Management of Complex Perineal Fistula Disease.

Management of complex perineal fistulas such as high perianal, rectovaginal, pouch-vaginal, rectourethral, or pouch-urethral fistulas requires a systematic approach. The first step is to control any sepsis with drainage of abscess and/or seton placement. Patients with large, recurrent, irradiated fistulas benefit from stoma diversion. In patients with Crohn's disease, it is essential to induce remission prior to any repair. There are different approaches to repair complex fistulas, from local repairs to transperineal and transabdominal approaches. Simpler fistulas are amenable to local repair. More complex fistulas, such as those secondary to irradiation, require interposition of healthy, well-vascularized tissue. The most common flap used for this treatment is the gracilis muscle with good outcomes reported. Once healing is confirmed by imaging and endoscopy, the stoma is reversed.

The impact of linked color imaging on adenoma detection rate in colonoscopy: a systematic review and meta-analysis.

Background/Aims: Colorectal cancer prevention relies on surveillance colonoscopy, with the adenoma detection rate as a key factor in examination quality. Linked color imaging (LCI) enhances lesion contrast and improves the examination performance. This systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to evaluate the effect of LCI on adenoma detection rate in adults who underwent colonoscopy. Methods: We searched the Medline, PubMed, BIREME, LILACS, and Scientific Electronic Library Online databases for randomized controlled trials comparing the use of LCI versus white light (WL), published up to March 2023. The outcomes included lesion characteristics, number of adenomas per patient, and the additional polyp detection rate. Results: Sixteen studies were included in the analysis, which showed that LCI was more accurate than WL in detecting adenomas, with an increased number of adenomas detected per patient. Although LCI performed well in terms of lesion size, morphology, and location, the subgroup analyses did not reveal any statistically significant differences between LCI and WL. The addition of LCI did not result in significant improvements in the detection of serrated lesions, and there were no differences in the withdrawal time between groups. Conclusions: LCI has been shown to be effective in detecting colonic lesions, improving the number of adenomas detected per patient and improving polyp detection rate without negatively affecting other quality criteria in colonoscopy.

Therapeutics in radiation-induced proctopathy: a systematic review

Malignant neoplasms are increasingly prevalent in the daily clinical practice. Up to 61% of patients with pelvic malignancies undergo pelvic radiotherapy in different doses, which may cause intestinal damage, and the rectum is the segment most frequently affected due to its fixed position in the pelvis. Currently, there are several strategies to minimize the effects of radiation on the tissues surrounding the neoplastic site; despite those strategies, radiotherapy can still result in serious damage to organs and structures, and these injuries accompany patients throughout their lives. One of the most common damages resulting from pelvic radiotherapy is acute proctitis.The diagnosis is confirmed by visualizing the rectal mucosa through rigid or flexible rectosigmoidoscopy and colonoscopy. The objective of the present study was to review the forms of radiation-induced proctopathytherapy, and to evaluate the results of each method to propose a standardization for the treatment of this pathology. Despite the prevalence of radiation-induced proctopathy, there is no definitive standardized treatment strategy so far. The first approach can be tried with local agents, such as mesalazine and formalin. For refractory cases, control can usually be achieved with argon plasma coagulation, hyperbaric oxygen, and radiofrequency ablation therapies. Regarding the study of radiation-induced proctopathy, there is a lack of robust studies with large samples and standardized therapies to be compared. There is a lack of double-blinded, randomized controlled studies to determine a definitive standard treatment algorithm. (AU)

Endoscopic ultrasound in the diagnosis of foreign bodies of the colon and rectum.

Although the ingestion of foreign bodies is a common clinical problem, severe complications such as perforation are rare and occur in less than 1% of cases. Different types of foreign bodies and the various affected regions within the gastrointestinal tract make foreign body ingestion a complex entity, with a wide range of presentation requiring different diagnostic modalities. We report two cases of patients who underwent endoscopic ultrasound for evaluation of sub-epithelial lesions consisting of foreign body granulomas in the colon and rectum. Colorectal foreign body granuloma is a rare complication after accidental ingestion. Endoscopic ultrasound can be a useful diagnostic tool and can avoid the need for more invasive procedures.

Morphologic and Functional Study of Heterotopic Splenic Tissue Allografts in Rabbits.

OBJECTIVES: To assess the viability and induction of immunotolerance of nonvascularized splenic alloimplants. The phagocytic functions of splenic implants also were studied. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Thirty-six adult female New Zealand and California rabbits were used, and these animals were divided into the following 5 groups: (n = 6 / groups 1-4) group 1 (sham operations); group 2 (total splenectomy); group 3 (implantation of autologous sliced splenic tissue in the greater omentum following splenectomy); group 4 (implantation of allogenic sliced splenic tissue in the greater omentum after splenectomy); and group 5 (n = 12) (implanting allogenic sliced splenic tissue in the greater omentum after splenectomy and receiving oral cyclosporine at a dosage of 40 mg/kg/d). All animals were followed for 120 days after the operations, then received venous injections of China ink (groups 1, 2, 3, 4, 5A) or a colloidal radiopharmaceutical (group 5B), and subsequently underwent reoperations. Hematimetric examinations were performed, and the histologic aspects and phagocytic functions of the implants were assessed. RESULTS: Spontaneous immunotolerance was not induced by sliced splenic allografts implanted in the greater omentum. The use of cyclosporine did not preserve the viabilities of the implants. All animals in group 3, which were subjected to autologous implants, exhibited viable implants that exhibited phagocytic function, although this phagocytic function was reduced compared with that of the normal spleen. CONCLUSIONS: No viable spleen alloimplants were observed regardless of the presence of cyclosporine. Spontaneous immunotolerance was not induced by sliced splenic alloimplants.

Scintigraphic study of the splenic circulation in rats.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the splenic parenchymal blood distribution through scintigraphic study. METHODS: Thirty Wistar rats were randomly divided into six groups (n = 5). Group 1 (spleen - 30 minutes) and Group 2 (spleen - 90 minutes) underwent laparotomy with direction of blood flow to the spleen by ligature of the aorta near the iliac bifurcation and splanchnic vessels, keeping blood flow only in the splenic artery; Group 3 (spleen and stomach - 30 minutes) and Group 4 (spleen and stomach - 90 minutes) underwent laparotomy with direction of blood flow to the spleen and stomach by ligature of the aorta near the iliac bifurcation and splanchnic vessels, maintaining the flow through the splenic, gastric and splenogastric vessels; Group 5 (control - 30 minutes) and Group 6 (control - 90 minutes) underwent laparotomy and ligation of the aorta near the iliac bifurcation, keeping the flow to the abdominal organs. After arterial ligation, the animals received an injection of 0.2 ml of sodium pertechnetate in the aorta. Scintigraphic images were taken and the animals had their spleens removed for radioactivity counting with an automatic counter device. RESULTS: There was no difference in the amounts of radiation from the spleen between groups, indicating retention of the radioisotope by the spleen, even after the period of 90 minutes. CONCLUSION: The blood flow through the spleen is not continuous. The blood diffuses through the splenic parenchyma and its venous drainage is slow, not following a predictable sequence.

Scintigraphic study of the splenic circulation in rats / Estudo cintilográfico da circulação esplênica em ratos

Objective: To evaluate the splenic parenchymal blood distribution through scintigraphic study. Methods: Thirty Wistar rats were randomly divided into six groups (n = 5). Group 1 (spleen - 30 minutes) and Group 2 (spleen - 90 minutes) underwent laparotomy with direction of blood flow to the spleen by ligature of the aorta near the iliac bifurcation and splanchnic vessels, keeping blood flow only in the splenic artery; Group 3 (spleen and stomach - 30 minutes) and Group 4 (spleen and stomach - 90 minutes) underwent laparotomy with direction of blood flow to the spleen and stomach by ligature of the aorta near the iliac bifurcation and splanchnic vessels, maintaining the flow through the splenic, gastric and splenogastric vessels; Group 5 (control - 30 minutes) and Group 6 (control - 90 minutes) underwent laparotomy and ligation of the aorta near the iliac bifurcation, keeping the flow to the abdominal organs. After arterial ligation, the animals received an injection of 0.2 ml of sodium pertechnetate in the aorta. Scintigraphic images were taken and the animals had their spleens removed for radioactivity counting with an automatic counter device. Results: There was no difference in the amounts of radiation from the spleen between groups, indicating retention of the radioisotope by the spleen, even after the period of 90 minutes. Conclusion: The blood flow through the spleen is not continuous. The blood diffuses through the splenic parenchyma and its venous drainage is slow, not following a predictable sequence. .

Objetivo: avaliar a distribuição sanguínea vasculoparenquimatosa do baço, por meio de estudo cintilográfico. Métodos: trinta ratos da raça Wistar foram distribuídos aleatoriamente em seis grupos (n=5). Grupo 1 (baço - 30 minutos) e Grupo 2 (baço - 90 minutos): submetidos à laparotomia com direcionamento do fluxo sanguíneo para o baço, por meio de ligadura da aorta próxima à bifurcação das ilíacas e dos vasos esplâncnicos, mantendo apenas a artéria esplênica; Grupo 3 (baço e estômago - 30 minutos) e Grupo 4 (baço e estômago - 90 minutos): submetidos à laparotomia com direcionamento do fluxo sanguíneo para baço e estômago, por meio de ligadura da aorta próxima da bifurcação das ilíacas e dos vasos esplâncnicos, com manutenção do fluxo pelas artérias esplênica, gástrica e vasos esplenogástricos; Grupo 5 (controle - 30 minutos) e Grupo 6 (controle - 90 minutos): submetidos à laparotomia e ligadura da aorta próxima à bifurcação das ilíacas, mantendo o fluxo para os órgãos abdominais. Após as ligaduras arteriais, os animais receberam injeção de 0,2ml de pertecnetato de sódio na aorta. Foram realizadas imagens cintilográficas, e os animais tiveram o baço retirado para contagem radioativa em aparelho contador automático. Resultados: não houve diferença nos valores de radiação do baço entre os grupos, indicando retenção do radioisótopo pelo baço, mesmo após o período de 90 minutos. Conclusão: o fluxo sanguíneo através do baço não é contínuo. O sangue difunde-se pelo parênquima esplênico e sua drenagem venosa é lenta, não seguindo sequência previsível. .

Cirurgia colorretal videolaparoscópica: experiência inicial na abordagem de 90 pacientes, no programa de pós-graduação sensu lato (residência e especialização) em coloproctologia, pelo grupo de coloproctologia de Belo Horizonte / Videolaparoscopic colorectal surgery: initial report of surgical approach of 90 patients in a postgraduate program (residency) in coloproctology by the group of coloproctology of Belo Horizonte

O objetivo do trabalho foi proceder a uma revisão criteriosa de uma casuística de 90 pacientes submetidos às ressecções colorretais por via videolaparoscópica no decurso de 12 meses (maio de 2009 a maio de 2010). A média etária foi de 62,1 anos, com extremos de 20 e 93 anos, sendo a maioria dos pacientes do sexo feminino (52; 57,8 por cento). O diagnóstico mais comum foi câncer colorretal, com 60 casos (66,7 por cento), seguido pelos pólipos colorretais, com 12 casos (13,4 por cento), doença diverticular, com sete casos (7,8 por cento), e outros diagnósticos, com 11 casos (12,1 por cento). O preparo intestinal mais realizado foi com o Picolax (53 casos; 58,9 por cento); 76 pacientes foram submetidos à colonoscopia e biópsia (84,4 por cento). As cirurgias mais realizadas foram as retossigmoidectomias (54 casos; 60,0 por cento), seguidas pelas hemicolectomias direitas (20 casos; 22,2 por cento). O tempo de execução da maioria das cirurgias foi entre duas e três horas (34 casos; 37,8 por cento) e entre três e quatro horas (24 casos, 26,7 por cento), com média de 203 minutos. Em 81 casos, houve anastomoses (90,0 por cento), a maioria mecânica intra-abdominal (55,6 por cento) e manual extra-abdominal (25 casos; 27,8 por cento), tendo sido o conjunto de grampeadores circulares e lineares articulados os recursos mais utilizados (50 casos; 55,6 por cento). O eletrocautério foi usado em 68 pacientes (75,6 por cento). A incisão abdominal mais usada foi a de Mallard (39 casos, 43,4 por cento) e a mediana (22 casos; 24,4 por cento), sendo as extensões mais comuns entre 6 e 10 cm (55 casos; 78,6 por cento). Houve 12 intercorrências peroperatórias (13,2 por cento), que levaram a conversões para laparotomia. A média de dimensões das peças cirúrgicas foi 33,2 cm, a maioria entre 21 e 30 cm (51 casos, 56,8 por cento). Houve 13 complicações pós-operatórias (14,4 por cento), 11 delas cirúrgicas (12,2 por cento) e duas clínicas (2,2 por cento), das quais decorreram três óbitos, sendo dois cirúrgicos e um clínico. O tempo médio de internamento foi de 5,3 dias, tendo sido 57 (63,3 por cento) a até cinco dias. Foram para o CTI 28 pacientes (31,1 por cento), sobretudo por conta de comorbidades (22 casos; 24,4 por cento). A liberação de dieta oral foi de um dia para 49 pacientes (54,5 por cento). Os autores comparam os resultados com a bibliografia correlata.

The objective was to undertake a careful review of a sample of 90 patients who underwent laparoscopic colorectal resections through the course of 12 months (May 2009 to May 2010). The average age was 62.1 years, with extremes of 20 and 93 years, mostly female (52 patients; 57.8 percent). Bowel preparation was performed with Picolax in 53 patients (58.9 percent); 76 patients underwent colonoscopy and biopsy (84.4 percent). Colorectal cancer was the most common disease (60 cases; 66.7 percent), followed by polyps (12 cases; 13.4 percent), diverticular disease (7 cases; 7.8 percent) and other diseases (11 cases; 12,1 percent). The surgeries performed were retosigmoidectomy (54 cases; 60.0 percent), followed by right hemicolectomy (20 cases; 22.2 percent) and others. Most of the surgeries were carried out between 2 and 3 hours (34 cases; 37.8 percent) and between 3 and 4 hours (24 cases; 26.7 percent), with an average of 203 minutes. In 81 cases, there were anastomosis (90.0 percent), most mechanical intra-abdominal (55.6 percent) and manual extra-abdominal (25 cases, 27.8 percent), being the set of circular and linear articulated staplers the most commonly used features (50 cases, 55.6 percent). Electrocautery was used in 68 patients (75.6 percent). The most used abdominal incision was Mallard incision (39 cases; 43.4 percent) and median incision (22 cases; 24.4 percent), being the most common extensions between 6.0 and 10.0 cm (55 cases; 78.6 percent). There were 12 postoperative complications (13.2 percent), leading to conversions to laparotomy. The average size of surgical specimens was 33.2 cm, mostly between 21 and 30 cm (51 cases; 56.8 percent). There were 13 postoperative complications (14.4 percent), being 11 surgical (12.2 percent) and two clinics (2.2 percent) of which took place three deaths, being two from surgery and one from comorbidities. The mean length of hospital stay was 5.3 days, and 57 patients (63.3 percent) up to 5 days. 28 patients were admitted in the ICU (31.1 percent), mainly because of comorbidities (22 cases; 24.4 percent). The release of oral intake was a day for 49 patients (54.5 percent). The authors compare the results with related literature and confirm the similarities.

Análise comparativa inicial de critérios oncológicos de 120 pacientes submetidos a cirurgias colorretais por via laparotômica (60 pacientes) e por via videolaparoscópica (60 pacientes) para câncer colorretal no programa de pós-graduação sensu lato pelo grupo de coloproctologia de Belo Horizonte / Initial analysis of oncologic criteria of 120 patients undergone colorectal laparotomic (60 patients) and videolaparoscopic surgeries (60 patients) for colorectal cancer in a Postgraduate Program (residency) by the group of coloproctology of Belo Horizonte

O objetivo do trabalho foi proceder a uma revisão criteriosa de uma casuística de 120 pacientes portadores de câncer colorretal operados por via videolaparoscópica (grupo-Video, 60 pacientes) e por via laparotômica (grupo-Lap, com 60 pacientes), no decurso de 12 meses (maio de 2009 a maio de 2010). A média etária foi de 58 anos, sendo 58,8 anos no grupo-Lap e 57,3 no grupo-Video, e a maioria era do sexo feminino em ambos os grupos (grupo-Lap - 55,0 por cento e grupo-Video - 61,7 por cento, com média de 58,3 anos). Todos os pacientes de ambos os grupos foram submetidos à colonoscopia e biópsia, com diagnóstico histopatológico de adenocarcinoma. Na distribuição dos tumores pelo intestino grosso no grupo-Lap, 43 se localizavam no reto e sigmoide (71,7 por cento) contra 45 no grupo-Video (75,0 por cento), mas com diferenças entre reto baixo (grupo-Lap, 13,3 por cento; grupo-Video, 16,7 por cento) e alto (grupo-Lap, 30,0 por cento; grupo-Video, 16,7 por cento), sigmoide e retossigmoide (grupo-Lap, 28,4 por cento; grupo-Video, 41,6 por cento). As cirurgias mais realizadas foram as retossigmoideCtomias abdominais altas (grupo-Lap, 27 casos, 45,0 por cento; grupo-Video, 33 casos, 55,0 por cento), seguidas pelas hemicolectomias direitas com anastomose íleo-transverso (grupo-Lap, 16 casos, 26,6 por cento; e grupo-Video, 13 casos, 21,7 por cento). As extensões das peças cirúrgicas foram maiores no grupo-Lap (média de 46,1 cm contra 30,0 cm no grupo-Video) em decorrência de maior número de cirurgias que resultaram peças de grandes dimensões. Quando se comparam as mesmas técnicas cirúrgicas, a diferença não persiste, como nos casos das retossigmoidectomias (grupo-Lap com 32 casos, média de 28,2 cm; grupo-Video com 39 casos, com média de 26,6 cm). No tocante à gradação TNM dos tumores, a gradação T3N0M0 foi a mais comum: grupo-Lap com 30 casos (50,0 por cento) e grupo-Video com 35 casos (58,4 por cento). No tocante à contagem de linfonodos nas peças cirúrgicas, nenhuma diferença foi notada: total de 810 linfonodos no grupo-Lap, com média de 13,5 linfonodos por peça, e total de 862 linfonodos no grupo-Video, com média de 14,3 linfonodos por peça. Não houve diferença também no tocante à contagem de linfonodos nas peças cirúrgicas, mais comuns entre 11 e 15: 34 casos no grupo-Lap (56,7 por cento) e 38 no grupo-Video (63,3 por cento). Assim, nenhuma diferença foi notada entre os dois grupos (grupo-Lap e grupo-Video) no tocante aos critérios oncológicos cirúrgicos.

The objective was to undertake a careful review of a consecutive series of 120 patients with colorectal cancer approached by laparoscopic surgery (Video-group, 60 patients) and by laparotomy (Lap-group, 60 patients), during 12 months (May 2009 to May 2010). The average age was 58 years and 58.8 years in group-Lap and 57.3 years in Video-group, the majority being females in both groups (Lap-group - 55.0 percent and Video-group - 61.7 percent, general mean 58.3 years). All patients in both groups underwent colonoscopy and biopsy with histopathologic diagnosis of adenocarcinoma. As far as distribution of tumors in the large intestine in Lap-group, 43 tumors were located in the rectum, rectosigmoid and sigmoid colon (71.7 percent) versus 45 in Video-group (75.0 percent), but with differences between low rectum (Lap-group 13,3 percent, Video-group 16.7 percent) and upper rectum (Lap-group 30.0 percent, Video-group 16.7 percent), sigmoid and rectosigmoid (Lap-group 28.4 percent, Video-group 41.6 percent). The most performed surgery was abdominal rectosigmoidectomy (Lap-group 27 cases, 45.0 percent; and Video-group 33 cases, 55,0 percent), followed by right hemicolectomy (Lap-group 16 cases, 26,6 percent; and Video-group 13 cases, 21.7 percent). The extensions of the surgical specimens were greater in Lap-group (mean 46.1 cm vs. 30.0 cm in Video-group), but due to higher number of surgeries that resulted in longer specimens. When comparing same surgical techniques, the difference does not persist as in cases of retosigmoidectomy (Lap-group with 32 cases, mean 28.2 cm; and Video-group with 39 cases, mean 26.6 cm). With regard to TNM staging T3N0M0, tumors was the most common in Lap-group with 30 cases (50.0 percent) and Video-group with 35 cases (58.4 percent). Regarding the lymph nodes count in surgical specimens, no difference was noted: total of 810 lymph nodes in specimens of Lap-group with a mean of 13.5 nodes per specimen, and total of 862 lymph nodes in Video-group with an average of 14.3 nodes per specimen. No difference was noted in relation to the count of lymph nodes in surgical specimens: the number of nodes was most commonly between 11 and 15 per specimen: 34 cases in Lap-group (56.7 percent) and 38 in Video-group (63.3 percent). Thus, no difference was noted between the two groups (Lap-group and Video-group) as far as oncologic and surgical criteria are concerned.

Cirurgia no câncer colorretal: abordagem cirúrgica de 74 pacientes do SUS portadores de câncer colorretal em programa de pós-graduação lato sensu em coloproctologia / Surgery in colorectal cancer: surgical approach of 74 patients from the Brazilian National Health System with colorectal cancer in a postgraduate program (residency) in coloproctology

A análise retrospectiva de 74 prontuários de pacientes do Sistema Único de Saúde (SUS), operados de câncer colorretal pelo Residente R2 supervisionado e auxiliado por preceptores, permitiu as seguintes conclusões: a média etária dos pacientes foi 57,2, sendo as sexta e sétima décadas responsáveis por 51,4 por cento dos pacientes. O câncer retal foi preponderante nas mulheres (54,1 por cento). As localizações mais comuns dos tumores foram no sigmoide (31,1 por cento), reto alto (24,3 por cento) e ceco (17,6 por cento). As cirurgias mais realizadas foram a retossigmoidectomia com anastomose colorretal (36,6 por cento), e hemicolectomia direita com anastomose íleo-transverso (21,7 por cento). As características anatômicas dos tumores, baseadas na classificação TNM, mais comuns foram: T3 (62,1 por cento), N0 (59,5 por cento) e M0 (77,0 por cento) (p<0,05). O número médio de gânglios encontrados nas peças cirúrgicas foi de 10,4. Foram feitas 63 anastomoses (85,1 por cento), das quais 38 (60,3 por cento) foram mecânicas e 25, manuais (39,7 por cento). Houve 14 comorbidades (18,9 por cento), destacando-se a caquexia (oito casos). O índice de complicações cirúrgicas foi de 12,2 por cento (nove casos), sendo as cirurgias que mais causaram complicações as colectomias totais com anastomose íleo-retal (40,0 por cento) e as retossigmoidectomias abdominais, com duplo grampeamento (20 por cento), sendo as complicações mais comuns as fístulas anastomóticas (cinco casos). As complicações (nove) decorreram mais das comorbidades (sete) que do ato cirúrgico (duas). As cirurgias que demandaram menos tempo foram: as laparotomias com ileostomia (média de 75 minutos) e as com colostomia (média de 95 minutos), sendo os maiores tempos ocupados pela proctocolectomia total com ileostomia definitiva (240 minutos) e as hemicolectomias esquerdas com anastomose transverso-retal (240 minutos), sendo o tempo médio equivalente a 160 minutos. As menores peças cirúrgicas ...

In the framework of postgraduate Coloproctology for 2009, two graduate students conducted the second year as principal surgeons, 129 major surgeries, always assisted effectively by one or two tutors. All surgeries were performed on public patients in Santa Casa de Belo Horizonte, with absolute presence of members of the Grupo de Coloproctologia da Santa Casa de Belo Horizonte e Faculdade de Ciências Médicas de Minas Gerais (GCP-CBHS-FCMMG). A retrospective analysis of 74 medical records of patients from the Brazilian National Health System, resected of colorectal cancer by Resident R2, supervised and assisted by mentors, could get into the following conclusions: the average age of patients was 57.2, and the sixth and seventh decades accounted for 51.4 percent of the patients. The rectal cancer was predominant in women (54.1 percent). The most common sites of tumors were in the sigmoid (31.1 percent), rectum (24.3 percent), and cecum (17.6 percent). The most commonly performed procedures were retossigmoidectomy with colorectal anastomosis (36.6 percent) and right hemicolectomy with ileo-transverse anastomosis (21.7 percent). The anatomical characteristics of the tumors based on TNM classification findings were: T3 (62.1 percent), N0 (59.5 percent), and M0 (77.0 percent) (p<0.05). The average number of lymph nodes found in surgical specimens was 10.4. Sixty-three anastomoses (85.1 percent) were carried out, being 38 (60.3 percent) mechanical and 25, manual (39.7 percent). There were 14 comorbidities (18.9 percent), the cachexia having more prominence (eight cases). The rate of surgical complications was 12.2 percent (nine cases), and the surgeries that have caused more complications were total colectomy with ileo-rectal anastomosis (40.0 percent), and double stapled abdominal retossigmoidectomy (20 percent). The most common complications were anastomotic fistula (five cases). Complications (nine) were more caused by comorbidities (seven) ...

Análise retrospectiva de 504 colonoscopias / Retrospective analysis of 504 colonoscopies

Os autores analisaram, retrospectivamente, uma análise de 504 colonoscopias ambulatoriais, realizadas no período de junho de 2008 a maio de 2009, no Centro de Especialidades Médicas da Santa Casa de Belo Horizonte, pelo Grupo de Coloproctologia da Santa Casa de Belo Horizonte e Faculdade de Ciências Médicas de Minas Gerais (CPG). Dentre as observações retiradas do estudo, merecem destaques especiais as análises de sexo, faixas etárias, especialidade dos médicos solicitantes, indicações de colonoscopias, preparo intestinal utilizado, altura atingida pela colonoscopia, achados colonoscópicos e complicações do exame. Quanto ao sexo, 67 por cento (337) eram mulheres e 33 por cento (167) homens, e quanto às faixas etárias, sobressaiu a sexta (130 pacientes; 26 por cento) e a sétima (113 pacientes; 22 por cento). O exame foi autogerado pelo próprio grupo em 79,56 por cento (401 colonoscopias), sendo as indicações mais comuns o sangramento baixo (76 casos; 13,0 por cento) e controle de pacientes submetidos à cirurgias para abordagem de câncer colorretal (70 casos; 12,0 por cento). O preparo intestinal foi feito com manitol, lactulose e picossulfato de sódio, de acordo com o estado clínico do paciente, ensejando 71 por cento (359 casos) de resultados excelentes. A colonoscopia atingiu o ceco em 445 pacientes (88,0 por cento), tendo chegado ao íleo terminal em 293 casos (58,0 por cento). Os achados colonoscópicos principais foram os pólipos (163 casos; 28,0 por cento), seguidos pelo exame normal (149 casos; 26,0 por cento) e doença diverticular dos cólons (141 casos; 24,0 por cento). Dos 151 pólipos que tiveram suas dimensões assinaladas, 130 pólipos tinham o maior diâmetro menor que 10 mm (86,0 por cento). Dos 207 exames histopatológicos realizados, seja em ressecções seja em biópsias, o pólipo foi o achado mais comum (163 casos; 78,8 por cento), e dos 163 pólipos ressecados o achado mais comum foram os adenomas com displasia de baixo grau (116 casos; 71,2 por cento)...

The authors retrospectively analyzed 504 outpatient undergoing colonoscopy, performed from June 2008 to May 2009, in the "Center for Medical Specialties" of Santa Casa de Belo Horizonte, by the Group of Coloproctology of Santa Casa de Belo Horizonte and School of Medical Sciences of Minas Gerais (CPG). The study deserve special highlights the analysis of gender, age, specialty of referring physicians, indications of colonoscopy, bowel preparation used, height achieved by colonoscopy and colonoscopic findings. Regarding gender, 67 percent (337) were women and 33 percent (167) men, and as to age, stood sixth (130 patients, 26 percent) and seventh (113 patients, 22 percent). The examination was self-generated by the GCP in 79.56 percent (401 colonoscopies) and the most common indications were low bleeding (76 cases, 13.0 percent) and control patients undergoing surgical approach to colorectal cancer (70 cases; 12.0 percent). Bowel preparation was done with mannitol, lactulose and sodium picosulphate, according to the clinical status, allowing for 71 percent (359 cases) of excellent results. Colonoscopy reached the cecum in 445 patients (88.0 percent), having reached the terminal ileum in 293 cases (58.0 percent). The main findings were polyps (163 cases, 28.0 percent), followed by normal findings (149 cases, 26.0 percent) and diverticular disease of the colon (141 cases, 24.0 percent). Of the 151 polyps that had marked its size, 130 polyps were the largest diameter less than 10 mm (86.0 percent). Of 207 histopathological examinations performed, either in biopsies or in polyp resection, the polyp was the most common finding (163 cases, 78.8 percent), and among the 163 polyps resected the most common finding was the adenoma with low grade dysplasia (116 cases ; 71.2 percent). There were no complications. The data were compared with some published reports, all within the usual standards.

Cirurgias êntero-colorretais: abordagem cirúrgica de 129 pacientes do SUS no Programa de Pós-Graduação Sensu Lato em coloproctologia / Abdominal entero-colorectal surgery: surgical approach of 129 patients from a public health service from a Post Graduate Program (Residency) in coloproctology

Dentro do Programa de pós-graduação em Coloproctologia, durante o ano 2009, os dois pós-graduandos de segundo ano realizaram, como cirurgiões principais, 129 cirurgias de grande porte, sempre assistidos, efetivamente, por um ou dois preceptores. Todas as cirurgias foram realizadas em pacientes do SUS, na Santa Casa de Belo Horizonte, com absoluta presença dos membros do Grupo de Coloproctologia da Santa Casa e Faculdade de Ciências Médicas de Minas Gerais (GCP-SCBH-FCMMG). Foi feita uma análise retrospectiva dos 129 prontuários, permitindo várias observações importantes. A média etária dos pacientes foi 56,9 anos, com extremos de 25 e 87 anos, sendo as sexta e sétima décadas a mais representativa, respectivamente com 25,6 por cento e 24,8 por cento, totalizando 50,4 por cento dos 55 pacientes (p menor que 0,05). Dos 129 pacientes, 51,2 por cento eram sexo feminino (51,2 por cento) (p maior que 0,05). A entidade nosológica mais comum foi o câncer colorretal (74 casos; 57,4 por cento), seguindo as ileostomias (16 casos; 12,4 por cento) e as complicações cirúrgicas (11 casos; 8,5 por cento).

As cirurgias mais realizadas foram as retossigmoidectomia com anastomose colorretal (35 casos; 27,1 por cento), as hemicolectomias direitas com anastomose ileo-transverso (20 casos; 15,5 por cento) e o restabelecimento de trânsito intestinal de ileostomia (16 casos;12,4 por cento). Das 129 cirurgias 53 (41,1 por cento) não envolveram anastomoses e 76 (58,9 por cento) envolveram ressecções intestinais e anastomoses. Houve oito co-morbidades (6,2 por cento), sendo a caquexia (três casos) a mais comum. Houve 17 complicações (13,2 por cento), 11 envolvendo as 76 ressecções com anastomose (14,5 por cento) e seis as ressecções sem anastomoses (11,3 por cento). As complicações mais comuns entre as 11 provenientes de ressecções e anastomoses foram as deiscências (sete; 9,2 por cento). As anastomoses mecânicas (55) complicaram mais (16,3 por cento) que as manuais (21) (9,5 por cento). Houve 14 óbitos (10,8 por cento), sendo seis (4,6 por cento) devidos à sepse, quatro (3,1 por cento) devido a TEP e quatro (3,1 por cento) devido a falência múltipla de órgãos. Dos 14 óbitos, quatro (3,1 por cento) foram decorrentes de complicações cirúrgicas e dez (7,7 por cento) foram decorrentes de co-morbidades.

In the framework of postgraduate Coloproctology for the year 2009, the two graduate students conducted the second year as principal surgeons, 129 major surgeries, always assisted effectively by one or two tutors. All surgeries were performed on public patients in Santa Casa de Belo Horizonte, with absolute presence of members of the Coloproctology Unit of Santa Casa School of Medical Sciences of Minas Gerais (GCP-CBHS-FCMMG). A retrospective analysis of 129 medical records was carried out, allowing several important observations. The average age of patients was 56.9 years, with extremes of 25 and 87 years, while the sixth and seventh decades the most representative, with respectively 25.6 percent and 24.8 percent to 50.4 percent of 55 patients (p less than 0.05). Most of the 129 patients were female (51.2 percent) (p greater than 0.05). The most common nosological entity was colorectal cancer (74 cases, 57.4 percent), following the ileostomies (16 cases, 12.4 percent) and surgical complications of previous surgeries (11 cases, 8.5 percent). The most commonly performed procedures were abdominal rectosigmoidectomy with colorectal anastomosis (35 cases, 27.1 percent), the right hemicolectomy with ileo-transverse anastomosis (20 cases, 15.5 percent) and the resumption of intestinal transit of ileostomy (16 cases, 12, 4 percent).

Of 129 surgeries 53 (41.1 percent) did not involve anastomosis and 76 (58.9 percent) involved intestinal resection and anastomosis. There were eight co-morbidities (6.2 percent) and cachexia (three cases) the most common. There were 17 complications (13.2 percent), 11 involving the 76 resections with anastomosis (14.5 percent) and six resections without anastomosis (11.3 percent). The most common complications among the 11 patients from resection and anastomosis were dehiscence (seven, 9.2 percent). The mechanical anastomosis (55) developed more complications (16.3 percent) than handmade anastomosis (21) (9.5 percent). There were 14 deaths (10.8 percent), six (4.6 percent) due to sepsis, four (3.1 percent) due to pulmonary thromboembolic disease and four (3.1 percent) due to multiple organ failure. Of the 14 deaths, four (3.1 percent) were due to surgical complications and ten (7.7 percent) were due to co-morbidities.

Reparo transperineal de retocele: avaliação do grau de satisfação, dispareunia e recidiva pós-operatória / Transperineal repair for rectocele: grade of satisfaction and postoperatory dispareunia and recurrence

A retocele é uma disfunção pélvica pobremente diagnosticada, apesar de sua prevalência significativa. Seu reconhecimento é essencial para o tratamento de determinados casos, como constipação refratária. A sintomatologia é vaga, e nem sempre associada ao prolapso. O tratamento clínico é ineficaz quando utilizado isoladamente. Existem várias técnicas, e dentre elas a abordagem transperineal pode ser considerada uma opção adequada na correção do prolapso. Nas 12 pacientes objetos de nosso estudo, houve melhora significativa do padrão evacuatório, uma resposta aceitável no tratamento da dispareunia, com índice de recidiva tolerável e alto grau de satisfação pós-operatória. A comparação com as demais técnicas ainda exige estudos comparativos mais significativos, com amostras mais expressivas. Até o momento, qualquer análise comparativa entre as técnicas cirúrgicas utilizadas pode ser falha.

Rectocele is a poorly diagnosed pelvic dysfunction, despite its significant prevalence. Its recognition is essential for the treatment of certain cases as refractory constipation. The symptoms are vague and not always associated with prolapse. Clinical treatment is ineffective when used alone. There are several techniques, being the transperineal approach an appropriate option for the correction of prolapse. The target of this data is a group of 12 female patients with rectocele: they experienced significant improvement in the defecation standard, an acceptable response in the treatment of dyspareunia, with acceptable recurrence rate and high degree of satisfaction after surgery. The comparison with other techniques still requires significant further comparative studies with samples more expressive. To date, any comparative analysis between the surgical techniques used may be failure.

Avaliação nutricional de crianças internadas em enfermaria geral de um hospital público / Nutritional status evaluation of inpatient children at a public hospital general ward

Objetivo: avaliar o estado nutricional de crianças internadas em enfermaria geral no Centro Geral de Pediatria - FHEMIG. Verificar a existência de avaliação do peso e estatura no prontuário dos pacientes no primeirodia de internação...