B-Box transcription factor BBX28 requires CONSTITUTIVE PHOTOMORPHOGENESIS1 to induce shade-avoidance response in Arabidopsis thaliana.

Shade avoidance syndrome is an important adaptive strategy. Under shade, major transcriptional rearrangements underlie the reallocation of resources to elongate vegetative structures and redefine the plant architecture to compete for photosynthesis. BBX28 is a B-box transcription factor involved in seedling de-etiolation and flowering in Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana), but its function in shade-avoidance response is completely unknown. Here, we studied the function of BBX28 using two mutant and two transgenic lines of Arabidopsis exposed to white light and simulated shade conditions. We found that BBX28 promotes hypocotyl growth under shade through the phytochrome system by perceiving the reduction of red photons but not the reduction of photosynthetically active radiation or blue photons. We demonstrated that hypocotyl growth under shade is sustained by the protein accumulation of BBX28 in the nuclei in a CONSTITUTIVE PHOTOMORPHOGENESIS1 (COP1)-dependent manner at the end of the photoperiod. BBX28 up-regulates the expression of transcription factor- and auxin-related genes, thereby promoting hypocotyl growth under prolonged shade. Overall, our results suggest the role of BBX28 in COP1 signaling to sustain the shade-avoidance response and extend the well-known participation of other members of BBX transcription factors for fine-tuning plant growth under shade.

[Effect of previous exposure to COVID-19, occurrence of spikes, and type of vaccine on the humoral immune response of institutionalized older adults]. / Efecto de la exposición previa a COVID-19, ocurrencia de brotes y tipo de vacuna en la respuesta inmune humoral de adultos mayores institucionalizados.

This study evaluated the explanatory factors of humoral immune response in older adults admitted to long-term care institutions in Buenos Aires, Argentina, up to 180 days after vaccination. An open-label, prospective, multicenter cohort study was conducted with volunteers who received two doses of the Sputnik V, Sinopharm, or AZD1222 vaccines. Plasma samples were analyzed at 0 and 21 days after the first dose, 21 days after the second dose, and 120 and 180 days after the first dose. Marginal linear models and generalized additives mixed models were adjusted to determine the behavior of anti-spike IgG antibody concentration over time according to exposure group (naïve/no-naïve) and vaccine. Occurrence of an outbreak of COVID-19 in long-term care institutions and comorbidities were the covariates analyzed. A total of 773 participants were included, with a mean age of 83 years (IQR: 76-89). Results showed that antibody levels in the naïve: Sinopharm group were significantly lower to the other groups (p < 0.05). Antibody levels in the no-naïve: Sinopharm group were similar to those in the naïve group who received AZD1222 (p = 0.945) or Sputnik V (p = 1). Participants exposed to outbreaks in long-term care institutions had significantly higher antibody levels, regardless of exposure group and vaccine (p < 0.001). In conclusion, previous exposure to COVID-19, type of vaccine, and admittance into a long-term care institution with a history of outbreaks are factors to be considered in future epidemic events with transmission dynamics and immunological mechanisms similar to COVID-19, in populations similar to the one analyzed.

El objetivo de este trabajo fue evaluar los factores explicativos de la respuesta inmune humoral en adultos mayores de establecimientos de estancia prolongada de Buenos Aires, Argentina, hasta 180 días post vacunación. Se utilizó un diseño de cohorte abierta, prospectiva, multicéntrica, con voluntarios que recibieron dos dosis de vacunas Sputnik V, Sinopharm o AZD1222. Se analizaron muestras de plasma en los tiempos 0, 21 días post primera dosis, 21 días post segunda dosis, 120 y 180 días post primera dosis. Se ajustaron modelos lineales marginales y aditivos generalizados mixtos para evaluar el comportamiento de la concentración de anticuerpos IgG anti-Spike en el tiempo según grupo de exposición (naïve/no-naïve) y vacuna. Las covariables analizadas fueron: ocurrencia de brote de COVID-19 en establecimientos de estancia prolongada y comorbilidades. Se incluyeron en el análisis 773 participantes con una mediana de edad de 83 años (RIQ: 76-89). Al final del estudio, los niveles de anticuerpos del grupo naïve: Sinopharm fueron significativamente menores que el resto de los grupos (p < 0,05); los del no-naïve: Sinopharm resultaron similares a los naïve que recibieron AZD1222 (p = 0,945) o Sputnik V (p = 1). Los participantes expuestos a brotes en establecimientos de estancia prolongada presentaron niveles de anticuerpos significativamente mayores, independientemente del grupo de exposición y la vacuna (p < 0,001). Concluimos que la exposición previa a COVID-19, el tipo de vacuna y la pertenencia a un establecimiento de estancia prolongada con antecedente de brote son factores a considerar frente a futuros eventos epidémicos con dinámicas de transmisión y mecanismos inmunológicos similares al COVID-19, en poblaciones similares a la analizada en este trabajo.

Este estudo teve como objetivo avaliar os fatores explicativos da resposta imune humoral em idosos em instituições de longa permanência em Buenos Aires, Argentina, até 180 dias após a vacinação. Foi realizado um estudo de coorte aberto, prospectivo e multicêntrico, com voluntários que receberam duas doses das vacinas Sputnik V, Sinopharm ou AZD1222. As amostras de plasma foram analisadas nos tempos 0, 21 dias após a primeira dose, 21 dias após a segunda dose, 120 e 180 dias após a primeira dose. Os modelos lineares marginais e os aditivos generalizados mistos foram ajustados para determinar o comportamento da concentração de anticorpos IgG anti-Spike ao longo do tempo de acordo com o grupo de exposição (naïve/no-naïve) e vacina. As covariáveis analisadas foram ocorrência de pico de COVID-19 nas instituições de longa permanência e comorbidades. Foram incluídos 773 participantes, com média de idade de 83 anos (IIQ: 76-89). Os resultados apontaram níveis de anticorpos do grupo naïve: Sinopharm significativamente mais baixos do que os outros grupos (p < 0,05); e as variáveis do grupo no-naïve: Sinopharm foram semelhantes à do grupo naïve que recebeu AZD1222 (p = 0,945) ou Sputnik V (p = 1). Os participantes expostos a picos nas instituições de longa permanência apresentaram níveis de anticorpos significativamente maiores, independentemente do grupo de exposição e da vacina (p < 0,001). Conclui-se que a exposição prévia à COVID-19, tipo de vacina e adesão a uma instituição de longa permanência com histórico de pico são fatores a serem considerados em futuros eventos epidêmicos com dinâmica de transmissão e mecanismos imunológicos semelhantes à COVID-19, em populações semelhantes à analisada neste trabalho.

Humoral response and neutralising capacity at 6 months post-vaccination against COVID-19 among institutionalised older adults in Argentina.

The COVID-19 pandemic has particularly affected older adults residing in nursing homes, resulting in high rates of hospitalisation and death. Here, we evaluated the longitudinal humoral response and neutralising capacity in plasma samples of volunteers vaccinated with different platforms (Sputnik V, BBIBP-CorV, and AZD1222). A cohort of 851 participants, mean age 83 (60-103 years), from the province of Buenos Aires, Argentina were included. Sequential plasma samples were taken at different time points after vaccination. After completing the vaccination schedule, infection-naïve volunteers who received either Sputnik V or AZD1222 exhibited significantly higher specific anti-Spike IgG titers than those who received BBIBP-CorV. Strong correlation between anti-Spike IgG titers and neutralising activity levels was evidenced at all times studied (rho=0.7 a 0.9). Previous exposure to SARS-CoV-2 and age <80 years were both associated with higher specific antibody levels. No differences in neutralising capacity were observed for the infection-naïve participants in either gender or age group. Similar to anti-Spike IgG titers, neutralising capacity decreased 3 to 9-fold at 6 months after initial vaccination for all platforms. Neutralising capacity against Omicron was between 10-58 fold lower compared to ancestral B.1 for all vaccine platforms at 21 days post dose 2 and 180 days post dose 1. This work provides evidence about the humoral response and neutralising capacity elicited by vaccination of a vulnerable elderly population. This data could be useful for pandemic management in defining public health policies, highlighting the need to apply reinforcements after a complete vaccination schedule.

Longitudinal Study after Sputnik V Vaccination Shows Durable SARS-CoV-2 Neutralizing Antibodies and Reduced Viral Variant Escape to Neutralization over Time.

Recent studies have shown a temporal increase in the neutralizing antibody potency and breadth to SARS-CoV-2 variants in coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) convalescent individuals. Here, we examined longitudinal antibody responses and viral neutralizing capacity to the B.1 lineage virus (Wuhan related), to variants of concern (VOC; Alpha, Beta, Gamma, and Delta), and to a local variant of interest (VOI; Lambda) in volunteers receiving the Sputnik V vaccine in Argentina. Longitudinal serum samples (N = 536) collected from 118 volunteers obtained between January and October 2021 were used. The analysis indicates that while anti-spike IgG levels significantly wane over time, the neutralizing capacity for the Wuhan-related lineages of SARS-CoV-2 and VOC is maintained within 6 months of vaccination. In addition, an improved antibody cross-neutralizing ability for circulating variants of concern (Beta and Gamma) was observed over time postvaccination. The viral variants that displayed higher escape to neutralizing antibodies with respect to the original virus (Beta and Gamma variants) were the ones showing the largest increase in susceptibility to neutralization over time after vaccination. Our observations indicate that serum neutralizing antibodies are maintained for at least 6 months and show a reduction of VOC escape to neutralizing antibodies over time after vaccination. IMPORTANCE Vaccines have been produced in record time for SARS-CoV-2, offering the possibility of halting the global pandemic. However, inequalities in vaccine accessibility in different regions of the world create a need to increase international cooperation. Sputnik V is a recombinant adenovirus-based vaccine that has been widely used in Argentina and other developing countries, but limited information is available about its elicited immune responses. Here, we examined longitudinal antibody levels and viral neutralizing capacity elicited by Sputnik V vaccination. Using a cohort of 118 volunteers, we found that while anti-spike antibodies wane over time, the neutralizing capacity to viral variants of concern and local variants of interest is maintained within 4 months of vaccination. In addition, we observed an increased cross-neutralization activity over time for the Beta and Gamma variants. This study provides valuable information about the immune response generated by a vaccine platform used in many parts of the world.

Immunogenicity and reactogenicity of heterologous immunization against SARS CoV-2 using Sputnik V, ChAdOx1-S, BBIBP-CorV, Ad5-nCoV, and mRNA-1273.

Heterologous vaccination against coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) provides a rational strategy to rapidly increase vaccination coverage in many regions of the world. Although data regarding messenger RNA (mRNA) and ChAdOx1 vaccine combinations are available, there is limited information about the combination of these platforms with other vaccines widely used in developing countries, such as BBIBP-CorV and Sputnik V. Here, we assess the immunogenicity and reactogenicity of 15 vaccine combinations in 1,314 participants. We evaluate immunoglobulin G (IgG) anti-spike response and virus neutralizing titers and observe that a number of heterologous vaccine combinations are equivalent or superior to homologous schemes. For all cohorts in this study, the highest antibody response is induced by mRNA-1273 as the second dose. No serious adverse events are detected in any of the schedules analyzed. Our observations provide rational support for the use of different vaccine combinations to achieve wide vaccine coverage in the shortest possible time.

Sputnik V vaccine elicits seroconversion and neutralizing capacity to SARS-CoV-2 after a single dose.

Massive vaccination offers great promise for halting the global COVID-19 pandemic. However, the limited supply and uneven vaccine distribution create an urgent need to optimize vaccination strategies. We evaluate SARS-CoV-2-specific antibody responses after Sputnik V vaccination of healthcare workers in Argentina, measuring IgG anti-spike titers and neutralizing capacity after one and two doses in a cohort of naive or previously infected volunteers. By 21 days after receiving the first dose of the vaccine, 94% of naive participants develop spike-specific IgG antibodies. A single Sputnik V dose elicits higher antibody levels and virus-neutralizing capacity in previously infected individuals than in naive ones receiving the full two-dose schedule. The high seroconversion rate after a single dose in naive participants suggests a benefit of delaying administration of the second dose to increase the number of people vaccinated. The data presented provide information for guiding public health decisions in light of the current global health emergency.

Dengue Virus Capsid Protein Dynamics Reveals Spatially Heterogeneous Motion in Live-Infected-Cells.

Dengue is the single most important human viral infection transmitted by insects. The function of the viral proteins andtheir interactions with the host cell is under exhaustive investigation with the aim of identifying antiviral strategies. Here,using recombinant full-length dengue virus genomes, carrying a fluorescent mCherry fused to capsid, we studied biophysicalproperties of the viral protein during one infectious cycle in living cells. Dengue virus capsid protein associates to differentcellular compartments but its function in these locations is largely unknown. We evaluated the diffusion of capsid inside the celland determined a higher effective diffusion coefficient in the cytoplasm than in the nucleus. Using advanced fluorescencecorrelation methods, including the recently developed two-dimensional pair correlation analysis, we constructed for the first timehigh resolution maps of capsid mobility in an infected cell. We observed that the motion of capsid in the nucleoplasm-nucleolusinterface was highly organized, indicating an obstacle in this interface. Although nucleoli are membraneless structures, theydisplayed liquid-liquid phase separation. Once inside nucleoli, the protein showed isotropic mobility, indicating free diffusion orimmobilized capsid inside these structures. This is the first study presenting spatial and temporal dynamics of the dengue viruscapsid protein during infection.

Asymmetric bifunctional protein nanoparticles through redesign of self-assembly.

Engineering oligomeric protein self-assembly is an attractive approach to fabricate nanostructures with well-defined geometries, stoichiometry and functions. The homodecamer Brucella Lumazine Synthase (BLS) is a highly stable and immunogenic protein nanoparticle (PNP). Here, we engineered the BLS protein scaffold to display two functions in spatially opposite regions of its structure yielding a Janus-like nanoparticle. An in silico analysis of the BLS head-to-head dimer of homopentamers shows major inter-pentameric interactions located in the equatorial interface. Based on this analysis, two BLS protomer variants were designed to interrupt pentamer self-dimerization and promote heteropentameric dimers. This strategy enabled us to generate a decameric particle with two distinct sides formed by two independent pentamers. The versatility of this new self-assembly nanofabrication strategy is illustrated with two example applications. First, a bifunctional BLS bearing Alexa Fluor 488 fluorophores on one side and sialic acid binding domains on the other side was used for labelling murine and human cells and analyzed by flow cytometry and confocal microscopy. Second, multichromophoric FRET nanoparticles were fabricated and characterized at the single molecule level, showing discrete energy transfer events. The engineered BLS variants constitute a general platform for displaying two functions in a controlled manner within the same PNP with potential applications in various areas such as biomedicine, biotechnology and nanotechnology.

Recombinant flagellins with deletions in domains D1, D2, and D3: Characterization as novel immunoadjuvants.

Bacterial flagellin activates the innate immune system and ultimately the adaptive immune system through a Toll-like receptor 5 (TLR5)-dependent signaling mechanism. Given that TLR5 is widely distributed in epithelia, flagellin is currently being developed as a mucosal adjuvant. Flagellin FliC from Salmonella enterica has four domains: the conserved D0 and D1 domains and the hypervariable D2 and D3 domains. The deletion of D3 and partial deletion of D2 in the recombinant FliCΔ174-400 strongly impairs flagellin's intrinsic antigenicity but does not affect the TLR5-dependent immunostimulation activity, i.e., the capacity to promote innate responses and adaptive responses to co-administered antigens. Here, we describe the development of novel recombinant flagellins with various deletions encompassing all of D2 and D3, and part of D1. Most of the recombinant molecules conserved an α-helical secondary structure that was as resistant to heat denaturation as the native protein. Whereas the recombinant flagellins' ability to trigger TLR5 varied markedly in vitro, most gave equivalent in vivo TLR5-dependent innate immune responses following intranasal administration of 2 µg of flagellin to mice. Concordantly, the recombinant flagellins were also valuable respiratory adjuvants for eliciting antibody responses to the foreign antigen ovalbumin, although their intrinsic antigenicity was decreased compared to the native flagellin and not increased compared to FliCΔ174-400. Our results show that the additional deletions of D2 and the distal part of D1 of FliCΔ174-400 does not impact on antigenicity and does not significantly modify the immunostimulatory adjuvant activity. Altogether, this study generated a novel set of recombinant flagellin that constitutes a portfolio of TLR5-dependent candidate adjuvants for vaccination.

Efecto de la exposición previa a COVID-19, ocurrencia de brotes y tipo de vacuna en la respuesta inmune humoral de adultos mayores institucionalizados / Effect of previous exposure to COVID-19, occurrence of spikes, and type of vaccine on the humoral immune response of institutionalized older adults / Efeito da exposição prévia à COVID-19, ocorrência de picos e tipo de vacina na resposta imune humoral de adultos idosos institucionalizados

Resumen: El objetivo de este trabajo fue evaluar los factores explicativos de la respuesta inmune humoral en adultos mayores de establecimientos de estancia prolongada de Buenos Aires, Argentina, hasta 180 días post vacunación. Se utilizó un diseño de cohorte abierta, prospectiva, multicéntrica, con voluntarios que recibieron dos dosis de vacunas Sputnik V, Sinopharm o AZD1222. Se analizaron muestras de plasma en los tiempos 0, 21 días post primera dosis, 21 días post segunda dosis, 120 y 180 días post primera dosis. Se ajustaron modelos lineales marginales y aditivos generalizados mixtos para evaluar el comportamiento de la concentración de anticuerpos IgG anti-Spike en el tiempo según grupo de exposición (naïve/no-naïve) y vacuna. Las covariables analizadas fueron: ocurrencia de brote de COVID-19 en establecimientos de estancia prolongada y comorbilidades. Se incluyeron en el análisis 773 participantes con una mediana de edad de 83 años (RIQ: 76-89). Al final del estudio, los niveles de anticuerpos del grupo naïve: Sinopharm fueron significativamente menores que el resto de los grupos (p < 0,05); los del no-naïve: Sinopharm resultaron similares a los naïve que recibieron AZD1222 (p = 0,945) o Sputnik V (p = 1). Los participantes expuestos a brotes en establecimientos de estancia prolongada presentaron niveles de anticuerpos significativamente mayores, independientemente del grupo de exposición y la vacuna (p < 0,001). Concluimos que la exposición previa a COVID-19, el tipo de vacuna y la pertenencia a un establecimiento de estancia prolongada con antecedente de brote son factores a considerar frente a futuros eventos epidémicos con dinámicas de transmisión y mecanismos inmunológicos similares al COVID-19, en poblaciones similares a la analizada en este trabajo.

Abstract: This study evaluated the explanatory factors of humoral immune response in older adults admitted to long-term care institutions in Buenos Aires, Argentina, up to 180 days after vaccination. An open-label, prospective, multicenter cohort study was conducted with volunteers who received two doses of the Sputnik V, Sinopharm, or AZD1222 vaccines. Plasma samples were analyzed at 0 and 21 days after the first dose, 21 days after the second dose, and 120 and 180 days after the first dose. Marginal linear models and generalized additives mixed models were adjusted to determine the behavior of anti-spike IgG antibody concentration over time according to exposure group (naïve/no-naïve) and vaccine. Occurrence of an outbreak of COVID-19 in long-term care institutions and comorbidities were the covariates analyzed. A total of 773 participants were included, with a mean age of 83 years (IQR: 76-89). Results showed that antibody levels in the naïve: Sinopharm group were significantly lower to the other groups (p < 0.05). Antibody levels in the no-naïve: Sinopharm group were similar to those in the naïve group who received AZD1222 (p = 0.945) or Sputnik V (p = 1). Participants exposed to outbreaks in long-term care institutions had significantly higher antibody levels, regardless of exposure group and vaccine (p < 0.001). In conclusion, previous exposure to COVID-19, type of vaccine, and admittance into a long-term care institution with a history of outbreaks are factors to be considered in future epidemic events with transmission dynamics and immunological mechanisms similar to COVID-19, in populations similar to the one analyzed.

Resumo: Este estudo teve como objetivo avaliar os fatores explicativos da resposta imune humoral em idosos em instituições de longa permanência em Buenos Aires, Argentina, até 180 dias após a vacinação. Foi realizado um estudo de coorte aberto, prospectivo e multicêntrico, com voluntários que receberam duas doses das vacinas Sputnik V, Sinopharm ou AZD1222. As amostras de plasma foram analisadas nos tempos 0, 21 dias após a primeira dose, 21 dias após a segunda dose, 120 e 180 dias após a primeira dose. Os modelos lineares marginais e os aditivos generalizados mistos foram ajustados para determinar o comportamento da concentração de anticorpos IgG anti-Spike ao longo do tempo de acordo com o grupo de exposição (naïve/no-naïve) e vacina. As covariáveis analisadas foram ocorrência de pico de COVID-19 nas instituições de longa permanência e comorbidades. Foram incluídos 773 participantes, com média de idade de 83 anos (IIQ: 76-89). Os resultados apontaram níveis de anticorpos do grupo naïve: Sinopharm significativamente mais baixos do que os outros grupos (p < 0,05); e as variáveis do grupo no-naïve: Sinopharm foram semelhantes à do grupo naïve que recebeu AZD1222 (p = 0,945) ou Sputnik V (p = 1). Os participantes expostos a picos nas instituições de longa permanência apresentaram níveis de anticorpos significativamente maiores, independentemente do grupo de exposição e da vacina (p < 0,001). Conclui-se que a exposição prévia à COVID-19, tipo de vacina e adesão a uma instituição de longa permanência com histórico de pico são fatores a serem considerados em futuros eventos epidêmicos com dinâmica de transmissão e mecanismos imunológicos semelhantes à COVID-19, em populações semelhantes à analisada neste trabalho.

Regulation of the neuronal norepinephrine transporter by endothelin-1 and -3 in the rat anterior and posterior hypothalamus.

We previously reported that endothelin-1 and endothelin-3 modulate norepinephrine neuronal release and tyrosine hydroxylase activity and expression in the hypothalamus. In the present study we sought to establish the role of endothelin-1 and -3 in the regulation of norepinephrine uptake in the anterior and posterior hypothalamus. Results showed that in the anterior hypothalamus endothelin-3 increased neuronal norepinephrine uptake whereas endothelin-1 decreased it. Conversely, in the posterior hypothalamic region both endothelins diminished the neuronal uptake of the amine. Endothelins response was concentration dependent and maintained at all studied times. Endothelins also modified the kinetic and internalization of the NE neuronal transporter. In the anterior hypothalamic region endothelin-3 increased the V(max) and the B(max) whereas endothelin-1 decreased them. However, in the posterior hypothalamic region both endothelins diminished the V(max) as well as B(max). Neither endothelin-1 nor endothelin-3 modified neuronal norepinephrine transporter K(d) in the studied hypothalamic regions. These findings support that in the posterior hypothalamic region both endothelins diminished neuronal norepinephrine transporter activity by reducing the amine transporter expression on the plasmatic membrane. Conversely, in the anterior hypothalamic region endothelin-3 enhanced neuronal norepinephrine transporter activity by increasing the expression of the transporter on the presynaptic membrane, whereas endothelin-1 induced the opposite effect. Present results permit us to conclude that both endothelins play an important role in the regulation of norepinephrine neurotransmission at the presynaptic nerve endings in the hypothalamus.

Brucella spp. Lumazine Synthase Induces a TLR4-Mediated Protective Response against B16 Melanoma in Mice.

Brucella Lumazine Synthase (BLS) is a highly immunogenic decameric protein which can accept the fusion of foreign proteins at its ten N-termini. These chimeras are very efficient to elicit systemic and oral immunity without adjuvants. BLS signaling via Toll-Like Receptor 4 (TLR4) regulates innate and adaptive immune responses, inducing dendritic cell maturation and CD8(+) T-cell cytotoxicity. In this work we study the effect induced by BLS in TLR4-expressing B16 melanoma. In order to evaluate the effectiveness of BLS as a preventive vaccine, C57BL/6J mice were immunized with BLS or BLS-OVA, and 35 days later were subcutaneously inoculated with B16-OVA melanoma. BLS or BLS-OVA induced a significant inhibition of tumor growth, and 50% of mice immunized with the highest dose of BLS did not develop visible tumors. This effect was not observed in TLR4-deficient mice. For treatment experiments, mice were injected with BLS or BLS-OVA 2 days after the inoculation of B16 cells. Both treatments induced significant and equal tumor growth delay and increased survival. Moreover, BLS and BLS-OVA stimulation were also effective in TLR4-deficient mice. In order to study whether BLS has a direct effect on tumor cells, B16 cells were preincubated with BLS, and after 48h, cells were inoculated. Tumors induced by BLS-stimulated cells had inhibited growth and survival was increased. In the BLS group, 40% of mice did not develop tumors. This effect was abolished by the addition of TLR4/MD2 blocking antibody to cells before BLS stimulation. Our work demonstrates that BLS immunization induces a preventive antitumor response that depends on mice TLR4. We also show that BLS generates a therapeutic effect in mice inoculated with B16 cells. Our results show that BLS acts directly in cultured tumor cells via TLR4, highly suggesting that BLS elicits its therapeutic effects acting on the TLR4 from B16 melanoma cells.

Sequence variability in p6 gag protein and gag/pol coevolution in human immunodeficiency type 1 subtype F genomes.

Polymorphisms occurring at the p6gag protein of HIV-1 have been previously found to have an impact on viral fitness and antiretroviral (ARV) resistance, mainly on subtype B genomes. We compared p6gag variability in a large group of 165 subtype F gag-pol sequences, with 36 subtype B sequences from the same study source, and identified sites of gag-pol coevolution under ARV selection pressure. Subtype-specific differences in the frequency of point mutations, insertions, and deletions previously associated with ARV resistance were found. Also, in our dataset of subtype F genomes a strong association between mutation P5L in the p1/p6 cleavage region of gag and the nelfinavir (NFV) resistance mutation N88D(PR) was found with no impact on the preference for any of the NFV resistance pathways.