Clinical Biomarkers and Novel Drug Targets to Cut Gordian Knots of Alzheimer's Disease.

BACKGROUND: Alzheimer's disease (AD), the primary cause of dementia, escalating worldwide, has no proper diagnosis or effective treatment. Neuronal cell death and impairment of cognitive abilities, possibly triggered by several brain mechanisms, are the most significant characteristic of this disorder. METHODS: A multitude of pharmacological targets have been identified for potential drug design against AD. Although many advances in treatment strategies have been made to correct various abnormalities, these often exhibit limited clinical significance because this disease aggressively progresses into different regions of the brain, causing severe deterioration. RESULTS: These biomarkers can be game-changers for early detection and timely monitoring of such disorders. CONCLUSION: This review covers clinically significant biomarkers of AD for precise and early monitoring of risk factors and stages of this disease, the potential site of action and novel targets for drugs, and pharmacological approaches to clinical management.

Recent Insights into Therapeutic Potential of Plant-Derived Flavonoids against Cancer.

Flavonoids, a class of polyphenolic secondary metabolites, are present in fruits, vegetables, beverages such as wine and tea abundantly. Flavonoids exhibit a diverse array of pharmacological activities, including anticancer activity, and are toxic to cancer cells but not harmful to healthy cells. Besides, humans and animals cannot synthesize flavonoids, which leads to a dramatic increase in the consumption of plant flavonoids. Flavonoids consist of a 15- carbon skeleton in C6-C3-C6 rings with divergent substitution patterns to form a series of compounds. Due to their multi-faceted mechanism of action by modulating various signaling pathways associated with apoptosis, cellular proliferation, inflammation, differentiation, metastasis, angiogenesis, they interrupt the initiation, promotion, and progression of cancer. The present review highlights the Structural Activity Relationship (SAR) of flavonoids and recent insights on the progress of natural flavonoids and their synthetic analogs as prospective drug candidates against cancer, along with molecular mechanisms of action.

A Comprehensive Review on Journey of Pyrrole Scaffold Against Multiple Therapeutic Targets.

Heterocyclic compounds are that type of substances that are deeply intertwined with biological processes. Heterocycles are found in about 90% of commercially available medicines. In medicinal chemistry, finding new synthetic molecules with drug-like characteristics is a regular problem, which triggered the development of pharmacological molecules, the majority of which are based on N-heterocyclic motifs. Among the heterocycles, the pyrrole scaffold is the most commonly found heterocycle in both natural and synthetic bioactive compounds. Pyrrole has a fivemembered heterocyclic ring with a plethora of pharmacophores, resulting in a library of different lead compounds. Pyrrole derivatives are physiologically active heterocyclic compounds that can be used as scaffolds for antibacterial, antiviral, anticancer, antitubercular, anti-inflammatory, and as enzyme inhibitors. On account of their extensive pharmacological profile, pyrrole and its various synthetic derivatives have drawn much attention from researchers to explore it for the benefit of humankind. This review presents an overview of recent developments in the pyrrole derivatives against multiple therapeutic targets.

Plant-Derived Natural Compounds for the Treatment of Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis: An Update.

BACKGROUND: Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a motor neuron disease (MND) that typically causes death within 3-5 years after diagnosis. Regardless of the substantial scientific knowledge accrued more than a century ago, truly effective therapeutic strategies remain distant. Various conventional drugs are being used but are having several adverse effects. OBJECTIVE/AIM: The current study aims to thoroughly review plant-derived compounds with welldefined ALS activities and their structure-activity relationships. Moreover, the review also focuses on complex genetics, clinical trials, and the use of natural products that might decrypt the future and novel therapeutics in ALS. METHODS: The collection of data for the compilation of this review work was searched in PubMed Scopus, Google Scholar, and Science Direct. RESULTS: Results showed that phytochemicals like-Ginkgolides, Protopanaxatriol, Genistein, epigallocatechingallate, resveratrol, cassoside, and others possess Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) activity by various mechanisms Conclusion: These plant-derived compounds may be considered as supplements for conventional (ALS). Moreover, further preclinical and clinical studies are required to understand the structureactivity relationships, metabolism, absorption, and mechanisms of plant-derived natural agents.