Metals in ALS TDP-43 Pathology.

Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease and similar neurodegenerative disorders take their toll on patients, caregivers and society. A common denominator for these disorders is the accumulation of aggregated proteins in nerve cells, yet the triggers for these aggregation processes are currently unknown. In ALS, protein aggregation has been described for the SOD1, C9orf72, FUS and TDP-43 proteins. The latter is a nuclear protein normally binding to both DNA and RNA, contributing to gene expression and mRNA life cycle regulation. TDP-43 seems to have a specific role in ALS pathogenesis, and ubiquitinated and hyperphosphorylated cytoplasmic inclusions of aggregated TDP-43 are present in nerve cells in almost all sporadic ALS cases. ALS pathology appears to include metal imbalances, and environmental metal exposure is a known risk factor in ALS. However, studies on metal-to-TDP-43 interactions are scarce, even though this protein seems to have the capacity to bind to metals. This review discusses the possible role of metals in TDP-43 aggregation, with respect to ALS pathology.

Copper, Iron, Selenium and Lipo-Glycemic Dysmetabolism in Alzheimer's Disease.

The aim of the present review is to discuss traditional hypotheses on the etiopathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease (AD), as well as the role of metabolic-syndrome-related mechanisms in AD development with a special focus on advanced glycation end-products (AGEs) and their role in metal-induced neurodegeneration in AD. Persistent hyperglycemia along with oxidative stress results in increased protein glycation and formation of AGEs. The latter were shown to possess a wide spectrum of neurotoxic effects including increased Aß generation and aggregation. In addition, AGE binding to receptor for AGE (RAGE) induces a variety of pathways contributing to neuroinflammation. The existing data also demonstrate that AGE toxicity seems to mediate the involvement of copper (Cu) and potentially other metals in AD pathogenesis. Specifically, Cu promotes AGE formation, AGE-Aß cross-linking and up-regulation of RAGE expression. Moreover, Aß glycation was shown to increase prooxidant effects of Cu through Fenton chemistry. Given the role of AGE and RAGE, as well as metal toxicity in AD pathogenesis, it is proposed that metal chelation and/or incretins may slow down oxidative damage. In addition, selenium (Se) compounds seem to attenuate the intracellular toxicity of the deranged tau and Aß, as well as inhibiting AGE accumulation and metal-induced neurotoxicity.

Prevention of progression in Parkinson's disease.

Environmental influences affecting genetically susceptible individuals seem to contribute significantly to the development of Parkinson's disease (PD). Xenobiotic exposure including transitional metal deposition into vulnerable CNS regions appears to interact with PD genes. Such exposure together with mitochondrial dysfunction evokes a destructive cascade of biochemical events, including oxidative stress and degeneration of the sensitive dopamine (DA) production system in the basal ganglia. Recent research indicates that the substantia nigra degeneration can be decelerated by treatment with iron binding compounds such as deferiprone. Interestingly compounds known to decrease PD risk including caffeine, niacin, nicotine and salbutamol also possess iron binding properties. Adequate function of antioxidative mechanisms in the vulnerable brain cells can be restored by acetylcysteine supplementation to normalize intracellular glutathione activity. Other preventive measures to reduce deterioration of dopaminergic neurons may involve life-style changes such as intake of natural antioxidants and physical exercise. Further research is recommended to identify therapeutic targets of the proposed interventions, in particular protection of the DA biosynthesis by oxygen radical scavengers and iron binding agents.

Anthropogenic 236U in Danish Seawater: Global Fallout versus Reprocessing Discharge.

This work focuses on the occurrence of 236U in seawater along Danish coasts, which is the sole water-exchange region between the North Sea-Atlantic Ocean and the Baltic Sea. Seawater collected in 2013 and 2014 were analyzed for 236U (as well as 238U and 137Cs). Our results indicate that 236U concentrations in Danish seawater are distributed within a relatively narrow range of (3.6-8.2) × 107 atom/L and, to a certain extent, independent of salinity. 236U/238U atomic ratios in Danish seawater are more than 4 times higher than the estimated global fallout value of 1× 10-9. The levels of 236U/238U atomic ratios obtained are comparable to those reported for the open North Sea and much higher than several other open oceans worldwide. This indicates that besides the global fallout input, the discharges from the two major European nuclear reprocessing plants are dominating sources of 236U in Danish seawater. However, unexpectedly high 236U/238U ratios as well as high 236U concentrations were observed at low-salinity locations of the Baltic Sea. While this feature might be interpreted as a clue for another significant 236U input in the Baltic Sea, it may also be caused by the complexity of water currents or slow turnover rate.

Analysis of Technetium Species and Fractions in Natural Seaweed Using Biochemical Separation and ICP-MS Measurement.

An extremely high accumulation and retention of technetium in marine plants, especially brown seaweed, makes it a unique bioindicator of technetium. In the present work, a novel approach was developed for the speciation analysis of technetium in seaweed, wherein a series of biochemical separations was exploited to isolate different species of technetium. Inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) was applied for the measurement of 99Tc after thorough radiochemical preconcentration and purification. The results show that the distribution of technetium species in seaweed is relatively dispersive. Besides the inorganic species of TcO4-, most of technetium (>75%) combined with organic components of seaweed such as algin, cellulose, and pigment. This investigation could provide important fundamental knowledge for studying the processes and mechanisms of 99Tc accumulation in the natural seaweed.

Treatment strategies in Alzheimer's disease: a review with focus on selenium supplementation.

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a neurodegenerative disorder presenting one of the biggest healthcare challenges in developed countries. No effective treatment exists. In recent years the main focus of AD research has been on the amyloid hypothesis, which postulates that extracellular precipitates of beta amyloid (Aß) derived from amyloid precursor protein (APP) are responsible for the cognitive impairment seen in AD. Treatment strategies have been to reduce Aß production through inhibition of enzymes responsible for its formation, or to promote resolution of existing cerebral Aß plaques. However, these approaches have failed to demonstrate significant cognitive improvements. Intracellular rather than extracellular events may be fundamental in AD pathogenesis. Selenate is a potent inhibitor of tau hyperphosphorylation, a critical step in the formation of neurofibrillary tangles. Some selenium (Se) compounds e.g. selenoprotein P also appear to protect APP against excessive copper and iron deposition. Selenoproteins show anti-inflammatory properties, and protect microtubules in the neuronal cytoskeleton. Optimal function of these selenoenzymes requires higher Se intake than what is common in Europe and also higher intake than traditionally recommended. Supplementary treatment with N-acetylcysteine increases levels of the antioxidative cofactor glutathione and can mediate adjuvant protection. The present review discusses the role of Se in AD treatment and suggests strategies for AD prevention by optimizing selenium intake, in accordance with the metal dysregulation hypothesis. This includes in particular secondary prevention by selenium supplementation to elderly with mild cognitive impairment.

Rapid multisample analysis for simultaneous determination of anthropogenic radionuclides in marine environment.

An automated multisample processing flow injection (FI) system was developed for simultaneous determination of technetium, neptunium, plutonium, and uranium in large volume (200 L) seawater. Ferrous hydroxide coprecipitation was used for the preliminary sample treatment providing the merit of simultaneous preconcentration of all target radionuclides. Technetium was separated from the actinides via valence control of technetium (as Tc(VII)) in a ferric hydroxide coprecipitation. A novel preseparation protocol between uranium and neptunium/plutonium fractions was developed based on the observation of nearly quantitative dissolution of uranium in 6 mol/L sodium hydroxide solution. Automated extraction (TEVA for technetium and UTEVA for uranium) and anion exchange (AGMP-1 M for plutonium and neptunium) chromatographic separations were performed for further purification of each analyte within the FI system where four samples were processed in parallel. Analytical results indicate that the proposed method is robust and straightforward, providing chemical yields of 50-70% and improved sample throughput (3-4 d/sample). Detection limits were 8 mBq/m(3) (0.013 pg/L), 0.26 µBq/m(3) (0.010 fg/L), 23 µBq/m(3) (0.010 fg/L), 84 µBq/m(3) (0.010 fg/L) and 0.6 mBq/m(3) (0.048 ng/L) for (99)Tc, (237)Np, (239)Pu, (240)Pu and (238)U for 200 L seawater, respectively. The unique feature of multiradionuclide and multisample simultaneous processing vitalizes the developed method as a powerful tool in obtaining reliable data with reduced analytical cost in both radioecology studies and nuclear emergency preparedness.

Hereditary Transthyretin Amyloidosis (hATTR) with Polyneuropathy Clusters Are Located in Ancient Mining Districts: A Possible Geochemical Origin of the Disease.

Hereditary transthyretin amyloidosis (hATTR) with polyneuropathy (formerly known as Familial Amyloid Polyneuropathy (FAP)) is an endemic amyloidosis involving the harmful aggregation of proteins, most commonly transthyretin (TTR) but sometimes also apolipoprotein A-1 or gelsolin. hATTR appears to be transmitted as an autosomal dominant trait. Over 100 point mutations have been identified, with the Val30Met substitution being the most common. Yet, the mechanism of pathogenesis and the overall origin of hATTR remain unclear. Here, we argue that hATTR could be related to harmful metal exposure. hATTR incidence is unevenly distributed globally, and the three largest defined clusters exist in Japan, Portugal, and Sweden. All three disease regions are also ancient mining districts with associated metal contamination of the local environment. There are two main mechanisms for how harmful metals, after uptake into tissues and body fluids, could induce hATTR. First, the metals could directly influence the expression, function, and/or aggregation of the proteins involved in hATTR pathology. Such metal-protein interactions might constitute molecular targets for anti-hATTR drug design. Second, metal exposure could induce hATTR -associated genetic mutations, which may have happened several generations ago. These two mechanisms can occur in parallel. In conclusion, the possibility that hATTR could be related to metal exposure in geochemically defined regions deserves further attention.

Method for determination of neptunium in large-sized urine samples using manganese dioxide coprecipitation and 242Pu as yield tracer.

A novel method for bioassay of large volumes of human urine samples using manganese dioxide coprecipitation for preconcentration was developed for rapid determination of (237)Np. (242)Pu was utilized as a nonisotopic tracer to monitor the chemical yield of (237)Np. A sequential injection extraction chromatographic (SI-EC) system coupled with inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICPMS) was exploited to facilitate the rapid column separation and quantification. The analytical results demonstrated satisfactory performance of the MnO(2) coprecipitation as indicated by the high chemical yields close to 100% and high separation capacity of processing up to 5 L of human urine samples. The MnO(2) coprecipitation process is simple and straightforward in which a batch (8-12) of samples can be pretreated within 4 h (i.e., <0.5 h/sample). In connection with the automated column separation and ICPMS quantification, which takes less than 1.5 h in total, the overall analytical time was on average less than 2 h for each sample. The high effectiveness and sample throughput make the developed method well suited for urine bioassay of (237)Np in routine monitoring of occupationally internal radiation exposure and rapid analysis of neptunium contamination level for emergency preparedness.

Bead injection extraction chromatography using high-capacity lab-on-valve as a front end to inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry for urine radiobioassay.

A novel bead injection (BI) extraction chromatographic microflow system exploiting a high-capacity lab-on-valve (LOV) platform coupled with inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometric detection is developed for rapid and automated determination of plutonium in human urine. A column attached to the LOV processing unit is loaded online with a metered amount of disposable extraction chromatographic resin (up to 330 mg of TEVA (abbreviation for tetravalent actinides)) through programmable beads transport. Selective capture and purification of plutonium onto the resin beads is then performed by pressure driven flow after preliminary sample pretreatment. The analytical results demonstrate the large capacity of bead surfaces for uptake of Pu within the tailor-made LOV platform that fosters processing of large-sized biological samples, e.g., 1 L of human urine, along with good reproducibility for automatic column renewal (0.319 ± 0.004 g, n = 5). The chemical yields of plutonium were averagely better than 90% under the optimal experimental conditions, and the entire analytical procedure could be accomplished within a short time frame (<3 h) as compared to manual counterparts (1-2 days). Therefore, the developed system is well suited for expedient analysis of low-level plutonium in urine of exposed individuals as required in emergency situations.

Sequential injection approach for simultaneous determination of ultratrace plutonium and neptunium in urine with accelerator mass spectrometry.

An analytical method was developed for simultaneous determination of ultratrace level plutonium (Pu) and neptunium (Np) using iron hydroxide coprecipitation in combination with automated sequential injection extraction chromatography separation and accelerator mass spectrometry (AMS) measurement. Several experimental parameters affecting the analytical performance were investigated and compared including sample preboiling operation, aging time, amount of coprecipitating reagent, reagent for pH adjustment, sedimentation time, and organic matter decomposition approach. The overall analytical results show that preboiling and aging are important for obtaining high chemical yields for both Pu and Np, which is possibly related to the aggregation and adsorption behavior of organic substances contained in urine. Although the optimal condition for Np and Pu simultaneous determination requires 5-day aging time, an immediate coprecipitation without preboiling and aging could also provide fairly satisfactory chemical yields for both Np and Pu (50-60%) with high sample throughput (4 h/sample). Within the developed method, (242)Pu was exploited as chemical yield tracer for both Pu and Np isotopes. (242)Pu was also used as a spike in the AMS measurement for quantification of (239)Pu and (237)Np concentrations. The results show that, under the optimal experimental condition, the chemical yields of (237)Np and (242)Pu are nearly identical, indicating the high feasibility of (242)Pu as a nonisotopic tracer for (237)Np determination in real urine samples. The analytical method was validated by analysis of a number of urine samples spiked with different levels of (237)Np and (239)Pu. The measured values of (237)Np and (239)Pu by AMS exhibit good agreement (R(2) ≥ 0.955) with the spiked ones confirming the reliability of the proposed method.

Particle Size Dependent Dissolution of Uranium Aerosols in Simulated Gastrointestinal Fluids.

ABSTRACT: Uranium aerosol exposure can be a health risk factor for workers in the nuclear fuel industry. Good knowledge about aerosol dissolution and absorption characteristics in the gastrointestinal tract is imperative for solid dose assessments and risk management. In this study, an in vitro dissolution model of the GI tract was used to experimentally study solubility of size-fractionated aerosols. The aerosols were collected from four major workshops in a nuclear fuel fabrication plant where uranium compounds such as uranium hexafluoride (UF 6 ), uranium dioxide (UO 2 ), ammonium uranyl carbonate, AUC [UO 2 CO 3 ·2(NH 4 ) 2 CO 3 ] and triuranium octoxide (U 3 O 8 ) are present. The alimentary tract transfer factor, f A , was estimated for the aerosols sampled in the study. The transfer factor was derived from the dissolution in the small intestine in combination with data on absorption of soluble uranium. Results from the conversion workshop indicated a f A in line with what is recommended (0.004) by the ICRP for inhalation exposure to Type M materials. Obtained transfer factors, f A , for the powder preparation and pelletizing workshops where UO 2 and U 3 O 8 are handled are lower for inhalation and much lower for ingestion than those recommended by the ICRP for Type M/S materials f A = 0.00029 and 0.00016 vs. 0.0006 and 0.002, respectively. The results for ingestion and inhalation f A indicate that ICRP's conservative recommendation of f A for inhalation exposure is applicable to both ingestion and inhalation of insoluble material in this study. The dissolution- and subsequent absorption-dependence on particle size showed correlation only for one of the workshops (pelletizing). The absence of correlation at the other workshops may be an effect of multiple chemical compounds with different size distribution and/or the reported presence of agglomerated particles at higher cut points having more impact on the dissolution than particle size. The impact on dose coefficients [committed effective dose (CED) per Bq] of using experimental f A vs. using default f A recommended by the ICRP for the uranium compounds of interest for inhalation exposure was not significant for any of the workshops. However, a significant impact on CED for ingestion exposure was observed for all workshops when comparing with CED estimated for insoluble material using ICRP default f A . This indicates that the use of experimentally derived site-specific f A can improve dose assessments. It is essential to acquire site-specific estimates of the dissolution and absorption of uranium aerosols as this provides more realistic and accurate dose- and risk-estimates of worker exposure. In this study, the results indicate that ICRP's recommendations for ingestion of insoluble material might overestimate absorption and that the lower f A found for inhalation could be more realistic for both inhalation and ingestion of insoluble material.

Metal ratios as possible biomarkers for amyotrophic lateral sclerosis.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a fatal neurodegenerative disease with unknown aetiology. Metals have been suspected to contribute to ALS pathogenesis since mid-19th century, yet studies on measured metal concentrations in ALS patients have often yielded conflicting results, with large individual variation in measured values. Calculating metal concentration ratios can unveil possible synergistic effects of neurotoxic metals in ALS pathogenesis. The aim of this study was to investigate if ratios of different metal concentrations in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and blood plasma, respectively, differ between ALS patients and healthy controls. METHODS: Cerebrospinal fluid and blood plasma were collected from 17 ALS patients and 10 controls. Samples were analysed for 22 metals by high-resolution inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (HR-ICP-MS), and all possible 231 metal ratios calculated in each body fluid. RESULTS: Fifty-three metal ratios were significantly elevated in ALS cases as compared to controls (p < 0.05); five in blood plasma, and 48 in CSF. The finding of fewer elevated ratios in blood plasma may indicate specific transport of metals into the central nervous system. The elevated metal ratios in CSF include Cd/Se (p = 0.031), and 16 ratios with magnesium, such as Mn/Mg (p = 0.005) and Al/Mg (p = 0.014). CONCLUSION: Metal ratios may be used as biomarkers in ALS diagnosis and as guidelines for preventive measures.

Residue-specific binding of Ni(II) ions influences the structure and aggregation of amyloid beta (Aß) peptides.

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most common cause of dementia worldwide. AD brains display deposits of insoluble amyloid plaques consisting mainly of aggregated amyloid-ß (Aß) peptides, and Aß oligomers are likely a toxic species in AD pathology. AD patients display altered metal homeostasis, and AD plaques show elevated concentrations of metals such as Cu, Fe, and Zn. Yet, the metal chemistry in AD pathology remains unclear. Ni(II) ions are known to interact with Aß peptides, but the nature and effects of such interactions are unknown. Here, we use numerous biophysical methods-mainly spectroscopy and imaging techniques-to characterize Aß/Ni(II) interactions in vitro, for different Aß variants: Aß(1-40), Aß(1-40)(H6A, H13A, H14A), Aß(4-40), and Aß(1-42). We show for the first time that Ni(II) ions display specific binding to the N-terminal segment of full-length Aß monomers. Equimolar amounts of Ni(II) ions retard Aß aggregation and direct it towards non-structured aggregates. The His6, His13, and His14 residues are implicated as binding ligands, and the Ni(II)·Aß binding affinity is in the low µM range. The redox-active Ni(II) ions induce formation of dityrosine cross-links via redox chemistry, thereby creating covalent Aß dimers. In aqueous buffer Ni(II) ions promote formation of beta sheet structure in Aß monomers, while in a membrane-mimicking environment (SDS micelles) coil-coil helix interactions appear to be induced. For SDS-stabilized Aß oligomers, Ni(II) ions direct the oligomers towards larger sizes and more diverse (heterogeneous) populations. All of these structural rearrangements may be relevant for the Aß aggregation processes that are involved in AD brain pathology.

Characterization of Uranyl (UO22+) Ion Binding to Amyloid Beta (Aß) Peptides: Effects on Aß Structure and Aggregation.

Uranium (U) is naturally present in ambient air, water, and soil, and depleted uranium (DU) is released into the environment via industrial and military activities. While the radiological damage from U is rather well understood, less is known about the chemical damage mechanisms, which dominate in DU. Heavy metal exposure is associated with numerous health conditions, including Alzheimer's disease (AD), the most prevalent age-related cause of dementia. The pathological hallmark of AD is the deposition of amyloid plaques, consisting mainly of amyloid-ß (Aß) peptides aggregated into amyloid fibrils in the brain. However, the toxic species in AD are likely oligomeric Aß aggregates. Exposure to heavy metals such as Cd, Hg, Mn, and Pb is known to increase Aß production, and these metals bind to Aß peptides and modulate their aggregation. The possible effects of U in AD pathology have been sparsely studied. Here, we use biophysical techniques to study in vitro interactions between Aß peptides and uranyl ions, UO22+, of DU. We show for the first time that uranyl ions bind to Aß peptides with affinities in the micromolar range, induce structural changes in Aß monomers and oligomers, and inhibit Aß fibrillization. This suggests a possible link between AD and U exposure, which could be further explored by cell, animal, and epidemiological studies. General toxic mechanisms of uranyl ions could be modulation of protein folding, misfolding, and aggregation.

Metal concentrations in cerebrospinal fluid, blood, serum, plasma, hair, and nails in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis: A systematic review and meta-analysis.

BACKGROUND: Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a fatal neurodegenerative disease with progressive muscle wasting, paralysis, and respiratory failure. Whereas approximately 10-15 % of ALS cases are familial, the etiology of the remaining, sporadic ALS cases remains largely unknown. Environmental exposures have been suggested as causative factors for decades, and previous studies have found elevated concentrations of metals in ALS patients. PURPOSE: This meta-analysis aims to assess metal concentrations in body fluids and tissues of ALS patients. METHODS: We searched the MEDLINE and EMBASE databases on December 7th, 2022 for cross-sectional, case-control, and cohort studies which measure metal concentrations in whole blood, blood plasma, blood serum, cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), urine, erythrocytes, nail, and hair samples of ALS patients. Meta-analysis was then performed when three or more articles existed for a comparison. FINDINGS: Twenty-nine studies measuring 23 metals were included and 13 meta-analyses were performed from 4234 screened entries. The meta-analysis results showed elevated concentrations of lead and selenium. Lead, measured in whole blood in 6 studies, was significantly elevated by 2.88 µg/L (95 % CI: 0.83-4.93, p = 0.006) and lead, measured in CSF in 4 studies, was significantly elevated by 0.21 µg/L (95 % CI: 0.01 - 0.41, p = 0.04) in ALS patients when compared to controls. Selenium, measured in serum/plasma in 4 studies, was significantly elevated by 4.26 µg/L (95% CI: 0.73 - 7.79, p = 0.02) when compared to controls.Analyses of other metal concentrations showed no statistically significant difference between the groups. CONCLUSION: Lead has been discussed as a possible causative agent in ALS since 1850. Lead has been found in the spinal cord of ALS patients, and occupational exposure to lead is more common in ALS patients than in controls. Selenium in the form of neurotoxic selenite has been shown to geochemically correlate to ALS occurrence in Italy. Although no causal relationship can be established from the results of this meta-analysis, the findings suggest an involvement of lead and selenium in the pathophysiology of ALS. After a thorough meta-analysis of published studies on metal concentrations in ALS it can only be concluded that lead and selenium are elevated in ALS.

Stability of technetium and decontamination from ruthenium and molybdenum in determination of 99Tc in environmental solid samples by ICPMS.

A rapid and efficient method for the determination of (99)Tc in environmental solid samples was developed using chromatographic separation combined with inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICPMS) measurement. The volatility of technetium during sample ashing and solution evaporation was investigated to establish a reliable sample pretreatment procedure. A novel approach was developed to improve the removal of molybdenum and ruthenium in chromatographic separation using 30% H(2)O(2) pretreatment of the loading solution and extraction chromatographic separation using two serial small TEVA columns. The decontamination factors of more than 4 × 10(4) and 1 × 10(5) are achieved for molybdenum and ruthenium, respectively. Chemical yields of technetium in entire procedure range from 60% to 95% depending on the type and amount of samples, and the detection limit of 0.15 mBq/g for (99)Tc was obtained. The method has been successfully applied for the determination of (99)Tc in environmental solid samples.

Rapid determination of technetium-99 in large volume seawater samples using sequential injection extraction chromatographic separation and ICP-MS measurement.

An automated method was developed for rapid determination of (99)Tc in large volume seawater samples. The analytical procedure involves preconcentration of technetium with coprecipitation, online separation using extraction chromatography (two TEVA columns) implemented in a sequential injection setup, and measurement of (99)Tc by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). Chromatographic behaviors of technetium, molybdenum, and ruthenium were investigated, and the mechanism of adsorption and elution of TcO(4)(-) on a TEVA column using HNO(3) was explored. The results show that not only NO(3)(-) but also acidity (or concentration of H(+)) of the loading or eluting solution affect the adsorption and desorption of TcO(4)(-) on TEVA resin. Decontamination factors of more than 1 × 10(6) for ruthenium and 5 × 10(5) for molybdenum are achieved. Chemical yields of technetium in the overall procedure range from 60% to 75% depending on the sample volumes, and a detection limit of 7.5 mBq/m(3) (or 11.5 pg/m(3)) for 200 L of seawater was obtained. Compared with the conventional analytical procedure, the developed method significantly reduces analytical time. A batch of samples (n > 4) can be analyzed within 24 h. The method has been successfully applied for rapid and automated determination of low level (99)Tc in large volume seawater samples. The analytical results of seawater samples collected in Denmark show a good agreement with the values obtained using the conventional method.

Geochemistry of multiple sclerosis in Finland.

Multiple sclerosis (MS) affects some 3 million people around the world and the prevalence is increasing. The MS incidence increases with distance from the equator forming a north-to-south gradient. The cause of this gradient and the cause of MS in general are largely unknown. Sulphide-bearing marine and lake sediments, when exposed to oxygen after drainage, form sulphuric acid resulting in the development of acid sulphate soils. From these soils major neurotoxic metals such as iron, aluminum and manganese and trace metals such as nickel, copper and cadmium are released into the surrounding environment. As these soils are largely used for farming, obvious routes to human metal exposure exist. Here we compare the distribution of acid sulphate soils in Finland to the geographic localisation of MS cases using data from a national acid sulphate soil mapping project and historical MS distribution data. Finland has among the highest MS prevalences in the world and several independent nationwide surveys have shown the highest prevalence in western Finland, stable over time. Acid sulphate soil distribution colocalizes with MS, both on a regional (nationwide) scale and local (proximity to rivers) scale. A toxicokinetic LADME model for MS pathogenesis is presented. We propose that neurotoxic metals leaching from acid sulphate soils contribute to the clustering of MS in Finland.

Cerebral Iron Deposition in Neurodegeneration.

Disruption of cerebral iron regulation appears to have a role in aging and in the pathogenesis of various neurodegenerative disorders. Possible unfavorable impacts of iron accumulation include reactive oxygen species generation, induction of ferroptosis, and acceleration of inflammatory changes. Whole-brain iron-sensitive magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) techniques allow the examination of macroscopic patterns of brain iron deposits in vivo, while modern analytical methods ex vivo enable the determination of metal-specific content inside individual cell-types, sometimes also within specific cellular compartments. The present review summarizes the whole brain, cellular, and subcellular patterns of iron accumulation in neurodegenerative diseases of genetic and sporadic origin. We also provide an update on mechanisms, biomarkers, and effects of brain iron accumulation in these disorders, focusing on recent publications. In Parkinson's disease, Friedreich's disease, and several disorders within the neurodegeneration with brain iron accumulation group, there is a focal siderosis, typically in regions with the most pronounced neuropathological changes. The second group of disorders including multiple sclerosis, Alzheimer's disease, and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis shows iron accumulation in the globus pallidus, caudate, and putamen, and in specific cortical regions. Yet, other disorders such as aceruloplasminemia, neuroferritinopathy, or Wilson disease manifest with diffuse iron accumulation in the deep gray matter in a pattern comparable to or even more extensive than that observed during normal aging. On the microscopic level, brain iron deposits are present mostly in dystrophic microglia variably accompanied by iron-laden macrophages and in astrocytes, implicating a role of inflammatory changes and blood-brain barrier disturbance in iron accumulation. Options and potential benefits of iron reducing strategies in neurodegeneration are discussed. Future research investigating whether genetic predispositions play a role in brain Fe accumulation is necessary. If confirmed, the prevention of further brain Fe uptake in individuals at risk may be key for preventing neurodegenerative disorders.