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The present work is a review of the available intormation in the scientific literature in food and human nutrition related to fats and oils, in order to bring a range of guidance on nutritional requirements in pregnancy, infancy, childhood and adulthood, in improving the health and nutritional well-being. Topics include: Characteristics of fatty acids, nomenclature, requirements and recommendations regarding their consumption and its impact on the health situation in Venezuela and recommendations. We present recommendations for total fat requirements and the different fatty acids for different age groups and biological conditions. It was noted that depending on the distribution of fat intake by food of the Venezuelan population energy intake (28.84%) is in line with the recommendations of the FAO/WHO, 2010. Vegetable fats contribute about 62.60% of the total fat where the main source are oils (83.97%) followed by cereals (21.47%) the rest is contributed by vegetables, legumes, vegetables and others. While animal fats represent a 36.84%. Total chiffon, where milk and dairy products account for the highest percentage (47.43%) followed by meat and fish (41.07%), and a lower contribution from eggs (2.07%). This suggests a high ratio n-6/n-3 in feeding conditions Venezuelan general, being necessary to consider ways in which diminish this relationship, in order to prevent cardiovascular disease.
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Gorduras na Dieta/administração & dosagem , Recomendações Nutricionais , Adolescente , Adulto , Fatores Etários , Peso Corporal , Criança , Pré-Escolar , Ingestão de Energia , Feminino , Humanos , Lactente , Recém-Nascido , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Gravidez , Valores de Referência , Fatores Sexuais , Venezuela , Adulto JovemRESUMO
Studies have shown that high concentrations of total cholesterol at the expense of LDL cholesterol and markers of inflammation are linked with subclinical atherosclerosis. This study was aimed to associate the carotid intima media thickness (IMT) and high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP) in patients with isolated hypercholesterolemia. The investigation was descriptive, transverse and included 100 patients divided into a control group (normocholesterolemic) and a study group (hypercholesterolemic). There were no significant differences in age and gender distribution among the groups. The body mass index, waist circumference, total cholesterol and its fractions, IMT and hs-CRP were significantly elevated in the study group. Only in the hypercholesterolemic group, the IMT was significantly associated with hsCRP. In the study group, the mean IMT rose by quartiles of hs-CRP, reaching its highest level in the fourth quartile. The multiple linear regression analysis identified LDL cholesterol and hs-CRP as predictors of IMT only in the study group. The findings support other data suggesting that not only the LDL cholesterol but also hs-CRP could be an important factor for early atherosclerotic changes in the carotid artery of patients with isolated hypercholesterolemia.
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Proteína C-Reativa/análise , Artérias Carótidas/patologia , Hipercolesterolemia/sangue , Túnica Íntima/patologia , Túnica Média/patologia , Adulto , Estudos Transversais , Feminino , Humanos , MasculinoRESUMO
The zinc intervenes in the growth and development, being of vital importance in the pregnancy. In order to determine the behavior of the serum zinc levels during the pregnancy associating it to the anthropometric nutritional status and dietary intake, 108 pregnants were assessed longitudinally, between March 1998 and December 1999, in the 12, 22 and 33 week pregnancy. Anthropometric parameters, serum zinc and albumin, and dietary intake of energy, proteins, zinc and fiber were determined. Descriptive standards and frequencies were calculated and Student's t test, Wilcoxon signed rank test, one-way analysis of variance and Pearson correlation test were made. Significant decrease of the serum zinc and albumin was observed during the gestation. The serum zinc levels in the first trimester differed significantly according to intake of oligoelement. In the second trimester, zinc concentrations differed significantly according to maternal age and weight gain, while no significant differences were found by parity, pregestational body mass index, height-for-age in none of the trimesters. Changes in the serum zinc concentrations are confirmed throughout the pregnancy, these modifications are explained partially by the decrease of serum albumin. Serum levels of zinc during gestation do not depend of parity or pregestational anthropometric nutritional status.
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Ingestão de Energia , Estado Nutricional , Gravidez/sangue , Zinco/sangue , Adolescente , Adulto , Albuminas/análise , Antropometria , Proteína C-Reativa/análise , Fibras na Dieta/análise , Proteínas Alimentares/análise , Feminino , Humanos , Estudos Longitudinais , Idade Materna , Paridade , Aumento de PesoRESUMO
INTRODUCTION: Sleep modulates neuroendocrine function and metabolism; therefore, changes in sleep duration may lead to developing obesity during adolescence. OBJECTIVE: To assess the possible association among nocturnal sleep duration, the presence of overweight and metabolic alterations in a group of adolescents. POPULATION AND METHODS: Cross-sectional, analytical study conducted at a school in Valencia, Venezuela, during the 2012-2013 school year. Participants were 12 to 17 year-old adolescents. A survey on nocturnal sleep duration was administered; weight, height and waist circumference were recorded; and glycemia, lipid profile and insulinemia levels were measured. Body mass index and the homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) index were calculated. RESULTS: Ninety adolescents were included. Compared to the group with normal weight, adolescents with excessive weight had, in average, fewer sleep hours Sundays through Thursdays (p < 0.05) and a higher rate of sleep deficit and sleep debt (p < 0.05). Low HDL cholesterol and insulin resistance was significantly associated with sleep debt (p < 0.05). Among adolescents with sleep debt, the risk of having excess weight was 2.70 times higher (95% CI= 1.09-6.72; p= 0.032) regardless of age, gender, sexual maturity, sleep deficit Sundays through Thursdays, and history of cardiovascular disease and diabetes in first-degree relatives. CONCLUSIONS: Nocturnal sleep deficit and sleep debt were significantly associated with excess weight and metabolic alterations related to a high cardiometabolic risk.
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Sobrepeso/epidemiologia , Sobrepeso/metabolismo , Sono , Adolescente , Criança , Estudos Transversais , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Fatores de Tempo , VenezuelaRESUMO
OBJECTIVE: Associating the level of awareness concerning cardiovascular risk factors related to changes in clinical, anthropometric and biochemical markers regarding cardiovascular risk in people living in Naguanagua, Venezuela. METHOD: 205 patients aged 18 to 77 years were evaluated; weight, height, waist circumference, blood pressure, glucose and serum lipid profile were measured. A survey assessed the patients' level of awareness regarding cardiovascular risk factors. RESULTS: A high frequency of abdominal obesity (67 %), being overweight and obese (38 %) and suffering from hypertension (26 %) was observed. Nearly 60 % of respondents claimed to know about cardiovascular risk factors, but only 14.7 % of them recognized the eleven factors considered to define such level of knowledge. More than half of the participants showed a low level of awareness concerning cardiovascular risk factors; average levels of total cholesterol, cholesterol LDL and triglycerides were significantly lower in the group having a high level of knowledge concerning cardiovascular risk factors. CONCLUSIONS: Extremely low levels of awareness regarding cardiovascular risk factor prevalence and high frequency concerning changes in clinical, anthropometric and biochemical markers for cardiovascular risk were higher in the group having a high level of knowledge of cardiovascular risk factors, thereby confirming the need for implementing strategies for raising Venezuelan communities' level of knowledge regarding cardiovascular risk factors and also encouraging them to adopt a lifestyle associated with reduced cardiovascular risk factors and self-care.
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Doenças Cardiovasculares/psicologia , Conhecimentos, Atitudes e Prática em Saúde , Adolescente , Adulto , Idoso , Consumo de Bebidas Alcoólicas/epidemiologia , Antropometria , Glicemia/análise , Doenças Cardiovasculares/epidemiologia , Diabetes Mellitus/epidemiologia , Dieta , Dislipidemias/epidemiologia , Feminino , Comportamentos Relacionados com a Saúde , Humanos , Hipertensão/epidemiologia , Lipídeos/sangue , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Sobrepeso/epidemiologia , Fatores de Risco , Fumar/epidemiologia , Fatores Socioeconômicos , Venezuela/epidemiologia , Adulto JovemRESUMO
OBJECTIVES: To compare serum levels of apolipoproteins A-I and B as well as Apo B/Apo A-I and HDL cholesterol/Apo A-I ratios by age, gender and cardiovascular risk factors in individuals treated at a Venezuelan public health center. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We determined in 221 individuals (44.0 ± 15.5 years) of both genders blood pressure, waist circumference (WC), lipid profile and apolipoproteins A-I and B; body mass index (BMI) was calculated from weight and height; smoking habit, alcohol intake and consumption pattern were established. RESULTS: 27.5% of individuals had low levels of Apo A-I, 45.2% high Apo B and 60.6% high Apo B/Apo A-I ratio. Serum levels of apolipoproteins and Apo B/Apo A-I ratio did not vary with age or gender, while the ratio HDL cholesterol/Apo A-I decreased with the age. Obese individuals, smokers, hypertensive, hypercholesterolemics, hypertriglyceridemics or with low HDL cholesterol showed higher Apo B and Apo B/Apo A-I ratio. Older individuals, smokers or individuals with increased LDL cholesterol and triglycerides showed lower HDL cholesterol/Apo A-I ratio. Consumption of three or more alcoholic drinks/day was associated with decreased Apo B. CONCLUSIONS: These results show high prevalence of altered apolipoprotein profile, which is associated with major cardiovascular risk factors. The results support the inclusion of the evaluated apolipoproteins in laboratory determinations made in public health centers in Venezuela.
Assuntos
Apolipoproteínas/sangue , Doenças Cardiovasculares/sangue , Adulto , Idoso , Idoso de 80 Anos ou mais , Doenças Cardiovasculares/epidemiologia , Estudos Transversais , Feminino , Instalações de Saúde , Humanos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Saúde Pública , Fatores de Risco , Venezuela , Adulto JovemRESUMO
Introducción: la literatura reciente muestra las ventajas del empleo de la relación circunferencia de cintura/talla (CC/T), pero existe poca información sobre la aplicación de este indicador en la detección de factores de riesgo cardiometabólico (RCM) en adolescentes venezolanos. Objetivo: asociar el aumento de CC/T a la presencia de insulino-resistencia (RI) y agrupamiento de factores de RCM y evaluar su capacidad para predecir éstos en adolescentes. Métodos: estudio transversal de 96 adolescentes (12-17 años) de la ciudad de Valencia, Venezuela, en los que se midió peso, talla, circunferencia de cintura (CC), presión arterial, estado de maduración sexual, glucosa, colesterol total (CT), triglicéridos (TGL), HDLc e insulina. Se calculó índice de masa corporal (IMC), CC/T, índice HOMAIR y puntaje de RCM agrupado; se estableció presencia de síndrome metabólico (SM). Resultados: Después de ajustar por edad, sexo y estado de maduración sexual, los adolescentes con CC/T ≥0,5 mostraron valores promedios de CT, TGL, relación CT/HDLc, insulinemia, índice HOMA-IR y puntaje de RCM agrupado significativamente más elevados respecto de los jóvenes con CC/T <0,5. La elevación del CC/T predijo significativamente la presencia de RI, SM y RCM agrupado elevado. La capacidad de CC/T para predecir SM y RCM agrupado elevado fue similar a la mostrada por el IMC, puntaje Z del IMC y CC. Conclusiones: la relación CC/T predijo la presencia de insulino-resistencia y agrupamiento de factores de RCM en adolescentes, independientemente de la edad, sexo y estado de maduración sexual, validando su empleo en atención primaria para la detección de adolescentes en alto riesgo.
Introduction: Recent literature shows the advantages of the employment of the waist to height ratio (WHTR), but there exists very little information about the application of this anthropometric indicator for the detection of cardiometabolic risk (CMR) factors in Venezuelan adolescents. Objective: to associate the increase of the WHTR with the presence of insulin resistance and clustering of CMR factors and to evaluate its ability to predict these alterations in adolescents. Methods: This was a cross-sectional design study. Weight, height, waist circumference (WC), blood pressure, state of sexual maturation, glucose, total cholesterol (TC), triglycerides (TGL), HDL cholesterol and insulin were assessed in 96 adolescents (aged 12-17 years) from Valencia, Venezuela. Body mass index (BMI), WHTR, HOMA-IR index and clustered CMR score were calculated; the presence of metabolic syndrome was established. Results: After adjust for age, sex and the state of sexual maturation, the adolescents with WHTR ≥0,5 had significantly higher TC, TGL, total-to-HDL cholesterol ratio, insulin, HOMA-IR index and clustered CMR score compared with WHTR < 0,5. The elevation of the WHTR predicted significantly insulin resistance, metabolic syndrome and high clustered CMR. The ability of WHTR to predict metabolic syndrome and high clustered CMR was similar to that shown by the BMI, BMI Z-score and WC. Conclusions: the WHTR predicted the presence of insulin resistance and clustering of CMR factors in adolescents, independently of the age, sex and the state of sexual maturation, validating its employment in primary health care for detection the adolescents in high risk.
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Introducción. El sueño modula la función neuroendócrina y el metabolismo, por lo que los cambios en su duración podrían favorecer el desarrollo de obesidad durante la adolescencia. Objetivo. Evaluar la posible asociación entre la duración del sueño nocturno y la presencia de exceso de peso y las alteraciones metabólicas en un grupo de adolescentes. Población y métodos. Estudio analítico transversal, realizado en una escuela de Valencia, Venezuela, durante el período escolar 20122013. Participaron adolescentes de12 a 17 años. Se realizó una encuesta sobre duración del sueño nocturno, se registraron peso, talla y circunferencia de cintura y se midió glucemia, perfil lipídico e insulinemia. Se calculó el índice de masa corporal y el modelo de evaluación homeostático de resistencia a la insulina (índice HOMA-IR). Resultados. Se incluyeron 90 adolescentes. En comparación con el grupo normopeso, los adolescentes con exceso de peso presentaron menor promedio de horas de sueño de domingo a jueves (p <0,05) y mayor frecuencia de déficit de sueño y deuda de sueño (p <0,05). La presencia de HDL colesterol bajo y de insulinorresistencia se asoció significativamente a deuda de sueño (p <0,05). En los adolescentes con deuda de sueño, el riesgo de presentar exceso de peso fue 2,70 veces mayor (IC 95%= 1,09-6,72; p= 0,032), independientemente de la edad, sexo, maduración sexual, déficit de sueño entre domingo y jueves y antecedentes familiares en primer grado de enfermedad cardiovascular y diabetes. Conclusiones. El déficit de sueño nocturno y la deuda de sueño se asociaron significativamente a exceso de peso y alteraciones metabólicas relacionadas con riesgo cardiometabólico elevado.(AU)
Introduction. Sleep modulates neuroendocrine function and metabolism; therefore, changes in sleep duration may lead to developing obesity during adolescence. Objective. To assess the possible association among nocturnal sleep duration, the presence of overweight and metabolic alterations in a group of adolescents. Population and Methods. Cross-sectional, analytical study conducted at a school in Valencia, Venezuela, during the 2012-2013 school year. Participants were 12 to 17 year-old adolescents. A survey on nocturnal sleep duration was administered; weight, height and waist circumference were recorded; and glycemia, lipid profile and insulinemia levels were measured. Body mass index and the homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) index were calculated. Results. Ninety adolescents were included. Compared to the group with normal weight, adolescents with excessive weight had, in average, fewer sleep hours Sundays through Thursdays (p < 0.05) and a higher rate of sleep deficit and sleep debt (p < 0.05). Low HDL cholesterol and insulin resistance was significantly associated with sleep debt (p < 0.05). Among adolescents with sleep debt, the risk of having excess weight was 2.70 times higher (95% CI= 1.09-6.72; p= 0.032) regardless of age, gender, sexual maturity, sleep deficit Sundays through Thursdays, and history of cardiovascular disease and diabetes in first-degree relatives. Conclusions. Nocturnal sleep deficit and sleep debt were significantly associated with excess weight and metabolic alterations related to a high cardiometabolic risk.(AU)
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Introducción. El sueño modula la función neuroendócrina y el metabolismo, por lo que los cambios en su duración podrían favorecer el desarrollo de obesidad durante la adolescencia. Objetivo. Evaluar la posible asociación entre la duración del sueño nocturno y la presencia de exceso de peso y las alteraciones metabólicas en un grupo de adolescentes. Población y métodos. Estudio analítico transversal, realizado en una escuela de Valencia, Venezuela, durante el período escolar 20122013. Participaron adolescentes de12 a 17 años. Se realizó una encuesta sobre duración del sueño nocturno, se registraron peso, talla y circunferencia de cintura y se midió glucemia, perfil lipídico e insulinemia. Se calculó el índice de masa corporal y el modelo de evaluación homeostático de resistencia a la insulina (índice HOMA-IR). Resultados. Se incluyeron 90 adolescentes. En comparación con el grupo normopeso, los adolescentes con exceso de peso presentaron menor promedio de horas de sueño de domingo a jueves (p <0,05) y mayor frecuencia de déficit de sueño y deuda de sueño (p <0,05). La presencia de HDL colesterol bajo y de insulinorresistencia se asoció significativamente a deuda de sueño (p <0,05). En los adolescentes con deuda de sueño, el riesgo de presentar exceso de peso fue 2,70 veces mayor (IC 95%= 1,09-6,72; p= 0,032), independientemente de la edad, sexo, maduración sexual, déficit de sueño entre domingo y jueves y antecedentes familiares en primer grado de enfermedad cardiovascular y diabetes. Conclusiones. El déficit de sueño nocturno y la deuda de sueño se asociaron significativamente a exceso de peso y alteraciones metabólicas relacionadas con riesgo cardiometabólico elevado.
Introduction. Sleep modulates neuroendocrine function and metabolism; therefore, changes in sleep duration may lead to developing obesity during adolescence. Objective. To assess the possible association among nocturnal sleep duration, the presence of overweight and metabolic alterations in a group of adolescents. Population and Methods. Cross-sectional, analytical study conducted at a school in Valencia, Venezuela, during the 2012-2013 school year. Participants were 12 to 17 year-old adolescents. A survey on nocturnal sleep duration was administered; weight, height and waist circumference were recorded; and glycemia, lipid profile and insulinemia levels were measured. Body mass index and the homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) index were calculated. Results. Ninety adolescents were included. Compared to the group with normal weight, adolescents with excessive weight had, in average, fewer sleep hours Sundays through Thursdays (p < 0.05) and a higher rate of sleep deficit and sleep debt (p < 0.05). Low HDL cholesterol and insulin resistance was significantly associated with sleep debt (p < 0.05). Among adolescents with sleep debt, the risk of having excess weight was 2.70 times higher (95% CI= 1.09-6.72; p= 0.032) regardless of age, gender, sexual maturity, sleep deficit Sundays through Thursdays, and history of cardiovascular disease and diabetes in first-degree relatives. Conclusions. Nocturnal sleep deficit and sleep debt were significantly associated with excess weight and metabolic alterations related to a high cardiometabolic risk.
Assuntos
Humanos , Adolescente , Sono , Resistência à Insulina , Adolescente , Obesidade InfantilRESUMO
El presente trabajo es una revisión de la información disponible en la literatura científica en materia de alimentación y nutrición humana relacionada con las grasas y aceites. El objetivo es aportar una serie de orientaciones acerca de las recomendaciones nutricionales en la preñez, lactancia, niñez y adultez, para mejorar la salud y lograr el bienestar nutricional. Los temas tratados son: características de los ácidos grasos, requerimientos y recomendaciones relativas a su consumo y su impacto en la salud, situación en Venezuela y recomendaciones nutricionales. Se presentan las recomendaciones para las grasas totales y ácidos grasos en grupos de diferente edad y condiciones biológicas Se observó que según la distribución del consumo de grasas por alimento de la población venezolana el aporte de energía (28,84%) se encontró acorde con las recomendaciones de la FAO/WHO, 2010. Las grasas vegetales contribuyen con 62,60% de la grasa total y la fuente principal son los aceites vegetales (83,97%) seguido por los cereales (21,47%) el resto es aportado por vegetales, legumbres, hortalizas y otros. Mientras que las grasas de origen animal representan 36,84% de la grasa total y los principales alimentos fuentes son la leche y los lácteos que contribuyen con el mayor porcentaje (47,43%) seguido de las carnes y pescados (41,07%), y un menor aporte de los huevos (2,07%). Esto sugiere una alta relación n-6/n-3 dentro de las condiciones de alimentación general del venezolano, siendo necesario buscar vías que permitan disminuir esta relación, a fin de prevenir la enfermedad cardiovascular.
The present work is a review of the available information in the scientific literature in food and human nutrition related to fats and oils, in order to bring a range of guidance on nutritional requirements in pregnancy, infancy, childhood and adulthood, in improving the health and nutritional well-being. Topics include: characteristics of fatty acids, nomenclature, requirements and recommendations regarding their consumption and its impact on the health situation in Venezuela and recommendations. We present recommendations for total fat requirements and the different fatty acids for different age groups and biological conditions. It was noted that depending on the distribution of fat intake by food of the Venezuelan population energy intake (28.84%) is in line with the recommendations of the FAO / WHO, 2010. Vegetable fats contribute about 62.60% of the total fat where the main source are oils (83.97%) followed by cereals (21.47%) the rest is contributed by vegetables, legumes, vegetables and others. While animal fats represent a 36.84% Total chiffon, where milk and dairy products account for the highest percentage (47.43%) followed by meat and fish (41.07%), and a lower contribution from eggs (2.07%). This suggests a high ratio n-6/n-3 in feeding conditions Venezuelan general, being necessary to consider ways in which diminish this relationship, in order to prevent cardiovascular disease.
Assuntos
Adolescente , Adulto , Criança , Pré-Escolar , Feminino , Humanos , Lactente , Recém-Nascido , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Gravidez , Adulto Jovem , Gorduras na Dieta/administração & dosagem , Recomendações Nutricionais , Fatores Etários , Peso Corporal , Ingestão de Energia , Valores de Referência , Fatores Sexuais , VenezuelaRESUMO
Objetivo: Asociar el perfil antropométrico y lipídico con el estatus socioeconómico en un grupo de niños venezolanos en edad escolar de clase alta, media y en pobreza crítica. Métodos: Se estudiaron 161 niños con edades entre 7-9 años de tres estratos socioeconómicos (ESE): alto o II (n=50), medio o III (n=58), pobreza crítica o V (n=53) según Método de Graffar-Méndez Castellano. Se determinó peso y talla; se midió colesterol total (CT), triglicéridos (TGL) y colesterol unido a HDL (HDLc) en plasma mediante métodos enzimáticos-colorimétricos. Se calcularon el índice de masa corporal (IMC), colesterol unido a LDL (LDLc) e índices de riesgo cardiovascular. Resultados: La frecuencia de exceso de peso fue mayor en los estratos II y III mientras que el déficit de peso fue más frecuente entre los niños de ESE V, aunque sin diferencias estadísticamente significativas. Después de ajuste por género e IMC, los niños de estrato III presentaron valores significativamente más elevados de TGL, colesterol noHDL, relación CT/HDLc, relación LDLc/HDLc y TGL/HDLc así como cifras de HDLc más bajas en comparación con los niños de estrato II o alto. Comparados con los niños de estrato alto, los niños de estrato V (pobreza crítica) también mostraron valores significativamente más altos de TGL, relación CT/HDLc, relación LDLc/HDLc y TGL/HDLc mientras que sus niveles de HDLc fueron más bajos. El número de casos de hipertrigliceridemia, HDLc bajo, relación CT/HDLc elevada, relación LDLc/HDLc elevada y relación TGL/HDLc elevada fue más alto en los estratos III y V en comparación con el estrato II, siendo esto último más evidente en el grupo de clase media. Conclusiones: Los escolares de estrato medio y bajo mostraron un perfil lipídico de mayor riesgo para el desarrollo de enfermedades cardiovasculares que los niños de estrato II, coexistiendo mayor frecuencia de obesidad y dislipidemias en el estrato medio.
Objective: To associate anthropometric and lipid profile with socioeconomic status in a group of Venezuelan schoolchildren from high class, medium class or in extreme poverty. Methods: We studied 161 children aged 7-9 years old from three socioeconomic strata: high or II (n = 50), medium or III (n = 58), extreme poverty or V (n = 53) according to the method of Graffar-Mendez Castellano. Weight and height were recorded; total cholesterol, triglycerides and HDL cholesterol in plasma were measured by enzymatic-colorimetric methods. Body mass index (BMI), LDL cholesterol and cardiovascular risk indices were calculated. Results: The frequency of overweight was higher in high and middle class while underweight was more prevalent in low class children, although no significant differences. After adjustment for gender and BMI, middle class children showed significantly lower HDL cholesterol levels and higher values of triglyceride, non-HDL cholesterol, total cholesterol/HDL cholesterol ratio, LDL cholesterol/HDL cholesterol ratio and triglyceride/HDL cholesterol ratio compared with high class children. Compared to high class children, children in extreme poverty showed significantly lower HDL cholesterol and higher levels of triglyceride, total cholesterol/HDL cholesterol ratio, LDL cholesterol/HDL cholesterol ratio and triglyceride/HDL cholesterol ratio. The number of cases of hypertriglyceridemia, low HDL cholesterol, elevated total cholesterol/HDL cholesterol ratio and elevated triglyceride/HDL cholesterol ratio was higher in middle and low class children compared to high class children, this finding was most evident in the group of middle class. Conclusions: An increased cardiovascular risk profile was observed in low and middle children, coexisting higher frequency of obesity and dyslipidemia in the middle class.
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Objetivo: evaluar la frecuencia de sueño o descanso insuficiente y su asociación con la edad y factores de riesgo cardiometabólico (RCM) en mujeres carabobeñas de estrato socioeconómico (ESE) bajo. Métodos: se estudiaron 85 mujeres adultas (21-65 años) aparentemente sanas, de ESE bajo (según método de Graffar modificado), que asistieron a un centro ambulatorio de salud del Edo. Carabobo entre marzo-junio 2011. La frecuencia de sueño o descanso insuficiente se evaluó mediante la pregunta: "¿Durante los últimos 30 días, cuantos días Ud. ha sentido que no duerme o descansa suficiente?". Se determinaron peso, talla, circunferencia de cintura, presión arterial así como glucosa, triglicéridos, colesterol total, LDLc y HDLc en suero. Se calcularon índices de riesgo aterogénico e índice de masa corporal (IMC). Se estableció síndrome metabólico (SM) según criterios ATPIII. Resultados: 24,6% de las mujeres reportaron ≥14 días de sueño insuficiente en el último mes. El sueño insuficiente se asoció significativamente a edad > 40 años, exceso de peso, obesidad central, hipertrigliceridemia, relación colesterol total/HDLc elevada, relación triglicéridos/HDLc elevada y SM. El riesgo de SM en las mujeres que reportaron ≥14 días de sueño o descanso insuficiente fue 5,68 veces mayor respecto de aquellas que no manifestaron tal alteración (p=0,015), independientemente de su edad, IMC y antecedentes familiares de enfermedad cardiovascular y diabetes mellitus. Conclusiones: el sueño o descanso insuficiente fue frecuente y se asoció significativamente a elevado RCM en las mujeres estudiadas. Los resultados sugieren que el despistaje de sueño insuficiente debe integrarse a la evaluación de la salud cardiometabólica.
Objective: to assess the frequency of perceived insufficient rest or sleep and their association with age and cardiometabolic risk factors in a group of low income women. Methods: we studied 85 low income women (21-65 years), apparently healthy, who attended an health center in Carabobo State, Venezuela, between March to June 2011. The frequency of insufficient rest or sleep was assessed using the question: "During the past 30 days, for about how many days have you felt you did not get enough rest or sleep?". Weight, height, waist circumference, blood pressure and serum glucose, triglycerides, total cholesterol, LDL cholesterol and HDL cholesterol were measured. Atherogenic indexes and body mass index (BMI) were calculated. Metabolic syndrome (MS) was established according to ATPIII criteria. Results: 24.6% women reported ≥ 14 days of insufficient rest o sleep in the last month. Perceived insufficient rest or sleep was significantly associated with age > 40 years, overweight, central obesity, hypertriglyceridemia, high total cholesterol/HDL cholesterol ratio, high triglyceride/HDL cholesterol ratio and MS. The risk of MS in women who reported ≥ 14 days of insufficient sleep or rest was 5.68 times higher than in those that showed no such alteration (p= 0.015), independently of age, BMI and first-degree family history of cardiovascular disease and diabetes mellitus. Conclusions: perceived insufficient rest or sleep was common and significantly associated to high cardiometabolic risk in the studied women. The results suggest that insufficient sleep screening should be integrated into the assessment of cardiometabolic health.
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La atenuación del descenso fisiológico de la presión arterial durante la noche se asocia con complicaciones cardiovasculares. Asimismo, el síndrome metabólico (SM) eleva considerablemente el riesgo cardiovascular. El presente estudio, de carácter descriptivo-transversal, se llevó a cabo con el objetivo de evaluar el patrón de descenso de la presión arterial durante el sueño nocturno y otros parámetros que proporciona el monitoreo ambulatorio de la presión arterial (MAPA), como los promedios diurnos y nocturnos de las presiones sistólica, diastólica y del pulso, en individuos con SM y determinar su relación con los componentes que definen a este síndrome. Se incluyeron 125 pacientes adultos con patrón reproducible del MAPA. Se determinaron glucemia, colesterol HDL y triglicéridos en suero, la presión arterial de consultorio y la circunferencia abdominal. Para establecer la presencia de SM se aplicaron los criterios del ATP III. La prevalencia global de hipertensión, de SM y de patrón de descenso de presión arterial non-dipper fue del 43%, 56% y 44%, respectivamente. Se observó un aumento progresivo de todas las presiones arteriales y del porcentaje de pacientes con patrón non-dipper al elevarse el número de componentes del SM presentes en los pacientes evaluados. Sólo la circunferencia abdominal predijo el patrón non-dipper. Se demostró una elevación significativa de los diferentes parámetros de la presión arterial evaluados a través del MAPA, así como una prevalencia incrementada de patrón non-dipper entre los individuos con SM.
Blood Pressure Pattern during Sleep-Wake Cycle in Subjects with High Prevalence of Metabolic Syndrome The reduction of nocturnal drop in blood pressure correlates with a higher risk of cardiovascular complications. In addition, the metabolic syndrome (MS) significantly increases cardiovascular risk. We conducted a descriptive, cross-sectional study to evaluate the pattern of nocturnal drop in blood pressure and other parameters provided by 24-hour ambulatory blood pressure monitoring (ABPM), such as mean daytime and nighttime systolic, diastolic and pulse pressures in subjects with MS, and to determine the relation with the components of this syndrome. A total of 125 patients were included, with ABPM reproducibility pattern. Glycemia, HDL-cholesterol, triglycerides, office blood pressure and abdominal circumference were determined. The presence of MS was defined using the ATP III criteria. The global prevalence of hypertension, MS and non-dipper pattern was 43%, 56% and 44%, respectively. Blood pressure values and the percentage of patients with non-dipper pattern were higher in patients with more components of the metabolic syndrome. The abdominal circumference was the only parameter that predicted the non-dipper pattern. Subjects with MS showed a significant increase in the different blood pressure parameters evaluated by ABPM and a higher prevalence of the non-dipper pattern.
RESUMO
La atenuación del descenso fisiológico de la presión arterial durante la noche se asocia con complicaciones cardiovasculares. Asimismo, el síndrome metabólico (SM) eleva considerablemente el riesgo cardiovascular. El presente estudio, de carácter descriptivo-transversal, se llevó a cabo con el objetivo de evaluar el patrón de descenso de la presión arterial durante el sueño nocturno y otros parámetros que proporciona el monitoreo ambulatorio de la presión arterial (MAPA), como los promedios diurnos y nocturnos de las presiones sistólica, diastólica y del pulso, en individuos con SM y determinar su relación con los componentes que definen a este síndrome. Se incluyeron 125 pacientes adultos con patrón reproducible del MAPA. Se determinaron glucemia, colesterol HDL y triglicéridos en suero, la presión arterial de consultorio y la circunferencia abdominal. Para establecer la presencia de SM se aplicaron los criterios del ATP III. La prevalencia global de hipertensión, de SM y de patrón de descenso de presión arterial non-dipper fue del 43%, 56% y 44%, respectivamente. Se observó un aumento progresivo de todas las presiones arteriales y del porcentaje de pacientes con patrón non-dipper al elevarse el número de componentes del SM presentes en los pacientes evaluados. Sólo la circunferencia abdominal predijo el patrón non-dipper. Se demostró una elevación significativa de los diferentes parámetros de la presión arterial evaluados a través del MAPA, así como una prevalencia incrementada de patrón non-dipper entre los individuos con SM.(AU)
Blood Pressure Pattern during Sleep-Wake Cycle in Subjects with High Prevalence of Metabolic Syndrome The reduction of nocturnal drop in blood pressure correlates with a higher risk of cardiovascular complications. In addition, the metabolic syndrome (MS) significantly increases cardiovascular risk. We conducted a descriptive, cross-sectional study to evaluate the pattern of nocturnal drop in blood pressure and other parameters provided by 24-hour ambulatory blood pressure monitoring (ABPM), such as mean daytime and nighttime systolic, diastolic and pulse pressures in subjects with MS, and to determine the relation with the components of this syndrome. A total of 125 patients were included, with ABPM reproducibility pattern. Glycemia, HDL-cholesterol, triglycerides, office blood pressure and abdominal circumference were determined. The presence of MS was defined using the ATP III criteria. The global prevalence of hypertension, MS and non-dipper pattern was 43%, 56% and 44%, respectively. Blood pressure values and the percentage of patients with non-dipper pattern were higher in patients with more components of the metabolic syndrome. The abdominal circumference was the only parameter that predicted the non-dipper pattern. Subjects with MS showed a significant increase in the different blood pressure parameters evaluated by ABPM and a higher prevalence of the non-dipper pattern.(AU)
RESUMO
La atenuación del descenso fisiológico de la presión arterial durante la noche se asocia con complicaciones cardiovasculares. Asimismo, el síndrome metabólico (SM) eleva considerablemente el riesgo cardiovascular. El presente estudio, de carácter descriptivo-transversal, se llevó a cabo con el objetivo de evaluar el patrón de descenso de la presión arterial durante el sueño nocturno y otros parámetros que proporciona el monitoreo ambulatorio de la presión arterial (MAPA), como los promedios diurnos y nocturnos de las presiones sistólica, diastólica y del pulso, en individuos con SM y determinar su relación con los componentes que definen a este síndrome. Se incluyeron 125 pacientes adultos con patrón reproducible del MAPA. Se determinaron glucemia, colesterol HDL y triglicéridos en suero, la presión arterial de consultorio y la circunferencia abdominal. Para establecer la presencia de SM se aplicaron los criterios del ATP III. La prevalencia global de hipertensión, de SM y de patrón de descenso de presión arterial non-dipper fue del 43%, 56% y 44%, respectivamente. Se observó un aumento progresivo de todas las presiones arteriales y del porcentaje de pacientes con patrón non-dipper al elevarse el número de componentes del SM presentes en los pacientes evaluados. Sólo la circunferencia abdominal predijo el patrón non-dipper. Se demostró una elevación significativa de los diferentes parámetros de la presión arterial evaluados a través del MAPA, así como una prevalencia incrementada de patrón non-dipper entre los individuos con SM.(AU)
Blood Pressure Pattern during Sleep-Wake Cycle in Subjects with High Prevalence of Metabolic Syndrome The reduction of nocturnal drop in blood pressure correlates with a higher risk of cardiovascular complications. In addition, the metabolic syndrome (MS) significantly increases cardiovascular risk. We conducted a descriptive, cross-sectional study to evaluate the pattern of nocturnal drop in blood pressure and other parameters provided by 24-hour ambulatory blood pressure monitoring (ABPM), such as mean daytime and nighttime systolic, diastolic and pulse pressures in subjects with MS, and to determine the relation with the components of this syndrome. A total of 125 patients were included, with ABPM reproducibility pattern. Glycemia, HDL-cholesterol, triglycerides, office blood pressure and abdominal circumference were determined. The presence of MS was defined using the ATP III criteria. The global prevalence of hypertension, MS and non-dipper pattern was 43%, 56% and 44%, respectively. Blood pressure values and the percentage of patients with non-dipper pattern were higher in patients with more components of the metabolic syndrome. The abdominal circumference was the only parameter that predicted the non-dipper pattern. Subjects with MS showed a significant increase in the different blood pressure parameters evaluated by ABPM and a higher prevalence of the non-dipper pattern.(AU)
RESUMO
Se ha mantenido una creciente preocupación por estudiar los factores de riesgo asociados al síndrome metabólico (SM), y diversos estudios han demostrado que el fenotipo B es altamente aterogénico debido a que estas partículas de lipoproteínas de baja densidad (LDL), consideradas pequeñas y densas, presentan una distribución espacial diferente de las LDL normales. El objetivo del estudio fue caracterizar fenotípicamente partículas de LDL en pacientes adultos con diagnóstico de SM, y asociarlo con los factores que lo definen, considerando el consenso ATP III. Se trató de un estudio descriptivo, transversal e intencional que incluyó 169 pacientes distribuidos en dos grupos, 93 pacientes con SM y 76 sin esta condición, a los cuales se les determinó glucosa, HDL, triglicéridos y electroforesis en gel de poliacrilamida para la caracterización fenotípica de la LDL. Se midió presión arterial y circunferencia abdominal. El rango de edad de la muestra estudiada estuvo entre 20 y 84 años (40,3±14,8), y de los pacientes estudiados 40,2% presentaron un fenotipo B y 59,8% un fenotipo A. Al comparar ambos grupos se evidenciaron diferencias significativas en las variables estudiadas. Se concluye que los pacientes con SM presentaron concentraciones superiores de fenotipo B en comparación con los individuos que no cumplieron con los criterios para su diagnóstico, observándose asociación significativa entre el fenotipo B y la presencia de SM. Esta asociación estuvo directamente relacionada con las concentraciones séricas de triglicéridos, obesidad abdominal y presión arterial diastólica.
Currently, there has been a steadily-growing interest on the risk factors associated with metabolic syndrome (MS), and several studies have shown that the B phenotype is highly atherogenic, since these low density lipoprotein (LDL) particles which have been considered small and dense, have a different spatial distribution from the normal LDL. The aim of this study was to characterize phenotypically LDL particles in adult patients diagnosed with SM, and to relate the latter with its defining factors, taking into account the ATP III consensus. This was a descriptive, crosssectional intentional study involving 169 patients divided into two groups, 93 patients with MS and 76 without this condition, who had glucose, HDL, triglyceride, and polyacrylamide-gel electrophoresis determinations for phenotypic characterization of LDL. Blood pressure and waist circumference were measured. The age range of the sample was between 20 and 84 years (40.3 ± 14.8); 40.2% of the studied patients were phenotype B and 59.8%, phenotype A. When comparing both groups, significant differences in the variables studied were observed. It is concluded that, compared with individuals who did not meet the criteria for diagnosis, patients with MS had higher concentrations of phenotype B. Also, there was a significant association between phenotype B and the presence of SM. This association was directly related to serum triglycerides, abdominal obesity and diastolic blood pressure.
RESUMO
Objetivo Evaluar el nivel de conocimiento de los factores de riesgo cardiovascular y asociarlo con alteraciones de los marcadores clínicos, antropométricos y bioquímicos de riesgo cardiovascular en una comunidad del Municipio Naguanagua, Venezuela. Métodos Se evaluaron 205 pacientes con edades comprendidas entre 18 y 77 años, a los cuales se les determinó peso, talla, circunferencia abdominal, presión arterial, glicemia y perfil lipídico. Se aplicó una encuesta para medir el nivel de conocimiento de los factores de riesgo cardiovascular. Resultados Se evidenció una alta frecuencia de obesidad abdominal (67 %) sobrepeso y obesidad (38 %) e Hipertensión (26 %). Casi 60 % de los participantes afirmó conocer los factores de riesgo cardiovascular, pero sólo 14,7 % reconocieron los once factores que se consideraron para definir el nivel de conocimiento. Más de la mitad de los participantes mostraron un bajo nivel de conocimiento de factores de riesgo cardiovasculares cuyos niveles promedio de colesterol total, LDL colesterol y triglicéridos fueron significativamente menores a los del grupo de alto nivel de conocimiento. Conclusión Se encontró un porcentaje elevado de individuos con bajo nivel de conocimiento de los factores de riesgo cardiovascular y una frecuencia de alteraciones de los parámetros clínicos, antropométricos y bioquímicos mayor entre los participantes con alto nivel de conocimiento, confirmando la necesidad de ejecutar estrategias que no sólo eleven el nivel de conocimiento de las comunidades venezolanas, sino también motiven efectivamente a la adopción de un estilo de vida asociado a la reducción de los factores de riesgo cardiovascular y al autocuidado de la salud.
Objective Associating the level of awareness concerning cardiovascular risk factors related to changes in clinical, anthropometric and biochemical markers regarding cardiovascular risk in people living in Naguanagua, Venezuela. Method 205 patients aged 18 to 77 years were evaluated; weight, height, waist circumference, blood pressure, glucose and serum lipid profile were measured. A survey assessed the patients' level of awareness regarding cardiovascular risk factors. Results A high frequency of abdominal obesity (67 %), being overweight and obese (38 %) and suffering from hypertension (26 %) was observed. Nearly 60 % of respondents claimed to know about cardiovascular risk factors, but only 14.7 % of them recognized the eleven factors considered to define such level of knowledge. More than half of the participants showed a low level of awareness concerning cardiovascular risk factors; average levels of total cholesterol, cholesterol LDL and triglycerides were significantly lower in the group having a high level of knowledge concerning cardiovascular risk factors. Conclusions Extremely low levels of awareness regarding cardiovascular risk factor prevalence and high frequency concerning changes in clinical, anthropometric and biochemical markers for cardiovascular risk were higher in the group having a high level of knowledge of cardiovascular risk factors, thereby confirming the need for implementing strategies for raising Venezuelan communities' level of knowledge regarding cardiovascular risk factors and also encouraging them to adopt a lifestyle associated with reduced cardiovascular risk factors and self-care.
Assuntos
Adolescente , Adulto , Idoso , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Adulto Jovem , Doenças Cardiovasculares/psicologia , Conhecimentos, Atitudes e Prática em Saúde , Consumo de Bebidas Alcoólicas/epidemiologia , Antropometria , Glicemia/análise , Doenças Cardiovasculares/epidemiologia , Diabetes Mellitus/epidemiologia , Dieta , Dislipidemias/epidemiologia , Comportamentos Relacionados com a Saúde , Hipertensão/epidemiologia , Lipídeos/sangue , Sobrepeso/epidemiologia , Fatores de Risco , Fumar/epidemiologia , Fatores Socioeconômicos , Venezuela/epidemiologiaRESUMO
Objetivos. Comparar los niveles séricos de las apolipoproteínas A-I y B así como las relaciones Apo B/Apo A-I y HDL colesterol/Apo A-I según edad, sexo y factores de riesgo cardiovascular en individuos atendidos en un centro público de salud venezolano. Materiales y métodos. Se determinó la presión arterial, la circunferencia de cintura (CC), el perfil lipídico y las apolipoproteínas A-I y B en 221 individuos (44,0±15,5 años) de ambos sexos; también se calculó el índice de masa corporal (IMC) a partir del peso y la talla y se estableció hábito al tabaco, la ingesta de bebidas alcohólicas y el patrón de su consumo. Resultados. El 27,5 por ciento presentó concentraciones bajas de Apo A-I, 45,2 por ciento Apo B elevada y 60,6 por ciento relación Apo B/Apo A-I alta. Los niveles séricos de las apolipoproteínas y la relación Apo B/Apo A-I no variaron con la edad o sexo, mientras que la relación HDL colesterol/Apo A-I disminuyó al elevarse la edad. Los individuos obesos, fumadores, hipertensos, hipercolesterolémicos, hipertrigliceridémicos o con HDL colesterol bajo mostraron cifras más elevadas de Apo B y Apo B/Apo A-I. La relación HDL colesterol/Apo A-I disminuyó con la edad, el nivel de habito al tabaco y el aumento de LDL-C y triglicéridos. El consumo de tres o más bebidas alcohólicas/día se asoció con disminución de Apo B. Conclusiones. Se demostró alta prevalencia de perfil apolipoprotéico alterado, lo cual se asoció con los principales factores de riesgo cardiovascular. Los resultados del estudio apoyan la inclusión de las apolipoproteínas evaluadas en las determinaciones de laboratorio realizadas en los centros públicos de atención de salud venezolanos.
Objectives. To compare serum levels of apolipoproteins A-I and B as well as Apo B/Apo A-I and HDL cholesterol/Apo A-I ratios by age, gender and cardiovascular risk factors in individuals treated at a Venezuelan public health center. Materials and methods. We determined in 221 individuals (44.0 ± 15.5 years) of both genders blood pressure, waist circumference (WC), lipid profile and apolipoproteins A-I and B; body mass index (BMI) was calculated from weight and height; smoking habit, alcohol intake and consumption pattern were established. Results. 27.5 percent of individuals had low levels of Apo A-I, 45.2 percent high Apo B and 60.6 percent high Apo B/Apo A-I ratio. Serum levels of apolipoproteins and Apo B/Apo A-I ratio did not vary with age or gender, while the ratio HDL cholesterol/Apo A-I decreased with the age. Obese individuals, smokers, hypertensive, hypercholesterolemics, hypertriglyceridemics or with low HDL cholesterol showed higher Apo B and Apo B/Apo A-I ratio. Older individuals, smokers or individuals with increased LDL cholesterol and triglycerides showed lower HDL cholesterol/Apo A-I ratio. Consumption of three or more alcoholic drinks/day was associated with decreased Apo B. Conclusions. These results show high prevalence of altered apolipoprotein profile, which is associated with major cardiovascular risk factors. The results support the inclusion of the evaluated apolipoproteins in laboratory determinations made in public health centers in Venezuela.
Assuntos
Adulto , Idoso , Idoso de 80 Anos ou mais , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Adulto Jovem , Apolipoproteínas/sangue , Doenças Cardiovasculares/sangue , Doenças Cardiovasculares/epidemiologia , Estudos Transversais , Instalações de Saúde , Saúde Pública , Fatores de Risco , VenezuelaRESUMO
Objetivos: Establecer la presencia de lipoproteína de baja densidad pequeña y densa (LDLpd) en suero y su relación con factores de riesgo cardiovascular tradicionales en adultos. Métodos: Se estudiaron 78 mujeres y 73 hombres con promedio de edad de 39,9±14,9 años (rango: 20-84 años), los cuales asistieron a un centro de salud del Edo. Carabobo, Venezuela. Se registró hábito tabáquico, presión arterial y medidas antropométricas. Se obtuvo muestra de sangre en ayunas en la que se cuantificó colesterol total y fraccionado y triglicéridos mediante métodos enzimáticos-colorimétricos y se detectó LDLpd a través de electroforesis en gel de poliacrilamida en gradiente. El consumo de alcohol y su patrón de ingesta se registró mediante el Test de Identificación de Desórdenes del Uso del Alcohol (AUDIT). Resultados: Se detectó LDLpd en 45,7% de los individuos, siendo más frecuente en las mujeres que en los hombres (57,7% vs. 32,9%). La presencia de LDLpd se asoció significativamente con el aumento de la edad, índice de masa corporal, circunferencia de cintura, colesterol total, LDL colesterol y triglicéridos así como con la disminución de HDL colesterol. La presencia de LDLpd fue más frecuente entre los fumadores, hipertensos y aquellos individuos que consumieron alcohol en mayor cantidad y frecuencia. La presencia de LDLpd en suero fue predicha significativamente por la edad y los niveles de triglicéridos y HDL colesterol. Conclusiones: En este estudio, la presencia de LDLpd en suero fue frecuente en los individuos estudiados y se encontró relacionada con los factores de riesgo cardiovascular tradicionales evaluados.
Objectives: To establish the presence of small dense Low Density Lipoproteins (sdLDL) in serum and possible relation with traditional cardiovascular risk factors in adult individuals. Methods:We studied 78 women and 73 men with a mean age of 39.9 ± 14.9 years (range: 20-84 years) who attended to a health center of Edo. Carabobo, Venezuela. Measures were recorded smoking habit, blood pressure and anthropometric . After informed consent, patients were clinically evaluated and. Total and fractionated cholesterol and triglycerides were determined in serum by enzymatic-colorimetric methods. The presence of serum sdLDL was detected by polyacrylamide gradient gel electrophoresis. Alcohol consumption and drinking pattern were recorded by Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test (AUDIT). Results: sdLDL was detected in 45.7% of individuals, being more prevalent in women than in men (57.7% vs. 32.9%). The presence of sdLDL in serum was significantly associated with the increasing age, body mass index, waist circumference, total cholesterol, LDL cholesterol, triglycerides and the decrease of HDL cholesterol. The presence of sdLDL was more common among smokers, hypertensives and those individuals who consumed alcohol in more quantity and frequency. Age, triglyceride and HDL cholesterol significantly predicted the presence of sdLDL. Conclusions: In this study, the presence of serum sdLDL was common in study subjects and related to traditional cardiovascular risk factors.
RESUMO
Los adelantos científicos y biotecnológicos propios de la postmodernidad, han planteado nuevos paradigmas en relación a la ética. Las implicaciones bioéticas del empleo de animales de experimentación en investigación son analizadas en la presente revisión. La investigación con humanos se rige desde el punto de vista ético por el código de Nürenberg, las Declaraciones de Helsinki y normas del Consejo de Organizaciones Internacionales de Ciencias Médicas. Estas normativas aún cuando contemplan algunos aspectos relacionados con el empleo de animales de experimentación, presentan el dilema entre el beneficio para el humano, el daño potencial para el animal y el no obstaculizar la investigación. Por esta razón, es importante la creación de comités institucionales para el cuidado y uso de los animales, en especial en las Facultades de Ciencias de la Salud, que se encarguen de concebir y asesorar en la aplicación de códigos de bioética que contemplen pautas para el uso de animales de laboratorio acordes con la normativa internacional y con las particularidades del ámbito nacional que rodea la investigación.
Postmodern advances in science and biotechnology have raised new paradigms in relation to bioethics. The bioethical implications of the use of animals in research are discussed in this review. Nürnberg Code, Helsinki´s Declarations and Norms of the Council for International Organizations of Medical Sciences supply international ethical guidelines for research involving human subjects. These regulations provide some aspects related to the use of experimental animals but rise some dilemmas such as the benefit to humans, the potential harm to the animal, and not obstructing the research. For this reason, it is important the creation of an Animal Care and Use Committee in each research institution, especially in the faculties of health science, which will be responsible for designing and advising bioethics codes implementations that provide guidelines for the use of laboratory animals in accordance with international standards and the particularities of the research rules of each country.