RESUMO
A number of muscular disorders are hallmarked by the aggregation of misfolded proteins within muscle fibers. A specialized form of macroautophagy, termed aggrephagy, is designated to remove and degrade protein aggregates. This review aims to summarize what has been studied so far about the direct involvement of aggrephagy and the activation of the key players, among others, p62, NBR1, Alfy, Tollip, Optineurin, TAX1BP1 and CCT2 in muscular diseases. In the first part of the review, we describe the aggrephagy pathway with the involved proteins; then, we illustrate the muscular disorder histologically characterized by protein aggregates, highlighting the role of aggrephagy pathway abnormalities in these muscular disorders.
Assuntos
Macroautofagia , Doenças Musculares , Humanos , Agregados Proteicos , Autofagia , Proteínas Reguladoras de ApoptoseRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Biallelic mutations in TBC1-domain containing kinase (TBCK) lead to hypotonia, global developmental delay with severe cognitive and motor deficits, and variable presentation of dysmorphic facial features and brain malformations. It remains unclear whether hypotonia in these individuals is purely neurogenic, or also caused by progressive muscle disease. METHODS: Whole exome sequencing was performed on a family diagnosed with nonspecific myopathic changes by means of histological analysis and immunohistochemistry of muscle biopsy samples. RESULTS: A novel homozygous truncation in TBCK was found in two sisters diagnosed with muscle disease and severe psychomotor delay. TBCK was completely absent in these patients. CONCLUSIONS: Our findings identify a novel early truncating variant in TBCK associated with a severe presentation and add muscle disease to the variability of phenotypes associated with TBCK mutations. Inconsistent genotype/phenotype correlation could be ascribed to the multiple roles of TBCK in intracellular signaling and endolysosomal function in different tissues.
Assuntos
Encefalopatias/genética , Mutação com Perda de Função , Hipotonia Muscular/genética , Músculo Esquelético/patologia , Doenças Musculares/genética , Proteínas Serina-Treonina Quinases/genética , Transtornos Psicomotores/genética , Convulsões/genética , Adolescente , Encéfalo/diagnóstico por imagem , Encefalopatias/diagnóstico por imagem , Criança , Deficiências do Desenvolvimento/genética , Feminino , Homozigoto , Humanos , Leucoencefalopatias/diagnóstico por imagem , Leucoencefalopatias/genética , Imageamento por Ressonância Magnética , Debilidade Muscular/genética , Debilidade Muscular/patologia , Doenças Musculares/patologia , Proteínas Serina-Treonina Quinases/metabolismo , Reflexo Anormal/genética , Índice de Gravidade de Doença , Irmãos , Síndrome , Sequenciamento do ExomaRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Protein aggregate myopathies are increasingly recognised conditions characterised by a surplus of endogenous proteins. The molecular and mutational background for many protein aggregate myopathies has been clarified with the discovery of several underlying mutations. Familial idiopathic hyperCKaemia is a benign genetically heterogeneous condition with autosomal dominant features in a high proportion of cases. METHODS: In 10 patients from three Italian families with autosomal dominant benign vacuolar myopathy and hyperCKaemia, we performed linkage analysis and exome sequencing as well as morphological and biochemical investigations. RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS: We show, by Sanger and exome sequencing, that the protein aggregate myopathy with benign evolution and muscle inclusions composed of excess CASQ1, affecting three Italian families, is due to the D244G heterozygous missense mutation in the CASQ1 gene. Investigation of microsatellite markers revealed a common haplotype in the three families indicating consanguinity and a founder effect. Results from immunocytochemistry, electron microscopy, biochemistry and transfected cell line investigations contribute to our understanding of pathogenetic mechanisms underlining this defect. The mutation is common to other Italian patients and is likely to share a founder effect with them. HyperCKaemia in the CASQ1-related myopathy is common and sometimes the sole overt manifestation. It is likely that CASQ1 mutations may remain undiagnosed if a muscle biopsy is not performed, and the condition could be more common than supposed.
Assuntos
Proteínas de Ligação ao Cálcio/genética , Doenças por Armazenamento dos Lisossomos/genética , Proteínas Mitocondriais/genética , Doenças Musculares/genética , Mutação de Sentido Incorreto , Agregação Patológica de Proteínas , Proteínas de Ligação ao Cálcio/metabolismo , Calsequestrina , Linhagem Celular , Consanguinidade , Humanos , Itália , Doenças por Armazenamento dos Lisossomos/metabolismo , Proteínas Mitocondriais/metabolismo , Doenças Musculares/metabolismo , Análise de Sequência de DNA , TransfecçãoRESUMO
INTRODUCTION: X-linked myopathy with excessive autophagy (XMEA) is characterized by autophagic vacuoles with sarcolemmal features. Mutations in VMA21 result in insufficient lysosome acidification, causing progressive proximal weakness with onset before age 20 years and loss of ambulation by middle age. METHODS: We describe a patient with onset of slowly progressive proximal weakness of the lower limbs after age 50, who maintains ambulation with the assistance of a cane at age 71. RESULTS: Muscle biopsy at age 66 showed complex muscle fiber splitting, internalized capillaries, and vacuolar changes characteristic of autophagic vacuolar myopathy. Vacuoles stained positive for sarcolemmal proteins, LAMP2, and complement C5b-9. Ultrastructural evaluation further revealed basal lamina reduplication and extensive autophagosome extrusion. Sanger sequencing identified a known pathologic splice site mutation in VMA21 (c.164-7T>G). CONCLUSIONS: This case expands the clinical phenotype of XMEA and suggests VMA21 sequencing be considered in evaluating men with LAMP2-positive autophagic vacuolar myopathy.
Assuntos
Autofagia/genética , Doenças Genéticas Ligadas ao Cromossomo X/genética , Doenças Genéticas Ligadas ao Cromossomo X/patologia , Doenças Musculares/patologia , Idoso , Autofagia/fisiologia , Biópsia , Análise Mutacional de DNA , Progressão da Doença , Eletromiografia , Éxons/genética , Imunofluorescência , Humanos , Imuno-Histoquímica , Íntrons/genética , Masculino , Fibras Musculares Esqueléticas/patologia , Debilidade Muscular/etiologia , Debilidade Muscular/fisiopatologia , Doenças Musculares/genética , Mutação/genética , Mutação/fisiologia , ATPases Vacuolares Próton-Translocadoras/genéticaAssuntos
Ataxia Cerebelar/genética , Filaminas/genética , Músculo Esquelético/patologia , Miopatias Congênitas Estruturais/genética , Adulto , Ataxia , Atrofia , Ataxia Cerebelar/diagnóstico por imagem , Ataxia Cerebelar/fisiopatologia , Cerebelo/diagnóstico por imagem , Cerebelo/patologia , Feminino , Humanos , Imageamento por Ressonância Magnética , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Músculo Esquelético/ultraestrutura , Miopatias Congênitas Estruturais/diagnóstico por imagem , Miopatias Congênitas Estruturais/patologia , Miopatias Congênitas Estruturais/fisiopatologia , Linhagem , Irmãos , Medula Espinal/diagnóstico por imagem , Medula Espinal/patologiaRESUMO
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: The diagnostic process for myofibrillar myopathies (MFM) and distal myopathies (DM) is particularly complex because of the large number of causative genes, the existence of still molecularly undefined disease entities, and the overlapping features between the 2 categories. This study aimed to characterize a large cohort of patients affected by MFM and DM and identify the most important diagnostic and prognostic aspects of these diseases. METHODS: Patients with either a myopathological diagnosis of MFM or a clinical diagnosis of DM were included in this retrospective multicentric national study. Demographic, genetic, clinical, and histopathologic data of anonymized patients were collected from the neuromuscular centers of the Italian Association of Myology network. RESULTS: Data regarding 132 patients with MFM (mean age 57.0 ± 15.8 years, 49% female) and 298 patients with DM (mean age 50.7 ± 15.9 years, 40% female) were gathered from 20 neuromuscular centers. 69 patients fulfilled the criteria for both groups (distal myopathies with myofibrillar pathology, DM-MP). Molecular confirmation was achieved in 63% of the patients. Fifty-two percent of the patients with MFM carried pathogenic variants in either DES (n = 30), MYOT (n = 20), or DNAJB6 (n = 18), which were also the most frequent disease-causing genes in DM-MP, while GNE (n = 44) and MYH7 (n = 23) were the genes most commonly carrying pathogenic variants in DM. The mean age at onset varied from <25 years in patients with causative variants in MYH7 and DYSF to 59 years in patients with myotilinopathies. Cardiac involvement was reported in 29% of patients with MFM and 16% of patients with DM, with DES and MYH7 variants significantly associated with the development of cardiomyopathy. Respiratory impairment was more prevalent in patients with TTN and DES variants and rare in other disorders such as GNE myopathy and dysferlinopathies, which were instead associated, together with DNAJB6-related and PLIN4-related myopathies, with the risk of losing ambulation during the disease course. DISCUSSION: The Italian cohort of patients with MFM and DM recapitulates the phenotypic heterogeneity and the partial overlap between the 2 groups. However, in relative contrast to the encountered phenotypic variability, only 5 genes accounted for most of the molecular diagnoses. Specific genetic entities are associated with significantly increased risk of developing cardiorespiratory complications or loss of ambulation, which has relevant prognostic implications.
Assuntos
Miopatias Distais , Miopatias Congênitas Estruturais , Humanos , Feminino , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Itália , Adulto , Miopatias Distais/genética , Miopatias Distais/patologia , Miopatias Distais/epidemiologia , Estudos Retrospectivos , Idoso , Miopatias Congênitas Estruturais/genética , Miopatias Congênitas Estruturais/patologiaRESUMO
The solubility of glycogen, essential to its metabolism, is a property of its shape, a sphere generated through extensive branching during synthesis. Lafora disease (LD) is a severe teenage-onset neurodegenerative epilepsy and results from multiorgan accumulations, termed Lafora bodies (LB), of abnormally structured aggregation-prone and digestion-resistant glycogen. LD is caused by loss-of-function mutations in the EPM2A or EPM2B gene, encoding the interacting laforin phosphatase and malin E3 ubiquitin ligase enzymes, respectively. The substrate and function of malin are unknown; an early counterintuitive observation in cell culture experiments that it targets laforin to proteasomal degradation was not pursued until now. The substrate and function of laforin have recently been elucidated. Laforin dephosphorylates glycogen during synthesis, without which phosphate ions interfere with and distort glycogen construction, leading to LB. We hypothesized that laforin in excess or not removed following its action on glycogen also interferes with glycogen formation. We show in malin-deficient mice that the absence of malin results in massively increased laforin preceding the appearance of LB and that laforin gradually accumulates in glycogen, which corresponds to progressive LB generation. We show that increasing the amounts of laforin in cell culture causes LB formation and that this occurs only with glycogen binding-competent laforin. In summary, malin deficiency causes increased laforin, increased laforin binding to glycogen, and LB formation. Furthermore, increased levels of laforin, when it can bind glycogen, causes LB. We conclude that malin functions to regulate laforin and that malin deficiency at least in part causes LB and LD through increased laforin binding to glycogen.
Assuntos
Fosfatases de Especificidade Dupla/metabolismo , Glicogênio/metabolismo , Doença de Lafora/enzimologia , Proteólise , Ubiquitina-Proteína Ligases/metabolismo , Adolescente , Animais , Células Cultivadas , Fosfatases de Especificidade Dupla/genética , Feminino , Glicogênio/genética , Humanos , Doença de Lafora/genética , Doença de Lafora/patologia , Masculino , Camundongos , Camundongos Knockout , Fosforilação/genética , Complexo de Endopeptidases do Proteassoma/genética , Complexo de Endopeptidases do Proteassoma/metabolismo , Ligação Proteica/genética , Proteínas Tirosina Fosfatases não Receptoras , Ubiquitina-Proteína Ligases/genéticaRESUMO
X-linked Myopathy with Excessive Autophagy (XMEA) is a childhood onset disease characterized by progressive vacuolation and atrophy of skeletal muscle. We show that XMEA is caused by hypomorphic alleles of the VMA21 gene, that VMA21 is the diverged human ortholog of the yeast Vma21p protein, and that like Vma21p, VMA21 is an essential assembly chaperone of the vacuolar ATPase (V-ATPase), the principal mammalian proton pump complex. Decreased VMA21 raises lysosomal pH which reduces lysosomal degradative ability and blocks autophagy. This reduces cellular free amino acids which leads to downregulation of the mTORC1 pathway, and consequent increased macroautophagy resulting in proliferation of large and ineffective autolysosomes that engulf sections of cytoplasm, merge, and vacuolate the cell. Our results uncover a novel mechanism of disease, namely macroautophagic overcompensation leading to cell vacuolation and tissue atrophy.
Assuntos
Adenosina Trifosfatases/metabolismo , Autofagia/genética , Doenças por Armazenamento dos Lisossomos/genética , Doenças por Armazenamento dos Lisossomos/prevenção & controle , Doenças Musculares/genética , Doenças Musculares/prevenção & controle , ATPases Vacuolares Próton-Translocadoras/deficiência , ATPases Vacuolares Próton-Translocadoras/genética , Animais , Células Cultivadas , Humanos , Concentração de Íons de Hidrogênio , Leucina/metabolismo , Doenças por Armazenamento dos Lisossomos/patologia , Lisossomos/genética , Lisossomos/metabolismo , Masculino , Camundongos , Músculo Esquelético/metabolismo , Músculo Esquelético/patologia , Músculo Esquelético/ultraestrutura , Doenças Musculares/patologia , Mutação/genética , Interferência de RNA/fisiologia , RNA Mensageiro/genética , Saccharomyces cerevisiae/genética , Saccharomyces cerevisiae/metabolismo , Proteínas de Saccharomyces cerevisiae/genética , Proteínas de Saccharomyces cerevisiae/metabolismo , Frações Subcelulares/metabolismo , Frações Subcelulares/patologia , Fatores de Tempo , Vacúolos/metabolismoRESUMO
The valosin-containing protein (VCP), a widely expressed protein, controls the ubiquitin-proteasome system, endolysosomal sorting, and autophagy to maintain cellular proteostasis. Frontotemporal dementia (FTD), inclusion body myopathy, and Paget's disease of the bone (PDB) are all caused by dominant missense mutations in the VCP gene, which interfere with these mechanisms and cause a multisystem proteinopathy. We describe phenotypic and genetic findings of five patients with four different mutations in VCP gene (NM_007126): c.278G > A (p.R93H), c.463C > T (p.R155C), c.410C > T (p.P137L), c.464G > A (p.R155H), c.410C > T (p.P137L). We analysed the patient' biopsies, all characterized by a muscular phenotype, and we executed immunofluorescence staining to evaluate the presence of proteins: p62, VCP, desmin, myotilin, TDP-43. Eventually we performed a brief literature review to compare our cases with those already reported. Our report strongly suggest that VCP gene mutations can be related with a predominant skeletal muscle phenotype without any central nervous system involvement, as occasionally reported in the literature. Particularly, our patient with R93H shows only myopathic involvement while this mutation has been described once associated only to Hereditary Spastic Paraplegia. Further study will be necessary to understand such a broad and different clinical spectrum.
Assuntos
Demência Frontotemporal , Doenças Musculares , Humanos , Proteína com Valosina/genética , Proteínas de Ciclo Celular/genética , Proteínas de Ciclo Celular/metabolismo , Doenças Musculares/diagnóstico , Doenças Musculares/genética , Doenças Musculares/metabolismo , Demência Frontotemporal/diagnóstico , Demência Frontotemporal/genética , Músculo Esquelético/patologia , MutaçãoRESUMO
OBJECTIVE: Glycogen, the largest cytosolic macromolecule, acquires solubility, essential to its function, through extreme branching. Lafora bodies are aggregates of polyglucosan, a long, linear, poorly branched, and insoluble form of glycogen. Lafora bodies occupy vast numbers of neuronal dendrites and perikarya in Lafora disease in time-dependent fashion, leading to intractable and fatal progressive myoclonus epilepsy. Lafora disease is caused by deficiency of either the laforin glycogen phosphatase or the malin E3 ubiquitin ligase. The 2 leading hypotheses of Lafora body formation are: (1) increased glycogen synthase activity extends glycogen strands too rapidly to allow adequate branching, resulting in polyglucosans; and (2) increased glycogen phosphate leads to glycogen conformational change, unfolding, precipitation, and conversion to polyglucosan. Recently, it was shown that in the laforin phosphatase-deficient form of Lafora disease, there is no increase in glycogen synthase, but there is a dramatic increase in glycogen phosphate, with subsequent conversion of glycogen to polyglucosan. Here, we determine whether Lafora bodies in the malin ubiquitin ligase-deficient form of the disease are due to increased glycogen synthase or increased glycogen phosphate. METHODS: We generated malin-deficient mice and tested the 2 hypotheses. RESULTS: Malin-deficient mice precisely replicate the pathology of Lafora disease with Lafora body formation in skeletal muscle, liver, and brain, and in the latter in the pathognomonic perikaryal and dendritic locations. Glycogen synthase quantity and activity are unchanged. There is a highly significant increase in glycogen phosphate. INTERPRETATION: We identify a single common modification, glycogen hyperphosphorylation, as the root cause of Lafora body pathogenesis.
Assuntos
Glicogênio/metabolismo , Hiperfosfatemia/etiologia , Corpos de Inclusão/metabolismo , Doença de Lafora/complicações , Doença de Lafora/patologia , Músculo Esquelético/patologia , Animais , Encéfalo/metabolismo , Córtex Cerebelar/patologia , Córtex Cerebelar/ultraestrutura , Modelos Animais de Doenças , Fosfatases de Especificidade Dupla/metabolismo , Regulação da Expressão Gênica/genética , Glicogênio Sintase/genética , Glicogênio Sintase/metabolismo , Doença de Lafora/genética , Doença de Lafora/metabolismo , Camundongos , Camundongos Knockout , Músculo Esquelético/ultraestrutura , Fosfatos/metabolismo , Proteínas Tirosina Fosfatases não Receptoras/deficiênciaRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Extensive genetic screening results in the identification of thousands of rare variants that are difficult to interpret. Because of its sheer size, rare variants in the titin gene (TTN) are detected frequently in any individual. Unambiguous interpretation of molecular findings is almost impossible in many patients with myopathies or cardiomyopathies. OBJECTIVE: To refine the current classification framework for TTN-associated skeletal muscle disorders and standardize the interpretation of TTN variants. METHODS: We used the guidelines issued by the American College of Medical Genetics and Genomics (ACMG) and the Association for Molecular Pathology (AMP) to re-analyze TTN genetic findings from our patient cohort. RESULTS: We identified in the classification guidelines three rules that are not applicable to titin-related skeletal muscle disorders; six rules that require disease-/gene-specific adjustments and four rules requiring quantitative thresholds for a proper use. In three cases, the rule strength need to be modified. CONCLUSIONS: We suggest adjustments are made to the guidelines. We provide frequency thresholds to facilitate filtering of candidate causative variants and guidance for the use and interpretation of functional data and co-segregation evidence. We expect that the variant classification framework for TTN-related skeletal muscle disorders will be further improved along with a better understanding of these diseases.
Assuntos
Cardiomiopatias , Conectina/genética , Doenças Musculares , Guias de Prática Clínica como Assunto/normas , Cardiomiopatias/classificação , Cardiomiopatias/congênito , Cardiomiopatias/genética , Humanos , Doenças Musculares/classificação , Doenças Musculares/congênito , Doenças Musculares/genéticaRESUMO
Mis-secreted glycoproteins (LGI1, reelin) are emerging causes of epilepsy. LMAN2L belongs to a glycoprotein secretion chaperone family. One recessive LMAN2L missense mutation predicted to impair the chaperone's interaction with glycoproteins was reported in a family with intellectual disability (ID) and remitting epilepsy. We describe four members of a family with autosomal dominant inheritance of a similar phenotype. We show that they segregate a NM_001142292.1:c.1073delT mutation that eliminates LMAN2L's endoplasmic reticulum retention signal and mislocalizes the protein from that compartment to the plasma membrane. LMAN2L mislocalization, like impaired glycoprotein interaction, disturbs brain development, including generation of developmentally restricted epilepsy.
Assuntos
Epilepsia/genética , Deficiência Intelectual/genética , Lectinas/genética , Proteínas de Membrana Transportadoras/genética , Mutação/genética , Criança , Pré-Escolar , Epilepsia/diagnóstico , Humanos , Deficiência Intelectual/diagnóstico , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Linhagem , Fenótipo , Proteína ReelinaRESUMO
Limb girdle muscular dystrophies (LGMD) are characterized by genetic and clinical heterogeneity: seven autosomal dominant and 12 autosomal recessive loci have so far been identified. Aims of this study were to evaluate the relative proportion of the different types of LGMD in 181 predominantly Italian LGMD patients (representing 155 independent families), to describe the clinical pattern of the different forms, and to identify possible correlations between genotype, phenotype, and protein expression levels, as prognostic factors. Based on protein data, the majority of probands (n=72) presented calpain-3 deficiency; other defects were as follows: dysferlin (n=31), sarcoglycans (n=32), alpha-dystroglycan (n=4), and caveolin-3 (n=2). Genetic analysis identified 111 different mutations, including 47 novel ones. LGMD relative frequency was as follows: LGMD1C (caveolin-3) 1.3%; LGMD2A (calpain-3) 28.4%; LGMD2B (dysferlin) 18.7%; LGMD2C (gamma-sarcoglycan) 4.5%; LGMD2D (alpha-sarcoglycan) 8.4%; LGMD2E (beta-sarcoglycan) 4.5%; LGMD2F (delta-sarcoglycan) 0.7%; LGMD2I (Fukutin-related protein) 6.4%; and undetermined 27.1%. Compared to Northern European populations, Italian patients are less likely to be affected with LGMD2I. The order of decreasing clinical severity was: sarcoglycanopathy, calpainopathy, dysferlinopathy, and caveolinopathy. LGMD2I patients showed both infantile noncongenital and mild late-onset presentations. Age at disease onset correlated with variability of genotype and protein levels in LGMD2B. Truncating mutations determined earlier onset than missense substitutions (20+/-5.1 years vs. 36.7+/-11.1 years; P=0.0037). Similarly, dysferlin absence was associated with an earlier onset when compared to partial deficiency (20.2+/-standard deviation [SD] 5.2 years vs. 28.4+/-SD 11.2 years; P=0.014).
Assuntos
Distrofia Muscular do Cíngulo dos Membros/diagnóstico , Distrofia Muscular do Cíngulo dos Membros/genética , População Branca/genética , Adolescente , Adulto , Idade de Início , Sequência de Aminoácidos , Calpaína/química , Calpaína/genética , Criança , Pré-Escolar , Estudos de Coortes , Feminino , Genes Dominantes , Testes Genéticos , Genótipo , Humanos , Lactente , Itália/epidemiologia , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Dados de Sequência Molecular , Distrofia Muscular do Cíngulo dos Membros/classificação , Distrofia Muscular do Cíngulo dos Membros/epidemiologia , FenótipoRESUMO
Exosomes, natural carriers of mRNAs, non-coding RNAs and proteins between donor and recipient cells, actively contribute to cell-cell communication. We investigated the potential pro-fibrotic role of exosomes released by muscle-derived fibroblasts of Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) patients, and of miRNAs carried by exosomes. By fibrosis focused array analysis we found that exosomes from DMD fibroblasts, had significantly higher levels of miR-199a-5p, a miRNA up-regulated in fibrotic conditions, compared to control exosomes, while levels in myoblast-derived exosomes were not increased. In control fibroblasts, exposure to DMD fibroblast-derived exosomes induced a myofibroblastic phenotype with increase in α-smooth actin, collagen and fibronectin transcript and protein expression, soluble collagen production and deposition, cell proliferation, and activation of Akt and ERK signaling, while exposure to control exosomes did not. Transfecting control fibroblasts or loading control exosomes with miR-199a-5p mimic or inhibitor induced opposing effects on fibrosis-related mRNAs and proteins, on collagen production and Akt and ERK pathways. Finally, injection of DMD fibroblast-derived exosomes into mouse tibialis anterior muscle after cardiotoxin-induced necrosis, produced greater fibrosis than control exosomes. Our findings indicate that exosomes produced by local fibroblasts in the DMD muscle are able to induce phenotypic conversion of normal fibroblasts to myofibroblasts thereby increasing the fibrotic response. This conversion is related to transfer of high levels of miR-199a-5p and to reduction of its target caveolin-1; both, therefore, are potential therapeutic targets in muscle fibrosis.
Assuntos
Exossomos/genética , MicroRNAs/genética , Músculo Esquelético/patologia , Distrofia Muscular de Duchenne/genética , Distrofia Muscular de Duchenne/patologia , Regulação para Cima , Actinas/genética , Actinas/metabolismo , Animais , Cardiotoxinas/efeitos adversos , Comunicação Celular , Proliferação de Células , Colágeno/genética , Colágeno/metabolismo , Modelos Animais de Doenças , Exossomos/metabolismo , Fibroblastos/metabolismo , Fibronectinas/genética , Fibronectinas/metabolismo , Fibrose , Humanos , Sistema de Sinalização das MAP Quinases , Camundongos , Músculo Esquelético/metabolismo , Distrofia Muscular de Duchenne/induzido quimicamente , Distrofia Muscular de Duchenne/metabolismoRESUMO
Importance: Mutations in the titin gene (TTN) cause a wide spectrum of genetic diseases. The interpretation of the numerous rare variants identified in TTN is a difficult challenge given its large size. Objective: To identify genetic variants in titin in a cohort of patients with muscle disorders. Design, Setting, and Participants: In this case series, 9 patients with titinopathy and 4 other patients with possibly disease-causing variants in TTN were identified. Titin mutations were detected through targeted resequencing performed on DNA from 504 patients with muscular dystrophy, congenital myopathy, or other skeletal muscle disorders. Patients were enrolled from 10 clinical centers in April 2012 to December 2013. All of them had not received a diagnosis after undergoing an extensive investigation, including Sanger sequencing of candidate genes. The data analysis was performed between September 2013 and January 2017. Sequencing data were analyzed using an internal custom bioinformatics pipeline. Main Outcomes and Measures: The identification of novel mutations in the TTN gene and novel patients with titinopathy. We performed an evaluation of putative causative variants in the TTN gene, combining genetic, clinical, and imaging data with messenger RNA and/or protein studies. Results: Of the 9 novel patients with titinopathy, 5 (55.5%) were men and the mean (SD) age at onset was 25 (15.8) years (range, 0-46 years). Of the 4 other patients (3 men and 1 woman) with possibly disease-causing TTN variants, 2 (50%) had a congenital myopathy and 2 (50%) had a slowly progressive distal myopathy with onset in the second decade. Most of the identified mutations were previously unreported. However, all the variants, even the already described mutations, require careful clinical and molecular evaluation of probands and relatives. Heterozygous truncating variants or unique missense changes are not sufficient to make a diagnosis of titinopathy. Conclusions and Relevance: The interpretation of TTN variants often requires further analyses, including a comprehensive evaluation of the clinical phenotype (deep phenotyping) as well as messenger RNA and protein studies. We propose a specific workflow for the clinical interpretation of genetic findings in titin.
Assuntos
Conectina/genética , Conectina/metabolismo , Variação Genética/genética , Doenças Musculares/genética , Doenças Musculares/metabolismo , Adulto , Estudos de Coortes , Análise Mutacional de DNA , Europa (Continente) , Feminino , Humanos , Imageamento por Ressonância Magnética , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Músculo Esquelético/diagnóstico por imagem , Doenças Musculares/diagnóstico por imagem , Adulto JovemRESUMO
Mutations in the DNAJB6 gene have been associated with the autosomal dominant limb girdle muscular dystrophy type 1D (LGMD1D), a disorder characterized by abnormal protein aggregates and rimmed vacuoles in muscle fibers. DNAJB6 is a ubiquitously expressed Hsp40 co-chaperone characterized by a J domain that specifies Hsp70 functions in the cellular environment. DNAJB6 is also a potent inhibitor of expanded polyglutamine (polyQ) aggregation preventing aggregate toxicity in cells. In DNAJB6-mutated patients this anti-aggregation property is significantly reduced, albeit not completely lost. To elucidate the pathogenetic mechanisms underlying the DNAJB6-related myopathy, animal models have been created showing that, indeed, conditional muscular expression of a DNAJB6 mutant in the mouse causes a LGMD1D myofibrillary muscle tissue phenotype. Both mutations and phenotypes reported until recently were rather homogeneous, being exclusively missense mutations of a few amino acids of the protein G/F domain, and with a phenotype characterized by adult-onset slowly progressive muscular dystrophy predominantly affecting proximal muscles. Lately, several novel mutations and new phenotypes of DNAJB6 have been described. These mutations once more affect the G/F domain of DNAJB6 with missense changes and a splice site mutation; and the phenotypes include childhood onset and distal involvement of muscles, or childhood-onset LGMD1D with loss of ambulation in early adulthood and respiratory involvement. Thus, the spectrum of DNAJB6-related phenotypes is widening. Although our knowledge about the role of DNAJB6 in the pathogenesis of muscle diseases has made great progression, several questions remain unsolved, including why a ubiquitous protein affects only, or predominantly, skeletal muscle; why only the G/F domain is involved; and what is the possible role of the DNAJB6a isoform. Clarification of these issues will provide clues to implement possible therapeutic strategies for DNAJB6-related myopathies.
RESUMO
OBJECTIVE: To apply next-generation sequencing (NGS) for the investigation of the genetic basis of undiagnosed muscular dystrophies and myopathies in a very large cohort of patients. METHODS: We applied an NGS-based platform named MotorPlex to our diagnostic workflow to test muscle disease genes with a high sensitivity and specificity for small DNA variants. We analyzed 504 undiagnosed patients mostly referred as being affected by limb-girdle muscular dystrophy or congenital myopathy. RESULTS: MotorPlex provided a complete molecular diagnosis in 218 cases (43.3%). A further 160 patients (31.7%) showed as yet unproven candidate variants. Pathogenic variants were found in 47 of 93 genes, and in more than 30% of cases, the phenotype was nonconventional, broadening the spectrum of disease presentation in at least 10 genes. CONCLUSIONS: Our large DNA study of patients with undiagnosed myopathy is an example of the ongoing revolution in molecular diagnostics, highlighting the advantages in using NGS as a first-tier approach for heterogeneous genetic conditions.
Assuntos
Distrofias Musculares/diagnóstico , Distrofias Musculares/genética , Estudos de Coortes , Diagnóstico Diferencial , Feminino , Variação Genética , Humanos , Itália , Masculino , Análise de SequênciaRESUMO
OBJECTIVE: To determine if laminin-alpha2 deficiency is due to mutations in the LAMA2 gene or secondary to mutations in other congenital muscular dystrophy genes. METHODS: We performed molecular analysis of LAMA2, by single-strand conformation polymorphism and sequencing, in 15 patients with undetectable or greatly reduced laminin-alpha2 expression. We also performed 4 prenatal diagnoses and investigated a founder effect. RESULTS: We found 1 known and 9 previously undescribed LAMA2 mutations spanning all protein domains. These were nonsense or frameshifts causing laminin-alpha2 absence or, in 1 case, a homozygous missense mutation producing partial protein expression and milder phenotype. LAMA2 mutations were undetected in 5 patients, in 2 of whom FKRP mutations explained the phenotype. In 3 prenatal cases, the fetus was heterozygous for the mutation of interest and pregnancy continued; in 1 case, the fetus was affected and aborted. In 2 patients, the Cys967Stop mutation and identical haplotypes flanking the LAMA2 gene indicated a founder effect. CONCLUSIONS: The clinical phenotype was severe in most patients with LAMA2 mutations and associated with undetectable protein expression. One case with no protein and another with partial expression had milder phenotypes. Typical white matter alterations on magnetic resonance imaging were found in all patients with LAMA2 mutations, supporting the utility of magnetic resonance imaging in differential diagnosis. The founder mutation (Cys967Stop) probably originated in Albania. Genetic characterization of affected families is mainly of use for prenatal diagnosis.