Patient positioning on the operating table and patient safety: A systematic review and meta-analysis.

AIM: To identify occurrence of harmful incidents related to patient positioning on operating table. DESIGN: Systematic review and meta-analysis. DATA SOURCES: Eight databases including Ovid, Medline, Embase, CINAHL, the Cochrane Library, Epistemonikos, Scopus, Web of Science and Google Scholar were systematically searched from the inception of the databases to August 2023. Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses flow diagram depicting the flow information. REVIEW METHODS: The Cochrane Risk of Bias Tools were used to assess the risk of bias. Risk of harm with 95% confidence interval (CI) was estimated for each included study, and an overall risk was calculated using meta-analysis. RESULTS: Of the 22 included reports, two were randomized controlled trials (RCTs), five had a prospective cohort design, three had a cross-sectional design, and 12 were register-based studies. Intraoperative peripheral nerve injuries, perioperative pressure ulcers, musculoskeletal injuries, vascular injuries, postoperative pain and eye injuries were related to supine, lithotomy, Trendelenburg, prone and beach chair positioning. Overall risk of any harm was estimated as 0.2%. Studies with patients placed in prone positioning (8 study samples) had the highest risks of harm varying from 0.19 to 0.81, with an overall risk of 0.33. Meta-analysis of the two RCTs showed higher risk of chemosis with head-down positioning than with head in neutral position (overall relative risk = 1.64; 95% CI: [1.25, 2.14]). CONCLUSIONS: Harmful incidents related to patient positioning occur and consequences can be severe. The operating room teams should be aware of the harms and prevent and treat them seriously. IMPACT: This review underlines that research is sparse on patient positioning on operating table and harmful incidents. There is a need for high-quality, well-designed studies that focus on harmful incidents and prevention of harm related to patient positioning. PATIENT OR PUBLIC CONTRIBUTION: No patient or public contribution, as this is a review of previous research.

"Hope at a crossroads" - Experiences of hope in intensive care patients: A qualitative study.

BACKGROUND: Hope is closely connected to experiences of health and illness. In critical illness, the future may be uncertain regarding survival, recovery, and daily functioning. More knowledge is needed on how to support hope in patients in intensive care units and during the following rehabilitation period. OBJECTIVES: The aim of this study was to explore hope and its impacting factors among critically ill patients in the intensive care unit. METHODS: This was an exploratory study using semistructured interviews for data collection. Thirteen patients discharged from intensive care were interviewed while still in hospital. Data were analysed using thematic analysis. The consolidated criteria for reporting qualitative research were used for reporting this study. FINDINGS: Three themes, consisting of 8 subthemes, were generated through the analysis. The first theme presented, 'Hope at the point of uncertainty', describes the perception of hope as a phenomenon in critical illness, while the last two, 'Nourishment for hope' and 'Barriers to hope', comprise possible promoting and constraining factors affecting hope during intensive care The overarching theme 'Hope at a crossroads' reflects the overall patient experience of hope in critical illness. CONCLUSION: To maintain or regain hope, healthcare personnel working with critically ill patients should be aware of the importance of encouraging and acknowledging physical progress even when small. Furthermore, they should attend to patients' relational needs and facilitate their ability to interact as the persons they are, not only as patients.

Prevalence of and predictive factors associated with high levels of post-traumatic stress symptoms 3 months after intensive care unit admission: A prospective study.

BACKGROUND: Post-traumatic stress symptoms (PTSS) following intensive care unit (ICU) treatment may increase morbidity and mortality. Therefore, it is important to identify patients at risk of suffering from such symptoms. OBJECTIVES: The objective of this study was to describe the prevalence and identify possible predictive factors associated with high levels of PTSS 3 months after ICU admission. METHODS: A multicentre, observational study was carried out in six ICUs in Norway. Patients aged ≥18 years were included. The Impact of Event Scale-Revised measured PTSS 3 months after ICU admission. The impacts of pre-ICU measures; demographic and clinical measures; and daily measures of pain, agitation, and delirium were analysed using univariate and multivariate logistic regression models. RESULTS: In total, of the 273 patients included, the prevalence rate of high levels of PTSS was 19.8% (n = 54) 3 months after ICU admission (95% confidence interval [CI]: [15.2, 25.0]). Female gender, age, pre-ICU unemployment, a minimum of one episode of agitation or delirium, and pre-ICU level of functioning in daily living were all significantly associated with high levels of PTSS in univariate logistic analyses. In the multivariate logistic regression, two models were analysed. In model 1, episodes of agitation during ICU stay (odds ratio [OR] = 4.73; 95% CI: [1.17, 19.0]), pre-ICU unemployment (OR = 3.33; 95% CI: [1.26, 8.81]), and pre-ICU level of functioning in daily living (OR = 0.78; 95% CI: [0.63, 0.96]) (implying lower level) increased the odds of reporting high levels of PTSS. In model 2, pre-ICU unemployment (OR = 2.70; 95% CI: [1.05, 6.93]) and pre-ICU level of functioning in daily living (OR = 0.77; 95% CI: [0.62, 0.95]) (implying lower level) increased the odds of reporting high levels of PTSS. CONCLUSIONS: Healthcare personnel are suggested to be aware of ICU patients' pre-ICU employment status, pre-ICU functioning in daily living, and agitation during ICU stay to identify those at risk of PTSS after discharge.

Inter-rater agreement between patient- and proxy-reported cognitive functioning in intensive care unit patients: A cohort study.

BACKGROUND: Health status, including cognitive functioning before critical illness, is associated with long-term outcomes in intensive care unit survivors. Premorbid data are therefore of importance in longitudinal studies. Few patients can self-report at intensive care admission. Consequently, proxy assessments of patients' health status are used. However, it remains unclear how accurately proxies can report on an intensive care patient's cognitive status. OBJECTIVES: The aim of this study was to examine the agreement between patient- and proxy-reporting of the Cognitive Failures Questionnaire and to compare the agreement between proxy reports using the latter questionnaire and the Informant Questionnaire of Cognitive Decline in the Elderly as a reference. METHODS: The present cohort study is part of a longitudinal multicentre study collecting both patient and proxy data using questionnaires and clinical data from medical records during intensive care unit stays. Agreement on patient and proxy pairs was examined using intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC), Spearman's correlation, percentage agreement, and Gwet's AC1 statistics. Agreement between the proxy-reported questionnaires was examined using percentage agreement and Gwet's AC1 statistics. RESULTS: In total, we collected 99 pairs of patient-proxy assessments and 158 proxy-proxy assessments. The ICC for the sum scores revealed moderate agreement (n = 99; ICC = 0.59; 99% confidence interval [CI]: [0.30-0.76]) between patient and proxy. Agreement on items was poor (AC1 = 0.13; 99% CI: [0.01-0.24]) to moderate (AC1 = 0.55; 99% CI: [0.43-0.68]). Agreement using cut-off scores (>43) to indicate cognitive impairment was very good (89.9%, AC1 = 0.87; 99% CI: [0.79-0.95]). Agreement between the proxy-reported Cognitive Failures Questionnaire (>43) and the reference questionnaire (≥3.5) was also very good (n = 158; 85%, AC1 = 0.82; 99% CI: [0.74-0.90]). CONCLUSIONS: Proxy assessments of the Cognitive Failures Questionnaire (>43) may be used to indicate cognitive impairment if patients are unable to self-report. Agreement was high between the two questionnaires determined by proxies, showing that these can be used interchangeably to assess cognitive functioning if proxy reporting is needed.

Long-term functional disabilities in intensive care unit survivors: A prospective cohort study.

BACKGROUND: Functional disabilities are common in intensive care unit (ICU) survivors and may affect their ability to live independently. Few previous studies have investigated long-term functional outcomes with health status before ICU admission (pre-ICU health), and they are limited to specific patient groups. OBJECTIVES: The objective of this study was to investigate the prevalence of functional disabilities and examine pre-ICU health variables as possible predictive factors of functional disabilities 12 months after ICU admission in a mixed population of ICU survivors. METHODS: This prospective cohort study was conducted in six ICUs in Norway. Data on pre-ICU health were collected as soon as possible after ICU admission using patients, proxies, and patient electronic health records and at 12 months after ICU admission. Self-reported functional status was assessed using the Katz Index of independence in personal activities of daily living (P-ADL) and the Lawton instrumental activities of daily living scale (I-ADL). RESULTS: A total of 220 of 343 (64%) ICU survivors with data on pre-ICU health completed the questionnaires at 12 months and reported the following functional disabilities at 12 months: 31 patients (14.4%) reported P-ADL dependencies (new in 16 and persisting in 15), and 80 patients (36.4%) reported I-ADL dependencies (new in 41 and persisting in 39). In a multivariate analysis, worse baseline P-ADL and I-ADL scores were associated with dependencies in P-ADLs (odds ratio [OR]: 1.87; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.14-3.06) and I-ADLs (OR: 1.52; 95% CI: 1.03-2.23), respectively, at 12 months. Patients who were employed were less likely to report I-ADL dependencies at 12 months (OR: 0.34; 95% CI: 0.12-0.95). CONCLUSION: In a subsample of ICU survivors, patients reported functional disabilities 12 months after ICU admission, which was significantly associated with their pre-ICU functional status. Early screening of pre-ICU functional status may help identify patients at risk of long-term functional disabilities. ICU survivors with pre-ICU functional disabilities may find it difficult to improve their functional status.

Implementation of an algorithm for tapering analgosedation reduces iatrogenic withdrawal syndrome in pediatric intensive care.

BACKGROUND: Proper analgosedation is a cornerstone in the treatment of critically ill patients in Pediatric Intensive Care Units (PICUs). Medications, such as fentanyl, morphine, and midazolam, are essential to safe and respectful care. The use of these medications over time may lead to side effects such as iatrogenic withdrawal syndrome (IWS) in the tapering phase. The aim of the study was to test an algorithm for tapering analgosedation to reduce the prevalence of IWS in two Norwegian PICUs at Oslo University Hospital. METHODS: A cohort of mechanically ventilated patients from newborn to 18 years with continuous infusions of opioids and benzodiazepines for 5 days or more were included consecutively from May 2016 to December 2021. A pre- and posttest design, with an intervention phase using an algorithm for tapering analgosedation after the pretest, was used. The ICU staffs were trained in using the algorithm after the pretest. The primary outcome was a reduction in IWS. The Withdrawal Assessment Tool-1 (WAT-1) was used to identify IWS. A WAT-1 score ≥3 indicates IWS. RESULTS: We included 80 children, 40 in the baseline group, and 40 in the intervention group. Age and diagnosis did not differ between the groups. The prevalence of IWS was 95% versus 52.5% in the baseline group versus the intervention group, and the peak WAT-1 median was 5.0 (IQR 4-6.8) versus 3.0 (IQR 2.0-6.0) (p = .012). Based on SUM WAT-1 ≥ 3, which describes the burden over time better, we demonstrated a reduction of IWS, from a median of 15.5 (IQR 8.25-39) to a median of 3 (IQR 0-20) (p = <.001). CONCLUSION: We suggest using an algorithm for tapering analgosedation in PICUs since the prevalence of IWS was significantly lower in the intervention group in our study.

Three patterns of symptom communication between patients and clinicians in the intensive care unit: A fieldwork study.

AIM: To describe different patterns of communication aimed at preventing, identifying and managing symptoms between mechanically ventilated patients and clinicians in the intensive care unit. DESIGN: We conducted a fieldwork study with triangulation of participant observation and individual interviews. METHODS: Participant observation of nine patients and 50 clinicians: nurses, physiotherapists and physicians. Subsequent individual face-to-face interviews with nine of the clinicians, and six of the patients after they had regained their ability to speak and breathe spontaneously, were fully alert and felt well enough to sit through the interview. FINDINGS: Symptom communication was found to be an integral part of patient care. We identified three communication patterns: (1) proactive symptom communication, (2) reactive symptom communication and (3) lack of symptom communication. The three patterns co-existed in the cases and the first two complemented each other. The third pattern represents inadequate management of symptom distress. CONCLUSION: Recognition of symptoms in non-speaking intensive care patients is an important skill for clinicians. Our study uncovered three patterns of symptom communication, two of which promoted symptom management. The third pattern suggested that clinicians did not always acknowledge the symptom distress. IMPLICATIONS FOR PATIENT CARE: Proactive and reactive symptom assessment of non-speaking patients require patient verification when possible. Improved symptom prevention, identification and management require a combination of sound clinical judgement and attentiveness towards symptoms, implementation and use of relevant assessment tools, and implementation and skill building in augmentative and alternative communication. IMPACT: This study addressed the challenges of symptom communication between mechanically ventilated patients and clinicians in the intensive care unit. Our findings may have an impact on patients and clinicians concerned with symptom management in intensive care units. REPORTING METHOD: We used the consolidated criteria for reporting qualitative research. PATIENT CONTRIBUTION: A user representative was involved in the design of the study.

Unidentified communication challenges in the intensive care unit: A qualitative study using multiple triangulations.

BACKGROUND: Communication in the intensive care unit is challenged by patients' inability to speak owing to intubation, treatment, and illness. Research has focused on the use of communication tools or techniques, characteristics of the communication between patients and clinicians, and their experiences of communication challenges. However, few studies have combined the perspectives of patients, family members, and clinicians. We explored communication from different angles and investigated challenges that cannot be explained by ineffective use of aids and communication techniques. OBJECTIVES: The aim of this study was to explore communication between patients, family members, and nurses and to investigate previously unidentified communication challenges. METHODS: This study used a case-oriented design with multiple triangulations. It was conducted in two general intensive care units at a Norwegian university hospital. Participant observations were conducted on nine mechanically ventilated patients while communicating with family members and healthcare personnel. Following the observations, individual interviews were conducted with six patients, six family members, and nine healthcare personnel. FINDINGS: Communication often seemed uncomplicated at the time of observations, but information from the interviews revealed another picture. We demonstrate what participants emphasised differently when they discussed their experiences, revealing a discrepancy in perceived importance in the situation. Family members had an important role in interpreting signs from the patient, uncovering challenges that would have been unknown to the nurses otherwise. CONCLUSIONS: This study illustrates how communication challenges in the intensive care unit may not be perceptible to an observer or to all of the participants involved at the time of the communication. Nurses need to be aware of these communication challenges and realise that the patient might face issues that cannot be easily solved without extensive involvement of the patient, family, and nurses, and perhaps not even until a later stage in the patient's recovery process.

Finding the right words: A focus group investigation of nurses' experiences of writing diaries for intensive care patients with a poor prognosis.

BACKGROUND: The overall purpose of diaries written during an intensive care stay is to help patients fill in memory gaps from the illness trajectory, which might promote long-term psychological recovery. Diaries have also been shown to benefit nurses in maintaining a view of the patient as a person in the highly technical environment and to promote reflection. There is a lack of research on how nurses might be affected by writing a diary for critically ill patients with a poor prognosis. OBJECTIVES: The aim of this study was to investigate nurses' experience of writing diaries for intensive care patients with a poor prognosis. METHODS: This study has a qualitative descriptive design and was inspired by the methodology of interpretive description. Twenty-three nurses from three Norwegian hospitals with a well-established practice of writing diaries participated in four focus groups. Reflexive thematic analysis was used. The study was reported according to the Consolidated Criteria for Reporting Qualitative Research checklist. FINDINGS: The overarching theme resulting from our analysis was "Finding the right words". This theme represents the challenge of writing in view of the uncertainty of the patient's survival and of who would read the diary. It was important to strike the right tone with these uncertainties in mind. When the patient's life could not be saved, the purpose of the diary expanded to comforting the family. To put an extra effort into making the diary something special when the patient was dying was also a meaningful activity for the nurses. CONCLUSIONS: Diaries may serve other purposes than helping patients to understand their critical illness trajectory. In cases of a poor prognosis, nurses adapted their writing to comfort the family rather than informing the patient. Diary writing was meaningful for the nurses in managing care of the dying patient.

Postdischarge pain, nausea and patient satisfaction after diagnostic and breast-conserving ambulatory surgery for breast cancer: A cross-sectional study.

BACKGROUND: The aims of this study were to assess first day postdischarge pain, nausea and patient satisfaction in ambulatory breast cancer surgical patients, after diagnostic and breast conserving procedures. METHODS: A total of 781 women, aged 18-85 years were included in this prospective, cross-sectional study. All patients received standardized multimodal pain prophylaxis with paracetamol, COX-II inhibitor, dexamethasone and wound infiltration with local anaesthetics. Nausea prophylaxis was provided with ondansetron. Most patients received general anaesthesia with propofol and remifentanil. Data were collected using a validated questionnaire during telephone follow-up on the first postoperative day. RESULTS: The response rate was 94.5%. NRS ≥ 4 was reported by 5.3% at rest, by 17% during activity and by 30.7% as the worst pain score. Young age was strongly associated with more pain both at rest, during activity and regarding worst pain since discharge. Postdischarge nausea was present in 17.8%, and vomiting in 1.2%. High pain score during activity and higher level of worst pain, were associated with nausea. There was no association between nausea and age, type of anaesthesia, surgical procedure or pain at rest. Patient satisfaction was high (97.8%-99.7%) regarding information, time for discharge and overall satisfaction. CONCLUSION: Pain scores and incidence of nausea were generally low on the day after surgery. Young age was a strong predictor for postdischarge pain. A high worst pain score and high pain score during the activity were associated with postdischarge nausea. Patient satisfaction was high.

Educational Intervention to Strengthen Pediatric Postoperative Pain Management: A Cluster Randomized Trial.

BACKGROUND: Pediatric postoperative pain is still undertreated. AIMS: To assess whether educational intervention increases nurses' knowledge and improves pediatric postoperative pain management. DESIGN: Cluster randomized controlled trial with three measurement points (baseline T1, 1 month after intervention T2, and 6 months after intervention T3). PARTICIPANTS/SUBJECTS: The study was conducted in postanesthesia care units at six hospitals in Norway. Nurses working with children in the included units and children who were undergoing surgery were invited to participate in this study. METHODS: Nurses were cluster randomized by units to an intervention (n = 129) or a control group (n = 129). This allocation was blinded for participants at baseline. Data were collected using "The Pediatric Nurses' Knowledge and Attitudes Survey Regarding Pain: Norwegian Version" (primary outcome), observations of nurses' clinical practice, and interviews with children. The intervention included an educational day, clinical supervision, and reminders. RESULTS: At baseline 193 nurses completed the survey (75% response rate), 143 responded at T2, and 107 at T3. Observations of nurses' (n = 138) clinical practice included 588 children, and 38 children were interviewed. The knowledge level increased from T1 to T3 in both groups, but there was no statistically significant difference between the groups. In the intervention group, there was an improvement between T1 and T2 in the total PNKAS-N score (70% vs. 83%), observed increase use of pain assessment tools (17% vs. 39%), and children experienced less moderate-to-severe pain. CONCLUSIONS: No significant difference was observed between the groups after intervention, but a positive change in knowledge and practice was revealed in both groups. Additional studies are needed to explore the most potent variables to strengthen pediatric postoperative pain management.

Occurrence and characteristics of pain after ICU discharge: A longitudinal study.

BACKGROUND: Pain is a serious problem for intensive care unit (ICU) patients, but we are lacking data on pain at the hospital ward after ICU discharge. AIMS AND OBJECTIVES: To describe pain intensity, -interference with function and -location in patients up to 1 year after ICU discharge. To identify demographic and clinical variables and their association with worst pain intensity and pain interference. DESIGN: A longitudinal descriptive secondary analysis of a randomized controlled trial on nurse-led follow-up consultations on post-traumatic stress and sense of coherence after ICU discharge. METHODS: Pain intensity, -interference, and -location were measured using Brief Pain Inventory at the hospital ward and 3, 6, and 12 months after ICU discharge. For associations, data were analysed using multivariate linear mixed models for repeated measures. RESULTS: Of 523 included patients, 68% reported worst pain intensity score above 0 (no pain) at the ward. Estimated means for worst pain intensity and -interference (from 0 to 10) after ICU discharge were 5.5 [CI 4.6-6.5] and 4.5 [CI 3.7-5.3], and decreased to 3.8 [CI 2.8-4.8] (P ≤ .001) and 2.9 [CI 2.1-3.7] after 12 months (P ≤ .001). Most common pain locations were abdomen (43%), lower lumbar back (28%), and shoulder/forearm (22%). At 12 months, post-traumatic stress (PTS) symptoms ≥25 (scale 10-70), female gender, shorter ICU stay, and more traumatic ICU memories were significantly associated with higher worst pain intensity. PTS symptoms ≥25, female gender, more traumatic ICU memories, younger age, and not having an internal medical diagnosis were significantly associated with higher pain interference. CONCLUSIONS: Early after ICU discharge pain was present in 68% of patients. Thereafter, pain intensity and -interference declined, but pain intensity was still at a moderate level at 12 months. Health professionals should be aware of patients' pain and identify potentially vulnerable patients. IMPLICATION FOR PRACTICE: Longitudinal assessment of factors associated with pain early after ICU discharge and the following year is a first step that could improve follow-up focus and contribute to reduced development of chronic pain.

Iatrogenic withdrawal syndrome frequently occurs in paediatric intensive care without algorithm for tapering of analgosedation.

BACKGROUND: Analgesics and sedatives are key elements to reduce physiological and psychological stress associated with treatment in paediatric intensive care. Prolonged drug use may induce tolerance and development of iatrogenic withdrawal syndrome (IWS) during the tapering phase. Our primary aim was to describe the prevalence of IWS among critically ill ventilated patients in two Norwegian paediatric intensive care units (PICUs), and secondary to investigate what motivated bedside nurses to administer additional drug doses. METHODS: Mechanically ventilated patients (n = 40) from newborn to eighteen years of age, with continuous infusions of opioids and benzodiazepines for 5 days or more, were included consecutively from May 2016 to June 2018. By using Withdrawal Assessment Tool-1 (WAT-1) twice daily we recorded the prevalence of IWS. Additionally, we recorded signs and symptoms that led bedside nurses to administration extra bolus medication. RESULTS: Peak WAT-1 score indicated an IWS prevalence of 95% in this selected group. The first days of the tapering phase were most critical for IWS. The most frequent symptoms triggering administration of additional bolus doses were agitation/restlessness, and thiopental and propofol were the bolus drugs used most frequently. CONCLUSIONS: IWS affected 95% of the children having received infusions of opioids and benzodiazepines for 5 days or more in PICUs without a tapering protocol for these drugs. This calls for implementation and testing of such weaning protocols.

Characteristics, management and survival of ICU patients with coronavirus disease-19 in Norway, March-June 2020. A prospective observational study.

BACKGROUND: Norwegian hospitals have operated within capacity during the COVID-19 pandemic. We present patient and management characteristics, and outcomes for the entire cohort of adult (>18 years) COVID-19 patients admitted to Norwegian intensive care units (ICU) from 10 March to 19 June 2020. METHODS: Data were collected from The Norwegian intensive care and pandemic registry (NIPaR). Demographics, co-morbidities, management characteristics and outcomes are described. ICU length of stay (LOS) was analysed with linear regression, and associations between risk factors and mortality were quantified using Cox regression. RESULTS: In total, 217 patients were included. The male to female ratio was 3:1 and the median age was 63 years. A majority (70%) had one or more co-morbidities, most frequently cardiovascular disease (39%), chronic lung disease (22%), diabetes mellitus (20%), and obesity (17%). Most patients were admitted for acute hypoxaemic respiratory failure (AHRF) (91%) and invasive mechanical ventilation (MV) was used in 86%, prone ventilation in 38% and 25% of patients received a tracheostomy. Vasoactive drugs were used in 79% and renal replacement therapy in 15%. Median ICU LOS and time of MV was 14.0 and 12.0 days. At end of follow-up 45 patients (21%) were dead. Age, co-morbidities and severity of illness at admission were predictive of death. Severity of AHRF and male gender were associated with LOS. CONCLUSIONS: In this national cohort of COVID-19 patients, mortality was low and attributable to known risk factors. Importantly, prolonged length-of-stay must be taken into account when planning for resource allocation for any next surge.

The effectiveness of exercise therapy and education plus cognitive behavioral therapy, alone or in combination with total knee arthroplasty in patients with knee osteoarthritis - study protocol for the MultiKnee trial.

BACKGROUND: One in five patients report chronic pain following total knee arthroplasty (TKA) and are considered non-improvers. Psychological interventions such as cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT), combined with exercise therapy and education may contribute to reduced pain an improved function both for patients with OA or after TKA surgery, but the evidence for the effectiveness of such interventions is scarce. This randomized controlled trial with three arms will compare the clinical effectiveness of patient education and exercise therapy combined with internet-delivered CBT (iCBT), evaluated either as a non-surgical treatment choice or in combination with TKA, in comparison to usual treatment with TKA in patients with knee OA who are considered candidates for TKA surgery. METHODS: The study, conducted in three orthopaedic centers in Norway will include 282 patients between ages 18 and 80, eligible for TKA. Patients will be randomized to receive the exercise therapy + iCBT, either alone or in combination with TKA, or to a control group who will undergo conventional TKA and usual care physiotherapy following surgery. The exercise therapy will include 24 one hour sessions over 12 weeks led by a physiotherapist. The iCBT program will be delivered in ten modules. The physiotherapists will receive theoretical and practical training to advise and mentor the patients during the iCBT program. The primary outcome will be change from baseline to 12 months on the pain sub-scale from the Knee Injury and Osteoarthritis Outcome Score (KOOS). Secondary outcomes include the remaining 4 sub-scales from the KOOS (symptoms, function in daily living, function in sports and recreation, and knee-related quality of life), EQ-5D-5L, the Pain Catastrophizing Scale, the 30-s sit-to-stand test, 40-m walking test and ActiGraph activity measures. A cost-utility analysis will be performed using QALYs derived from the EQ-5D-5L and registry data. DISCUSSION: This is the first randomized controlled trial to investigate the effectiveness of exercise therapy and iCBT with or without TKA, to optimize outcomes for TKA patients. Findings from this trial will contribute to evidence-based personalized treatment recommendations for a large proportion of OA patients who currently lack an effective treatment option. TRIAL REGISTRATION: Clinicaltrials.gov : NCT03771430 . Registered: Dec 11, 2018.

Exploring postoperative handover quality in relation to patient condition: A mixed methods study.

AIMS AND OBJECTIVES: To describe postoperative handover reporting and tasks in relation to patient condition and situational circumstances, in order to identify facilitators for best practices. BACKGROUND: High-quality handovers in postoperative settings are important for patient safety and continuity of care. There is a need to explore handover quality in relation to patient condition and other affecting factors. DESIGN: Observational mixed methods convergent design. METHODS: Postoperative patient handovers were observed collecting quantitative (n = 109) and qualitative data (n = 48). Quantitative data were collected using the postoperative handover assessment tool (PoHAT), and a scoring system assessing patient condition. Qualitative data were collected using free-text field notes and an observational guide. The study adheres to the GRAMMS guideline for reporting mixed methods research. RESULTS: Information omissions in the handovers observed ranged from 1-13 (median 7). Handovers of vitally stable and comfortable patients were associated with more information omissions in the report. A total of 50 handovers (46%) were subjected to interruptions, and checklist compliance was low (13%, n = 14). Thematic analysis of the qualitative data identified three themes: "adaptation of handover," "strategies for information transfer" and "contextual and individual factors." Factors facilitating best practices were related to adaptation of the handover to patient condition and situational circumstances, structured verbal reporting, providing patient assessments and dialogue within the handover team. CONCLUSIONS: The variations in items reported and tasks performed during the handovers observed were related to patient conditions, situational circumstances and low checklist compliance. Adaptation of the handover to patient condition and situation, structured reporting, dialogue within the team and patient assessments contributed to quality. RELEVANCE TO CLINICAL PRACTICE: It is important to acknowledge that handover quality is related to more than transfer of information. The present study has described how factors related to the patient and situation affect handover quality.

The effects of a psycho-educational intervention to improve pain management after day surgery: A randomised clinical trial.

AIMS AND OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the effectiveness of a psycho-educational intervention for shoulder and breast day surgery patients in decreasing pain intensity and pain interference with function and strengthening adherence with the analgesic regimen; and further to identify factors that influence average pain intensity and pain interference with function. BACKGROUND: Pain is one of the most prevalent symptoms after day surgery. However, pain management is left to the patients and family, and interventions to help patients are needed. DESIGN: Randomised clinical trial with an intervention (n = 101) and a usual care group (n = 119) using multiple measurements during 6 months postoperatively. The CONSORT checklist is used. METHODS: Patients in the intervention group received a booklet about pain and pain management and coaching by research nurses on postoperative days 2, 3 and 7. Differences between groups were identified using the chi-squared analysis and t tests. Changes with time were identified using a linear mixed model with repeated measures. RESULTS: After controlling for covariates, group differences at any time in average pain intensity and pain interference with function were not statistically significant. Changes over time within any one group in average pain intensity and pain interference with function were statistically significant and decreased with time. Higher levels of average pain intensity and pain interference over time were associated with shoulder surgery, female, younger, pain expectation, preoperative pain and poorer adherence. CONCLUSIONS: No group differences related to the intervention were revealed, and preoperative teaching together with a pain management booklet and coaching may help to strengthen the intervention's effects. Further research on interventions directed towards pain management is needed. RELEVANCE TO CLINICAL PRACTICE: Day surgery patients' postoperative pain and pain management is not satisfactorily handled. To encourage and educate patients to use the prescribed analgesics in the immediate postoperative days may be necessary to enhance pain management. CLINICAL TRIAL REGISTRATION: ClinicalTrials.gov (NCT01595035).

Effect of Nurse-Led Consultations on Post-Traumatic Stress and Sense of Coherence in Discharged ICU Patients With Clinically Relevant Post-Traumatic Stress Symptoms-A Randomized Controlled Trial.

OBJECTIVES: To investigate the effect of nurse-led consultations on reducing post-traumatic stress symptoms and increasing sense of coherence in discharged ICU patients with clinically relevant post-traumatic stress symptoms and to identify variables associated with symptoms 12 months later. DESIGN: A pragmatic nonblinded randomized controlled trial. SETTINGS: Five surgical and medical ICUs at Oslo University Hospital. PATIENTS: Adult patients treated in the ICU greater than or equal to 24 hours were screened with Post-Traumatic Stress Scale 10 intensive part B after ICU discharge. Those scoring greater than or equal to 25 were included in the study. INTERVENTION: Patients randomized to intervention group were offered three nurse-led consultations within 2 months, and patients in the control group received standard care. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS: Sense of Coherence Scale 13 and Post-Traumatic Stress Scale 10 intensive part B were completed after inclusion, and reevaluated after 3, 6, and 12 months. Linear mixed model for repeated measures and linear regression analyses were performed. Among 523 screened patients, 111 and 113 were randomized to intervention group and control group, respectively. Mean Post-Traumatic Stress Scale 10 intensive part B score was 37 (±10) before randomization. No differences in post-traumatic stress symptoms or sense of coherence were found between intervention group versus control group, with a mean Post-Traumatic Stress Scale 10 intensive part B score 39 (95% CI, 37-41) versus 37 (95% CI, 35-39), 32 (95% CI, 28-35) versus 32 (95% CI, 29-35), 31 (95% CI, 28-34) versus 30 (95% CI, 27-33), and 31 (95% CI, 28-34) versus 29 (95% CI, 26-33) at baseline, 3, 6, and 12 months, respectively. There was a significantly reduced Post-Traumatic Stress Scale 10 intensive part B score for both groups during the year (p = 0.001). Low sense of coherence, pain, and previous psychiatric problems were associated with increased level of post-traumatic stress symptoms at 12 months. CONCLUSIONS: Nurse-led consultations did not reveal any significant effect on post-traumatic stress symptoms or sense of coherence after ICU discharge in patients with clinically relevant symptoms.

Cancer patients' diagnosis and symptoms and their family caregivers' self-efficacy and social support are associated with different caregiver reactions.

OBJECTIVE: To describe caregiver and patient characteristics that are associated with negative and positive reactions in family caregivers (FCs) of cancer outpatients. METHODS: A total of 194 FCs completed the Caregiver Reaction Assessment (CRA) scale 6 months after start of new treatment in patients with breast, ovarian, colorectal, or head and neck cancer. Linear regression models were used to examine which caregiver characteristics (i.e. demographic, self-efficacy and social support) and patient characteristics (i.e. clinical, symptoms) were associated with each of the CRA subscales (caregiver esteem, lack of family support, and impact on health, schedule and finances). RESULTS: Less social support was significantly associated with poorer scores on all subscales (B -0.01/0.01). Also, poorer scores on one or more of the CRA subscales were reported by FCs who had lower self-efficacy (B -0.02), a higher level of education (primary B 0.42, secondary B 0.22), more medical conditions (B 0.06), and were female (B 0.20), and by FCs of patients with colorectal (B 0.45) or head and neck cancer (B 0.27), and those who reported a higher symptom burden (B 0.28/0.49). CONCLUSION: Both caregiver and patient factors were associated with reactions in FCs of cancer outpatients. This information can be used by healthcare personnel to identify FCs who need additional support (e.g. counselling), and to increase focus on strengths and assets within the caregivers (e.g. support groups).

Nurse's Evaluation of a Pain Management Algorithm in Intensive Care Units.

BACKGROUND: Many patients have memories of pain during intensive care unit stay. To improve pain management, practice guidelines recommend that pain management should be guided by routine pain assessment and suggest an assessment-driven, protocol-based, stepwise approach. This recommendation prompted the development of a pain-management algorithm. AIM: Evaluate the feasibility and clinical utility of this algorithm. DESIGN: A descriptive survey. SETTINGS: One medical/surgical intensive care unit, one surgical intensive care unit, and one postanesthesia care unit at two hospitals in Norway. PARTICIPANTS/SUBJECTS: Nurses working at the three units. METHODS: A pain-management algorithm, including three pain assessment tools and a guide to pain assessment and pain management, was developed and implemented in three intensive care units. Nurses working at the three units (n = 129) responded to a questionnaire regarding the feasibility and clinical utility of the algorithm used. RESULTS: Our results suggested that nurses considered the new pain-management algorithm to have relatively high feasibility, but somewhat lower clinical utility. Less than half of respondents thought that pain treatment in clinical practice had become more targeted using the tree pain-assessment tools (45%) and the algorithm for pain assessment and pain management (24%). CONCLUSIONS: Pain-management algorithms may be appropriate and useful in clinical practice. However, to increase clinical utility and to achieve more targeted pain treatment, more focus on pain-treatment actions and reassessment of patients' pain is needed. Further focus in clinical practice on how to implement an algorithm and more focus on pain-treatment action and reassessment of patients' pain is needed.