Hypothetical molecular mechanisms by which local iron overload facilitates the development of venous leg ulcers and multiple sclerosis lesions.

This paper presents a hypothetical model of role for iron in the development of venous leg ulcers and multiple sclerosis. Elevated concentrations of iron were found in the skin affected by venous hypertension and also in the areas of brain with multiple sclerosis lesions. Individuals with hemochromatosis gene (HFE) mutations: C282Y and H63D, which result in a less efficient transport of iron by macrophages, are characterized by an increased risk for venous leg ulcer and multiple sclerosis. Multiple sclerosis is a T cell-mediated disease, and T cells probably participate in the development of venous ulcers. This deleterious role of ferric ions could be related to the regulation of T cell proliferation and apoptosis. Under normal conditions excessive accumulation of T cells cannot take place, because nitric oxide and interferon-gamma drive these cells toward apoptosis. However, in tissues with a high concentration of iron, T lymphocytes proliferate instead of undergoing apoptosis. This is possible due to the internalization of the INF-gammaR2 chain of the interferon-gamma receptor, the downregulation of inducible nitric oxide synthase expression in macrophages and the inactivation of the active site of caspases. Yet, it should be emphasized that this hypothesis does not claim for the increased concentration of iron as a direct causal factor for the development of venous ulcerations or multiple sclerosis, but rather, iron is a factor that modulates and exaggerates the autoimmune process. Iron chelators, administered systemically or locally, should potentially exhibit therapeutic and prophylactic activity against venous leg ulcers and multiple sclerosis.

Iatrogenic injuries of the carotid arteries.

BACKGROUND: Iatrogenic trauma of the carotid artery (CA) is a dangerous intraoperative complication, especially during oncological and endocrinological procedures. In these cases massive hemorrhage and severe neurological complications may occur. The outcome of reconstructive procedures is often fatal because of the long delay of surgery after the injuries occuring in non-vascular centers. PATIENTS AND METHODS: In this paper 22 cases of iatrogenic CA trauma will be presented, operated in the period of 1980-2003. Different methods of operation were performed according to the extent of trauma and anatomical changes. RESULTS: In spite of emergency help two patients died. In three cases cerebral stroke was observed. Additionally peripheral nervous damages were noted. CONCLUSIONS: Iatrogenic CA trauma is one of the most dangerous vascular injuries, connected with hemorrhage and neurological complications. We recommend intravenous administration of 5000 units unfractionated Heparin, anatomical artery preparation, then shunt inserting. Autogenous material should be used if possible. For reconstruction of the initial part of internal carotid artery the transposition of the external carotid artery is useful.

Thyroid cancer morbidity in Opole province, Poland, after Czernobyl disaster.

The Czernobyl disaster caused an extensive pollution in Europe due to the release into the environment thousands of tons of radioactive isotopes affecting the elevated cancer morbidity in the continent. The authors used the data set on radiation in Opole province, Poland, to model thyroid cancer incidence in the 1994-1998 quinquennium. An increase in thyroid cancer morbidity in females was observed within the 137 + 134Cs elevated concentration areas. The changes of the cancer incidence in males were found not significant for the distinguished radiation levels in the region. The statistical modeling was performed via the BUGS software.

[Vertebro-basilar insufficiency syndrome: preoperational diagnosis]. / Zespól kregowo-podstawny--diagnostyka przedoperacyjna.

Indications for surgery of vertebro-basilar insufficiency are: stenosis or occlusion due to atherosclerosis. The initial parts of carotid, subclavian arteries or brachiocephalic trunk one must frequent involved. From the other hand arterial compression on vertebral arteries (diskopathies or osteopathies) leads to symptoms of cerebral ischaemia. In diagnosis very important are history of disease, physical examination and neurologic assessment. Additional procedures consisted of: color Doppler-scan, transcranial Doppler, cerebral CT-scan and angiography. By-pass of stenotic or occlusive segment of artery is procedure of choice in this disease.

Strategy for the treatment of chronic leg wounds: a new model in Poland.

AIM: The aim of the present study was to implement and evaluate a system of care for patients with chronic leg ulceration (CLU) in Poland. METHODS: All patients within two defined geographical areas in Poland were identified for inclusion in the study. A model of care was developed based on guidelines, including the appropriate education of health professionals treating patients, access to non-invasive methods to determine the ulcer aetiology, compression therapy in those with proven venous ulceration. RESULTS: In total 309 patients were identified with CLU at the start of the study (120 men, 189 women). Both regions had a similar profile of patients having a median (IQR) duration of ulceration of 96 (30-168) months. Most (75.7%) patients were assessed using clinical signs and symptoms alone, with a mean (SD) number of treatments per week at 1.8 (1.9) visits. Two years after implementation, the numbers of patients had reduced to 205 (86 men, 119 women) a reduction of 33%. Post implementation more patients were treated at home (49.3% versus 19.5%) with a corresponding reduction in those seen at health centres (35.6% versus 63.3%). The mean (SD) number of visits was reduced to 1.3 (0.7). During implementation the healing rate at 30 weeks improved from 73.3% to 82.9%, with a corresponding reduction in amputations from 6.3% to 2.1%. While the cost per patient was higher post-implementation, the overall cost of treating patients within the service reduced from €3847 to €2913 per week. CONCLUSION: The development and implementation of an evidence based system of care for patients with CLU in Poland is both clinically and cost effective. This may be used as a model for other regions of Poland.