empathy, social skills and gender in adolescents as potential predictors of bullying in Spain and Ecuador. The wide pluricultural sample comprised secondary education students from both countries (N = 25,190, average age = 13.92, SD = 1.306; N Spain = 14,437; N Ecuador = 10,753), who took part in the study by filling in a self-report. The results revealed that predictive models of bullying for both countries explain 50-70% of variance. A transnational predictive pattern of personal victimization can be observed based on the levels of ethnic-cultural victimization, ethnic-cultural aggression, personal aggression, self-deprecation, and affective empathy. A transnational predictive pattern of personal aggression is evidenced depending on the levels of ethnic-cultural aggression, personal victimization, self-deprecation, ethnic-cultural victimization, and the fact of being female. We concluded that bullying can largely be predicted by involvement in ethnic-cultural discrimination. These results are discussed, and educational inferences are drawn for prevention.

Traditional Bullying and Discriminatory Bullying Around Special Educational Needs: Psychometric Properties of Two Instruments to Measure It.

Two important challenges in research on bullying are to have reliable tools to measure traditional bullying and discriminatory bullying related to special educational needs (SEN), and to learn more about their prevalence. We present the validations of two instruments to measure bullying (European Bullying Intervention Project Questionnaire, EBIPQ) and discriminatory bullying with respect to SEN (EBIPQ⁻Special Education Needs Discrimination version, henceforth EBIPQ-SEND). A total of 17,309 teenagers from Ecuador took part in the study (M = 14.76, SD = 1.65; 49.9% male). The item response theory analyses evidenced accuracy and quality of the measures. The confirmatory factor analyses of the EBIPQ and the EBIPQ-SEND revealed the same two-factor structure-aggression and victimization-regardless of gender, showing optimal fit indexes. We present the results of the prevalence according to the roles of participation in traditional bullying and discriminatory bullying around SEN. Significant gender and age differences were observed for involvement in both phenomena. We also discuss the advantages of applying the EBIPQ and the EBIPQ-SEND to evaluate and diagnose harassment and discriminatory harassment around SEN.

Ethnic-Cultural Bullying Versus Personal Bullying: Specificity and Measurement of Discriminatory Aggression and Victimization Among Adolescents.

The present study contrasts personal bullying with ethnic-cultural bullying. A representative pluricultural sample from a Spanish adolescent population of Secondary Education took part in the study (N = 27369). The sample filled in the EBIPQ to measure personal bullying. Additionally, they filled in an adaptation of this questionnaire to measure the ethnic-cultural bullying: the EBIPQ-ECD. The EBIPQ-ECD validation showed optimal psychometric properties and a bidimensional structure: ethnic-cultural victimization and ethnic-cultural aggression. The same roles of participation in personal bullying -aggressor, victim, bully/victim, non-involved- were observed in ethnic-cultural bullying, but they did not coincide with each other in a considerable part. Therefore, we concluded that ethnic-cultural bullying is a different phenomenon from personal bullying, with the possibility of certain dynamism existing between both. To prevent and mitigate ethnic-cultural bullying, educational inferences are proposed. We also recommend the use of the EBIPQ-ECD as a tool to evaluate and detect ethnic-cultural aggressions and victimization.

Los Predictores Psicosociales del Bullying Discriminatorio Debido al Estigma Ligado a las Necesidades Educativas Especiales (NEE) y la Discapacidad / Psychosocial predictors of discriminatory bullying based on the stigma towards special educational needs and/or disabilities (SEND)

El bullying discriminatorio a causa de las diferencias en las necesidades educativas especiales o discapacidad amenaza el desarrollo saludable de los adolescentes. El estudio pretende conocer si la autoestima, la empatía y las habilidades sociales son predictoras de este bullying discriminatorio (agresión y victimización). Una muestra de 1,640 adolescentes de 11 a 20 años, 820 de España (48.8% hombres y 51.2% mujeres) y 820 de Ecuador (49.3% hombres y 50.7% mujeres), participaron cumplimentando una batería de cuestionarios de autoinforme. Los resultados de los modelos de ecuaciones estructurales muestran que en ambos países la autoconfianza predice negativamente la victimización y la agresión y el autodesprecio positivamente; la asertividad es un predictor positivo de la agresión y negativo de la victimización. Se observan diferencias entre ambos países en el papel de las habilidades sociales (comunicativas y de resolución de conflictos) y de la empatía. Se discuten los resultados en relación con la naturaleza de este bullying discriminatorio y los programas educativos preventivos. (AU)

Discriminatory bullying based on differences in special educational needs or disability threatens the healthy development of adolescents. The study aims to find out whether self-esteem, empathy, and social skills are predictors of this discriminatory bullying (aggression and victimization). A sample of 1,640 adolescents aged 11 to 20, of which half are from Spain (48.8% male and 51.2% female) and half from Ecuador (49.3% men and 50.7% women), participated in the study by completing a battery of self-report questionnaires. The results of the structural equation models show that in both countries victimization and aggression are predicted negatively by self-confidence and positively by self-deprecation; assertiveness is a positive predictor of aggression and a negative predictor of victimization. Differences are observed between the two countries in the role of social skills (communication and conflict resolution) and empathy. These results are discussed in relation to the nature of this discriminatory bullying and preventive educational programs. (AU)

Prevention and educational intervention on bullying: physical education as an opportunity / Prevenção e intervenção educativa sobre o bullying: a educação física como uma oportunidade / Prevención e intervención educativa sobre el acoso escolar: la educación física como oportunidad

Bullying is a social problem characterized by intentional aggression over time, usually in school contexts and in cyberspace (cyberbullying). There has been growing interest in preventing that phenomenon to reduce its adverse effects. Different studies and reports suggest that Physical Education may be a setting of interest to promote attitudes and behaviors against bullying. This work examines the state of the debate in this area through scientific literature. Based on the analysis of the evidence, we conclude by making recommendations regarding strategies and skills that should be included in Physical Education curricula to prevent bullying and cyberbullying. Among those most widely used, we highlight cooperative methodologies, a teaching attitude that promotes a motivational climate focused on the task, and curricular integration of teaching resources that address skills and protective factors.

O bullying é um problema social caracterizado pela agressão intencional que ocorre ao longo do tempo, geralmente em contextos escolares e no ciberespaço (cyberbullying). Tem havido um interesse crescente na prevenção deste fenômeno, a fim de reduzir os efeitos adversos. Diferentes estudos e relatórios sugerem que o tema da Educação Física pode ser um cenário de interesse para promover atitudes e comportamentos contra o bullying. O objetivo deste trabalho é examinar o estado da questão nesta área através de uma revisão da literatura científica. Com base na análise das evidências, concluímos fazendo recomendações sobre estratégias e habilidades que devem ser incluídas nos currículos de Educação Física para prevenir o bullying e o cyberbullying. Dentre as mais utilizadas, destacamos as metodologias cooperativas, uma atitude de ensino que promove um clima motivacional focado na tarefa e a integração curricular de recursos didáticos que abordam habilidades e fatores de proteção.

El acoso escolar es un problema social caracterizado por la agresión intencional que se produce a lo largo del tiempo, generalmente en contextos escolares y en el ciberespacio (ciberacoso). Hay un creciente interés en la prevención de este fenómeno, con el fin de reducir sus efectos adversos. Diferentes estudios e informes sugieren que la Educación Física puede impulsar actitudes y comportamientos contra el acoso escolar. El objetivo de este trabajo es examinar, a través de una revisión de la literatura científica, el estado de este tema en el área. Con base en el análisis de las evidencias, concluimos con recomendaciones sobre estrategias y habilidades que deberían incluirse en los currículos de Educación Física para prevenir el acoso y el ciberacoso. Entre las más utilizadas, destacamos las metodologías cooperativas, una actitud docente que promueve un clima motivacional centrado en la tarea y la integración curricular de recursos didácticos que aborden habilidades y factores de protección.

O mediador de conflitos escolares: experiências na América do Sul / The mediator of school conflicts: experiences in South America / El mediador de conflictos escolares: experiencias en América del Sur

Este artigo discute a mediação de conflitos, como forma para amenizar as violências escolares, que nasce nos meios jurídicos nos Estados Unidos, difunde-se pela Europa e posteriormente pela América do Sul, inclusive no Brasil. Foi realizada uma pesquisa bibliográfica, buscando documentos oficiais, investigações e livros publicados sobre essas experiências em diversos países. Há uma expansão de programas e projetos que utilizam a mediação de conflitos ao longo da última década nos países da América do Sul. Analisando esses programas podemos perceber que há muito investimento nesse tipo de estratégia, que é apenas uma entre outras para auxiliar as escolas com a problemática da violência. Mesmo assim, a mediação de conflitos torna-se elemento central dos programas educacionais. Para definir-se a melhor atuação em determinada sociedade ou realidade escolar seria necessária uma investigação extensa para avaliar a melhor estratégia, porém, a mediação de conflitos vem expandindo-se cada vez mais, indiscriminadamente.

This article discusses the conflict mediation as a way to ease the school violence, that was born in legal circles in the United States, diffuses through Europe and later in South America, including Brazil. The literature search was conducted, seeking official documents, investigations and books published on these experiences in different countries. There is an expansion of programs and projects that use the mediation of conflicts over the past decade in the countries of South America. By analyzing these programs it was possible to notice that there is a lot of investment in this type of strategy, which is only one among others to assist schools with the problem of violence. Nevertheless, conflict mediation becomes the central element of the educational programs. To set up the best performance in a given society or school reality would be an extensive research needed to assess what would be the best strategy, however, conflict mediation is expanding increasingly indiscriminately.

Este artículo discute la mediación de conflictos, como forma para amenizar las violencias escolares, que nace en los medios jurídicos en los Estados Unidos, se difunde por Europa y posteriormente por América del Sur, incluso en Brasil. Se realizó una investigación bibliográfica, buscando documentos oficiales, investigaciones en libros publicados sobre esas experiencias en diversos países. Hay una expansión de programas y proyectos que utilizan la mediación de conflictos a lo largo de la última década en los países de América del Sur. Analizando esos programas podemos percibir que hay mucha inversión en ese tipo de estrategia, que es sólo una entre otras para auxiliar las escuelas con la problemática de la violencia. Aun así, la mediación de conflictos se vuelve elemento central de los programas educacionales. Para definirse la mejor actuación en determinada sociedad o realidad escolar sería necesaria una investigación extensa para evaluar la mejor estrategia, pero, la mediación de conflictos viene expandiéndose cada vez más, indiscriminadamente.

O mediador de conflitos escolares: experiências na América do Sul / The mediator of school conflicts: experiences in South America / El mediador de conflictos escolares: experiencias en América del Sur

Este artigo discute a mediação de conflitos, como forma para amenizar as violências escolares, que nasce nos meios jurídicos nos Estados Unidos, difunde-se pela Europa e posteriormente pela América do Sul, inclusive no Brasil. Foi realizada uma pesquisa bibliográfica, buscando documentos oficiais, investigações e livros publicados sobre essas experiências em diversos países. Há uma expansão de programas e projetos que utilizam a mediação de conflitos ao longo da última década nos países da América do Sul. Analisando esses programas podemos perceber que há muito investimento nesse tipo de estratégia, que é apenas uma entre outras para auxiliar as escolas com a problemática da violência. Mesmo assim, a mediação de conflitos torna-se elemento central dos programas educacionais. Para definir-se a melhor atuação em determinada sociedade ou realidade escolar seria necessária uma investigação extensa para avaliar a melhor estratégia, porém, a mediação de conflitos vem expandindo-se cada vez mais, indiscriminadamente.

This article discusses the conflict mediation as a way to ease the school violence, that was born in legal circles in the United States, diffuses through Europe and later in South America, including Brazil. The literature search was conducted, seeking official documents, investigations and books published on these experiences in different countries. There is an expansion of programs and projects that use the mediation of conflicts over the past decade in the countries of South America. By analyzing these programs it was possible to notice that there is a lot of investment in this type of strategy, which is only one among others to assist schools with the problem of violence. Nevertheless, conflict mediation becomes the central element of the educational programs. To set up the best performance in a given society or school reality would be an extensive research needed to assess what would be the best strategy, however, conflict mediation is expanding increasingly indiscriminately.

Este artículo discute la mediación de conflictos, como forma para amenizar las violencias escolares, que nace en los medios jurídicos en los Estados Unidos, se difunde por Europa y posteriormente por América del Sur, incluso en Brasil. Se realizó una investigación bibliográfica, buscando documentos oficiales, investigaciones en libros publicados sobre esas experiencias en diversos países. Hay una expansión de programas y proyectos que utilizan la mediación de conflictos a lo largo de la última década en los países de América del Sur. Analizando esos programas podemos percibir que hay mucha inversión en ese tipo de estrategia, que es sólo una entre otras para auxiliar las escuelas con la problemática de la violencia. Aun así, la mediación de conflictos se vuelve elemento central de los programas educacionales. Para definirse la mejor actuación en determinada sociedad o realidad escolar sería necesaria una investigación extensa para evaluar la mejor estrategia, pero, la mediación de conflictos viene expandiéndose cada vez más, indiscriminadamente.

Peer-victimisation in multi-cultural contexts: a structural model of the effects on self-esteem and emotions / Victimización entre iguales en contextos multiculturales: un modelo estructural de sus efectos sobre la autoestima y las emociones

This study examined a structural model which integrated personal and cultural victimisation in order to identify the effects of victimisation on emotions and personal and cultural self-esteem. A sample of 1,185 adolescents from 13 secondary schools in England (n = 322) and Spain (n = 863) was recruited. Participants completed a battery of self-report questionnaires. A Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA) conducted regarding the initial model and then Strucutural Equations Modelling (SEM). Cultural victimisation had an indirect negative effect on cultural self-esteem and in consequence on emotional state, mediated by personal victimisation and the negative impact it produced on personal self-esteem. Only for the cultural majority did the percentage of their presence constitute a mediator variable between being a victim of cultural victimisation and the effect on cultural self-esteem. The results are discussed in relation to the extant literature and the implications for the intervention/prevention work to deal with victimisation and discrimination in multi-cultural schools

El estudio examina un modelo estructural que integra la victimización personal y cultural con el fin de identificar los efectos de la victimización en las emociones y la autoestima personal y cultural. Participó una muestra de 1.185 adolescentes de 13 escuelas secundarias en Inglaterra (n = 322) y España (n = 863). Los participantes cumplimentaron una batería de cuestionarios de autoinforme. Se llevó a cabo un análisis factorial confirmatorio (CFA) sobre el modelo inicial y luego un modelado de ecuaciones estructurales (SEM). La victimización cultural tuvo un efecto negativo indirecto sobre la autoestima cultural y en consecuencia sobre el estado emocional, mediado por la victimización personal y el impacto negativo que produce en la autoestima personal. Sólo para la cultura mayoritaria el porcentaje de su presencia constituye una variable mediadora entre ser una víctima de la persecución cultural y el efecto en la autoestima cultural. Los resultados se discuten en relación a la literatura existente y a las implicaciones para el trabajo de intervención/prevención para hacer frente a la victimización y a la discriminación en las escuelas multiculturales