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Theoretical studies of the possibility of producing ammonia electrochemically at ambient temperature and pressure without direct N2 dissociation are presented. Density functional theory calculations were used in combination with the computational standard hydrogen electrode to calculate the free energy profile for the reduction of N2 admolecules and N adatoms on transition metal nanoclusters in contact with an acidic electrolyte. This work has established linear scaling relations for the dissociative reaction intermediates NH, NH2, and NH3. In addition, linear scaling relations for the associative reaction intermediates N2H, N2H2, and N2H3 have been determined. Furthermore, correlations between the adsorption energies of N, N2, and H have been established. These scaling relations and the free energy corrections are used to establish volcanoes describing the onset potential for electrochemical ammonia production and hence describe the potential determining steps for the electrochemical ammonia production. The competing hydrogen evolution reaction has also been analyzed for comparison.
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Amônia/síntese química , Técnicas Eletroquímicas , Nanopartículas Metálicas/química , Teoria Quântica , Elementos de Transição/química , Amônia/química , Pressão , TemperaturaRESUMO
Despite their importance in physics and chemistry, the origin and extent of the scaling relations between the energetics of adsorbed species on surfaces remain elusive. We demonstrate here that scalability is not exclusive to adsorbed atoms and their hydrogenated species but rather a general phenomenon between any set of adsorbates bound similarly to the surface. On the example of the near-surface alloys of Pt, we show that scalability is a result of identical variations of adsorption energies with respect to the valence configuration of both the surface components and the adsorbates.
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We analyse the transition state energies for 249 hydrogenation/dehydrogenation reactions of atoms and simple molecules over close-packed and stepped surfaces and nanoparticles of transition metals using Density Functional Theory. Linear energy scaling relations are observed for the transition state structures leading to transition state scaling relations for all the investigated reactions. With a suitable choice of reference systems the transition state scaling relations form a universality class that can be approximated with one single linear relation describing the entire range of reactions over all types of surfaces and nanoclusters.
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Versatile Brønsted-Evans-Polanyi (BEP) relations are found from density functional theory for a wide range of transition metal oxides including rutiles and perovskites. For oxides, the relation depends on the type of oxide, the active site, and the dissociating molecule. The slope of the BEP relation is strongly coupled to the adsorbate geometry in the transition state. If it is final state-like the dissociative chemisorption energy can be considered as a descriptor for the dissociation. If it is initial state-like, on the other hand, the dissociative chemisorption energy is not suitable as descriptor for the dissociation. Dissociation of molecules with strong intramolecular bonds belong to the former and molecules with weak intramolecular bonds to the latter group. We show, for the prototype system La-perovskites, that there is a "cyclic" behavior in the transition state characteristics upon change of the active transition metal of the oxide.
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We discuss the electrochemical reactions at the oxygen electrode of an aprotic Li-air battery. Using density functional theory to estimate the free energy of intermediates during the discharge and charge of the battery, we introduce a reaction free energy diagram and identify possible origins of the overpotential for both processes. We also address the question of electron conductivity through the Li(2)O(2) electrode and show that in the presence of Li vacancies Li(2)O(2) becomes a conductor.
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BACKGROUND: Hypothyroidism has been implicated in the development of multiple peripheral mono- and polyneuropathies in dogs. The objectives of this study were to evaluate the clinical and electrophysiologic effects of experimentally induced hypothyroidism on the peripheral nervous system of dogs. HYPOTHESIS: Chronic hypothyroidism will induce peripheral nerve sensorimotor dysfunction. ANIMALS: Eighteen purpose-bred, female dogs. METHODS: Prospective, longitudinal study: Hypothyroidism was induced by radioactive iodine administration in 9 dogs, and the remaining 9 served as untreated controls. Neurological examinations were performed monthly. Electrophysiologic testing consisting of electromyography (EMG); motor nerve conduction studies of the sciatic-tibial, radial, ulnar, and recurrent laryngeal nerves; sciatic-tibial and ulnar F-wave studies; sensory nerve conduction studies of the tibial, ulnar, and radial nerves; and evaluation of blink reflex and facial responses were performed before and 6, 12, and 18 months after induction of hypothyroidism and compared with controls. RESULTS: Clinical evidence of peripheral nervous dysfunction did not occur in any dog. At 6 month and subsequent evaluations, all hypothyroid dogs had EMG and histologic evidence of hypothyroid myopathy. Hypothyroid dogs had significant (P
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Doenças do Cão/etiologia , Hipotireoidismo/veterinária , Doenças do Sistema Nervoso/veterinária , Sistema Nervoso Periférico/fisiopatologia , Animais , Doença Crônica , Cães , Feminino , Hipotireoidismo/complicações , Estudos Longitudinais , Doenças do Sistema Nervoso/etiologiaRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Chronic vomiting is a common problem in dogs that has many causes. Ultrasonographic descriptions of many gastrointestinal (GI) diseases have been published. However, diagnostic utility of ultrasonography in dogs with chronic vomiting has not been investigated. HYPOTHESIS: Diagnostic utility of abdominal ultrasound will be highest in dogs with GI neoplasia and lowest in those with inflammatory disorders. ANIMALS: Eighty-nine pet dogs with chronic vomiting. METHODS: Medical records were reviewed and the contribution of abdominal ultrasound to the clinical diagnosis was subjectively scored. RESULTS: In 68.5% of dogs, the reviewers thought that the same diagnosis would have been reached without performing ultrasonography. In 22.5% of dogs, the ultrasound examination was considered to be vital or beneficial to the diagnosis. Univariable analysis identified that increased diagnostic utility was associated with increasing age, a greater number of vomiting episodes per week, presence of weight loss, a greater percentage of lost body weight, and a final diagnosis of GI lymphoma or gastric adenocarcinoma. However, multivariate analysis only identified increasing age and a final diagnosis of gastric adenocarcinoma or GI lymphoma to be associated with increased diagnostic utility. In 12.4% of dogs, additional benefits of ultrasonography to case management, excluding the contribution to the vomiting problem, were identified. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL IMPORTANCE: The diagnostic utility of abdominal ultrasonography was high in 27% of dogs. The presence of factors that are associated with high diagnostic utility is an indication to perform abdominal ultrasonography in dogs with chronic vomiting.
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Abdome/diagnóstico por imagem , Doenças do Cão/diagnóstico , Vômito/veterinária , Animais , Doença Crônica , Doenças do Cão/diagnóstico por imagem , Cães , Feminino , Masculino , Razão de Chances , Ultrassonografia , Vômito/diagnósticoRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Sodium phosphate (NaP) is a low-volume, hyperosmolar laxative that is an effective bowel-cleansing agent in humans. HYPOTHESIS: NaP will be as safe and efficacious as polyethylene glycol (PEG) bowel preparation for colonoscopy in dogs. ANIMALS: Eight purpose-bred healthy dogs. METHODS: In phase I, standard (NaP and enemas; NaP(1)) and control preparations (PEG and enemas) were compared in a crossover design to determine the safety and efficacy of NaP. Serial clinical and serum analytical evaluations were used to determine the safety of NaP. In phase II, the efficacy of the standard NaP preparation was compared with 3 other NaP variations, which excluded enema or included bisacodyl, with or without enemas in a crossover design. An observer blinded to the bowel preparation assigned a score of 1-4 (1=clean colon; 4=unacceptable colon cleansing preventing adequate endoscopic evaluation) to each of 5 regions of the colon. RESULTS: The mean total colon cleansing score (TCS), defined as the sum of scores from each region, of the control (9.4) was less than NaP(1) (13.6) (P < 0.05). There were no significant differences in regional or TCS for the remaining 4 NaP protocols. NaP(1) resulted in moderate, but clinically occult, hyperphosphatemia and hypocalcemia, which resolved within 24 hours. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL IMPORTANCE: Despite the safety and ease of administration of the NaP preparations, the NaP bowel-cleansing preparations used in this study cannot be recommended for use because of the inadequate quality of bowel preparation compared with the protocol using PEG-containing fluids.
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Catárticos/administração & dosagem , Doenças do Colo/veterinária , Colonoscopia/veterinária , Doenças do Cão/diagnóstico , Fosfatos/administração & dosagem , Cuidados Pré-Operatórios/veterinária , Animais , Catárticos/efeitos adversos , Doenças do Colo/diagnóstico , Estudos Cross-Over , Doenças do Cão/induzido quimicamente , Cães , Feminino , Masculino , Fosfatos/efeitos adversos , Vômito/induzido quimicamente , Vômito/veterináriaRESUMO
The clinical, radiographic, ultrasonographic, computed tomographic, surgical and histopathological findings in a Boxer dog with retroperitoneal hemangiosarcoma are described in this study. A seven-year-old, male, castrated Boxer dog was referred for evaluation of chronic hindlimb lameness. The physical examination revealed muscle atrophy and sciatic nerve deficits. Radiography and ultrasonography revealed a caudodorsal abdominal mass. Computed tomography revealed that the mass involved the left margin of the L7 vertebra, lumbosacral canal, and lumbosacral plexus. At surgery, a large retroperitoneal haematoma was removed. Histopathology of amorphous tissue found near the haematoma was consistent with haemangiosarcoma. The owner declined any further treatment. Ten weeks after discharge, the dog was euthanatized due to collapse and haemo-abdomen.
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Doenças do Cão/diagnóstico , Hemangiossarcoma/veterinária , Neoplasias Retroperitoneais/veterinária , Animais , Diagnóstico Diferencial , Doenças do Cão/diagnóstico por imagem , Cães , Hemangiossarcoma/complicações , Hemangiossarcoma/diagnóstico , Membro Posterior , Coxeadura Animal/etiologia , Masculino , Neoplasias Retroperitoneais/complicações , Neoplasias Retroperitoneais/diagnóstico , Tomografia Computadorizada por Raios X , UltrassonografiaRESUMO
Here, we give a full account of a large collaborative effort toward an atomic-scale understanding of modern industrial ammonia production over ruthenium catalysts. We show that overall rates of ammonia production can be determined by applying various levels of theory (including transition state theory with or without tunneling corrections, and quantum dynamics) to a range of relevant elementary reaction steps, such as N(2) dissociation, H(2) dissociation, and hydrogenation of the intermediate reactants. A complete kinetic model based on the most relevant elementary steps can be established for any given point along an industrial reactor, and the kinetic results can be integrated over the catalyst bed to determine the industrial reactor yield. We find that, given the present uncertainties, the rate of ammonia production is well-determined directly from our atomic-scale calculations. Furthermore, our studies provide new insight into several related fields, for instance, gas-phase and electrochemical ammonia synthesis. The success of predicting the outcome of a catalytic reaction from first-principles calculations supports our point of view that, in the future, theory will be a fully integrated tool in the search for the next generation of catalysts.
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To evaluate the relationship between endostatin and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) in cancers of dogs, circulating concentrations of these 2 tumor-associated markers were measured prospectively in healthy dogs (n = 44), dogs with tumors (n = 54), and dogs with nonneoplastic diseases (n = 42 for endostatin; n = 16 for VEGF). A canine-directed enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay kit was used for determination of endostatin, and a human-directed kit was validated for detection of canine VEGF. Concentrations of endostatin for all dogs were 28-408 ng/mL. Increasing serum endostatin concentration was associated with increasing age (P = .0396). Concentrations of endostatin were not different among groups of dogs (P = .1989) when adjusted for age. Mean endostatin concentrations for all dogs were higher in dogs (P = .0124) with detectable VEGF concentrations. Endostatin concentrations, when corrected for age, were related to decreasing PCV (P = .032) but not white blood cell count (P = .225) or platelet count (P = .1990). Measurable VEGF (> or = 2.5 pg/mL) was detected in 3 (7.0%) of 43 healthy dogs. Dogs with tumors had detectable VEGF in 24 (44%) of 54 dogs, with concentrations ranging from 2.5-274 pg/mL; only 1 dog with a nonneoplastic disease process had detectable VEGF. VEGF concentrations for all dogs after correcting for age, endostatin, and disease categories were associated with increased white blood cell count (P = .0032) and platelet counts (P = .0064) and decreased PCV (P = .0017). Linkage between increased endostatin and VEGF concentrations suggests that similar factors may influence concentrations of these markers. Further evaluation of endostatin and VEGF associations in dogs with tumors may provide information on the extent and progression of the disease.
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Doenças do Cão/sangue , Endostatinas/sangue , Neoplasias/veterinária , Fator A de Crescimento do Endotélio Vascular/sangue , Envelhecimento , Animais , Cães , Feminino , Saúde , Hematócrito , Humanos , Contagem de Leucócitos , Masculino , Neoplasias/sangue , Contagem de Plaquetas , Kit de Reagentes para Diagnóstico/veterinária , Reprodutibilidade dos TestesRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Systemic aspergillosis is a manifestation of Aspergillus sp. infection that can result in central nervous system (CNS) involvement with marked alterations in CNS function. Information regarding the clinical presentation and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) findings in cases of aspergillosis with CNS involvement is lacking, resulting in a need for better understanding of this disease. HYPOTHESIS/OBJECTIVES: The primary objectives were to describe the clinical features and MRI findings in dogs with CNS aspergillosis. The secondary objectives were to describe clinicopathologic findings and case outcome. ANIMALS: Seven dogs with CNS aspergillosis. METHODS: Archived records from 6 institutions were reviewed to identify cases with MRI of CNS aspergillosis confirmed with serum galactomannan enzyme immunoassay (EIA) testing, culture, or supported by histopathology. Signalment, clinical, MRI, clinicopathologic, histopathologic, and microbiologic findings were recorded and evaluated. RESULTS: Aspergillosis of the CNS was identified in 7 dogs from 3 institutions. The median age was 3 years and six were German Shepherd dogs. Five dogs had signs of vestibular dysfunction as a component of multifocal neurological abnormalities. The MRI findings ranged from normal to abnormal, including hemorrhagic infarction and mass lesions. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL IMPORTANCE: Until now, all reported MRI findings in dogs with CNS aspergillosis have been abnormal. We document that CNS aspergillosis in dogs, particularly German Shepherd dogs, can be suspected based on neurologic signs, whether MRI findings are normal or abnormal. Confirmatory testing with galactomannan EIA, urine, cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) or tissue culture should be performed in cases where aspergillosis is a differential diagnosis.
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Aspergilose/veterinária , Infecções Fúngicas do Sistema Nervoso Central/veterinária , Doenças do Cão/patologia , Imageamento por Ressonância Magnética/veterinária , Animais , Antifúngicos/uso terapêutico , Aspergilose/diagnóstico , Aspergilose/patologia , Infecções Fúngicas do Sistema Nervoso Central/patologia , Doenças do Cão/diagnóstico , Cães , Feminino , MasculinoRESUMO
Irreversible electroporation (IRE) achieves targeted volume non-thermal focal ablation using a series of brief electric pulses to kill cells by disrupting membrane integrity. Electrochemotherapy (ECT) uses lower numbers of sub-lethal electric pulses to disrupt membranes for improved drug uptake. Malignant glioma (MG) brain tumors are difficult to treat due to diffuse peripheral margins into healthy neural tissue. Here, in vitro experimental data and numerical simulations investigate the feasibility for IRE-relevant pulse protocols with adjuvant ECT drugs to enhance MG treatment. Cytotoxicity curves were produced on two glioma cell lines in vitro at multiple pulse strengths and drug doses with Bleomycin or Carboplatin. Pulses alone increased cytotoxicity with higher pulse numbers and strengths, reaching >90% by 800 V/cm with 90 pulses. Chemotherapeutic addition increased cytotoxicity by >50% for 1 ng/mL concentrations of either drug relative to 80 pulses alone with J3T cells at electric fields ≥400 V/cm. In addition to necrosis, transmission electron microscopy visualizes apoptotic morphological changes and Hoescht 33342 staining shows apoptotic cell fractions varying with electric field and drug dose relative to controls. Numerically simulated treatment volumes in a canine brain show IRE combined with ECT expands therapeutic volume by 2.1-3.2 times compared to IRE alone.
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Antibióticos Antineoplásicos/farmacologia , Bleomicina/farmacologia , Neoplasias Encefálicas/tratamento farmacológico , Carboplatina/farmacologia , Eletroquimioterapia/métodos , Glioma/tratamento farmacológico , Modelos Biológicos , Animais , Neoplasias Encefálicas/metabolismo , Neoplasias Encefálicas/patologia , Linhagem Celular Tumoral , Cães , Glioma/metabolismo , Glioma/patologia , HumanosAssuntos
Infecções por Bartonella/veterinária , Infecções Bacterianas do Sistema Nervoso Central/veterinária , Doenças do Cão/microbiologia , Paniculite/veterinária , Radiculopatia/veterinária , Dermatopatias Bacterianas/veterinária , Animais , Antibacterianos/uso terapêutico , Bartonella/isolamento & purificação , Infecções por Bartonella/tratamento farmacológico , Infecções Bacterianas do Sistema Nervoso Central/diagnóstico , Infecções Bacterianas do Sistema Nervoso Central/tratamento farmacológico , Infecções Bacterianas do Sistema Nervoso Central/microbiologia , Doenças do Cão/diagnóstico , Doenças do Cão/tratamento farmacológico , Cães , Feminino , Masculino , Paniculite/tratamento farmacológico , Paniculite/microbiologia , Radiculopatia/diagnóstico , Radiculopatia/tratamento farmacológico , Radiculopatia/microbiologia , Dermatopatias Bacterianas/tratamento farmacológico , Dermatopatias Bacterianas/microbiologiaRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Intramedullary neoplasms of the canine spinal cord are infrequently reported. OBJECTIVE: To describe distribution, clinicopathologic characteristics, radiographic findings, and clinical features of canine intramedullary spinal tumors. METHODS: Retrospective series of histologically confirmed canine intramedullary spinal tumors. Contingency tables were generated for categorical variables (breed, sex, treatment, pain, chief complaint, localization, histology, imaging, and site). Associations were assessed by Fisher's exact, Wilcoxon rank sum test, t-test, and one-way ANOVA. RESULTS: Intramedullary spinal cord tumors comprised 16% (53/331) of all tumors of the spinal cord. Primary tumors were diagnosed in 66% (35/53) of cases, with neuroepithelial-origin tumors comprising 51% (18/35) of all primary neoplasms. Intraparenchymal metastases of transitional cell carcinoma and hemangiosarcoma accounted for 66% (6/18 each) of all secondary tumors. Primary tumors were more likely to affect younger dogs. Dogs with intramedullary metastases were most commonly presented for primary myelopathic signs (8/18, 44%). The majority of all tumors (52.8%) occurred in the T3-L3 spinal cord segments. All dogs with cervical neurolocalization had primary tumors. Dogs with metastatic lesions had a shorter duration of clinical signs before presentation, but there was no difference in survival time between dogs with primary as compared with secondary tumors. CONCLUSIONS: Intramedullary spinal cord tumors are uncommon. Primary intramedullary spinal cord tumors are more common than secondary intramedullary spinal cord tumors and tend to occur in the cervical spinal cord of younger dogs. Intramedullary metastases occur in older dogs, are rarely asymptomatic, and neurologic dysfunction is a common clinical presentation. Dogs with primary tumors may have a protracted clinical course compared with those with intramedullary metastases.
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Doenças do Cão/patologia , Neoplasias Neuroepiteliomatosas/veterinária , Neoplasias da Medula Espinal/veterinária , Fatores Etários , Animais , Doenças do Cão/diagnóstico por imagem , Doenças do Cão/epidemiologia , Cães , Feminino , Histocitoquímica/veterinária , Vértebras Lombares/diagnóstico por imagem , Vértebras Lombares/patologia , Masculino , Neoplasias Neuroepiteliomatosas/diagnóstico por imagem , Neoplasias Neuroepiteliomatosas/epidemiologia , Neoplasias Neuroepiteliomatosas/patologia , Radiografia , Estudos Retrospectivos , Neoplasias da Medula Espinal/diagnóstico por imagem , Neoplasias da Medula Espinal/epidemiologia , Neoplasias da Medula Espinal/patologia , Estatísticas não Paramétricas , Vértebras Torácicas/diagnóstico por imagem , Vértebras Torácicas/patologiaRESUMO
BACKGROUND: In humans, central neurocytomas are rare and typically benign intracranial tumors found within the lateral ventricles, although extraventricular variants have been reported. Intracranial central neurocytomas have not been previously recognized in domestic animals. OBJECTIVES: To describe the clinicopathologic features of canine intracranial central neurocytomas. ANIMALS: Two dogs with spontaneous intracranial and intraventricular neoplasms. RESULTS: Both dogs experienced seizures, rapid neurological deterioration, and death from tumor-associated complications within 5 days of the onset of clinical signs, and had neoplastic masses within the lateral ventricles. A brain MRI was performed in 1 dog, which revealed a T1-isointense, heterogeneously T2 and FLAIR hyperintense, and markedly and heterogeneously contrast-enhancing mass lesions within both lateral ventricles. Histologically, the neoplasms resembled oligodendrogliomas. The diagnosis of central neurocytoma was supported by documenting expression of multiple neuronal markers, including neuron-specific enolase, synaptophysin, neural-cell adhesion molecule, and neuronal nuclear antigen within the tumors, and ultrastructural evidence of neuronal differentiation of neoplastic cells. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL IMPORTANCE: Central neurocytoma should be a differential diagnosis for dogs with intraventricular brain masses. Morphologic differentiation of central neurocytoma from other intraventricular neoplasms, such as ependymoma or oligdendroglioma, can be difficult, and definitive diagnosis often requires immunohistochemical or ultrastructural confirmation of the neural origin of the neoplasm.
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Neoplasias Encefálicas/veterinária , Doenças do Cão/patologia , Neurocitoma/veterinária , Animais , Western Blotting/veterinária , Neoplasias Encefálicas/patologia , Neoplasias Encefálicas/ultraestrutura , Cães , Evolução Fatal , Imuno-Histoquímica/veterinária , Masculino , Microscopia Eletrônica de Transmissão/veterinária , Neurocitoma/patologia , Neurocitoma/ultraestruturaRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Chronic diarrhea is common in dogs and has many causes. Ultrasonographic descriptions of many gastrointestinal diseases have been published, but the diagnostic utility of ultrasonography in dogs with chronic diarrhea has not been investigated. HYPOTHESIS: Diagnostic utility of abdominal ultrasound will be highest in dogs with GI neoplasia and lowest in those with inflammatory disorders. ANIMALS: 87 pet dogs with chronic diarrhea. METHODS: Prospective study in which medical records were reviewed and contribution of abdominal ultrasound toward making diagnosis was scored. RESULTS: In 57/87 (66%) of dogs, the same diagnosis would have been reached without ultrasonography. In 13/87 (15%) of dogs, the ultrasound examination was vital or beneficial to making the diagnosis. Univariable analysis identified that increased diagnostic utility was associated with weight loss (P = .0086), palpation of an abdominal or rectal mass (P = .0031), diseases that commonly have mass lesions visible on ultrasound examination (P < .0001), and a final diagnosis of GI neoplasia. Multivariable regression indicated that utility of abdominal ultrasonography would be 30 times more likely to be high in dogs in which an abdominal or rectal mass was palpated (odds ratio 30.5, 95% CI 5.5-169.6) (P < .0001) versus dogs without a palpable mass. In 15/87 (17%) of dogs, additional benefits of ultrasonography to case management, independent of the contribution to the diagnosis of diarrhea, were identified. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL IMPORTANCE: Overall, the diagnostic utility of abdominal ultrasonography was low in dogs with chronic diarrhea. Identification of factors associated with high diagnostic utility is an indication to perform abdominal ultrasonography in dogs with chronic diarrhea.
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Abdome/diagnóstico por imagem , Diarreia/veterinária , Doenças do Cão/diagnóstico por imagem , Enteropatias/veterinária , Abdome/patologia , Animais , Doença Crônica , Diarreia/diagnóstico por imagem , Diarreia/patologia , Doenças do Cão/patologia , Cães , Feminino , Enteropatias/diagnóstico por imagem , Enteropatias/patologia , Masculino , UltrassonografiaRESUMO
Non-thermal irreversible electroporation (N-TIRE) has shown promise as an ablative therapy for a variety of soft-tissue neoplasms. Here we describe the therapeutic planning aspects and first clinical application of N-TIRE for the treatment of an inoperable, spontaneous malignant intracranial glioma in a canine patient. The N-TIRE ablation was performed safely, effectively reduced the tumor volume and associated intracranial hypertension, and provided sufficient improvement in neurological function of the patient to safely undergo adjunctive fractionated radiotherapy (RT) according to current standards of care. Complete remission was achieved based on serial magnetic resonance imaging examinations of the brain, although progressive radiation encephalopathy resulted in the death of the dog 149 days after N-TIRE therapy. The length of survival of this patient was comparable to dogs with intracranial tumors treated via standard excisional surgery and adjunctive fractionated external beam RT. Our results illustrate the potential benefits of N-TIRE for in vivo ablation of undesirable brain tissue, especially when traditional methods of cytoreductive surgery are not possible or ideal, and highlight the potential radiosensitizing effects of N-TIRE on the brain.