Cardiovascular Complications of Diabetes: From Microvascular to Macrovascular Pathways.

Diabetes mellitus, with a growing risk of developing complications, has a significant negative impact on cardiovascular health, including microvascular and macrovascular issues. This thorough narrative study methodically examines the complex connection between cardiovascular problems and diabetes. We start by thoroughly introducing diabetes mellitus, classifying its various forms, and discussing its growing global impact. Then, we examine retinopathy, nephropathy, and neuropathy in detail, illuminating their biology, clinical presentations, and treatment options. Moving on to macrovascular consequences, we investigate the complex relationships between diabetes and coronary artery disease, stroke, and peripheral arterial disease, emphasizing risk factors, diagnostic standards, and treatment plans designed for people with diabetes. The review analyzes the pathophysiological pathways that link diabetes to cardiovascular problems, including endothelial dysfunction, chronic inflammation, immune system dysregulation, and oxidative stress brought on by hyperglycemia. Additionally, we review the critical function of risk monitoring, assessment, and predictive tools in early detection. While highlighting current research paths and the need for tailored medical approaches to address this complex health issue, the story also includes prevention and management strategies, ranging from lifestyle changes to developing medications. This narrative review concludes by providing a thorough summary of current information, highlighting research gaps, and advocating for interdisciplinary efforts to reduce the cardiovascular effects of diabetes.

Atorvastatin as a Rare Primary Cause of Drug-Induced Angioedema: A Case Report.

In patients with hyperlipidemia and cardiovascular disease, statin remains the primary medication for risk reduction. Statins are primarily associated with adverse outcomes like myoglobinuria and deranged liver function tests (LFTs). Angioedema is a life-threatening reaction characterized by mucosal and submucosal swelling. It is rarely known for its association with statins. However, we present a rare case of a 59-year-old man presenting with recurrent angioedema of the face and tongue after starting on 40mg of atorvastatin, within one week of the treatment. He had no previous history of hypersensitivity and rash. He denied any food or medication allergy in the past. The Naranjo scale probability and the abrupt nature of these episodes upon starting statin and completely resolving after discontinuing the drug made statin-induced angioedema the primary diagnosis in this case.