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BACKGROUND: The cuticular wax serves as a primary barrier that protects plants from environmental stresses. The Eceriferum (CER) gene family is associated with wax production and stress resistance. RESULTS: In a genome-wide identification study, a total of 52 members of the CER family were discovered in four Gossypium species: G. arboreum, G. barbadense, G. raimondii, and G. hirsutum. There were variations in the physicochemical characteristics of the Gossypium CER (GCER) proteins. Evolutionary analysis classified the identified GCERs into five groups, with purifying selection emerging as the primary evolutionary force. Gene structure analysis revealed that the number of conserved motifs ranged from 1 to 15, and the number of exons varied from 3 to 13. Closely related GCERs exhibited similar conserved motifs and gene structures. Analyses of chromosomal positions, selection pressure, and collinearity revealed numerous fragment duplications in the GCER genes. Additionally, nine putative ghr-miRNAs targeting seven G. hirsutum CER (GhCER) genes were identified. Among them, three miRNAs, including ghr-miR394, ghr-miR414d, and ghr-miR414f, targeted GhCER09A, representing the most targeted gene. The prediction of transcription factors (TFs) and the visualization of the regulatory TF network revealed interactions with GhCER genes involving ERF, MYB, Dof, bHLH, and bZIP. Analysis of cis-regulatory elements suggests potential associations between the CER gene family of cotton and responses to abiotic stress, light, and other biological processes. Enrichment analysis demonstrated a robust correlation between GhCER genes and pathways associated with cutin biosynthesis, fatty acid biosynthesis, wax production, and stress response. Localization analysis showed that most GCER proteins are localized in the plasma membrane. Transcriptome and quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) expression assessments demonstrated that several GhCER genes, including GhCER15D, GhCER04A, GhCER06A, and GhCER12D, exhibited elevated expression levels in response to water deficiency stress compared to control conditions. The functional identification through virus-induced gene silencing (VIGS) highlighted the pivotal role of the GhCER04A gene in enhancing drought resistance by promoting increased tissue water retention. CONCLUSIONS: This investigation not only provides valuable evidence but also offers novel insights that contribute to a deeper understanding of the roles of GhCER genes in cotton, their role in adaptation to drought and other abiotic stress and their potential applications for cotton improvement.
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Secas , Gossypium , Família Multigênica , Proteínas de Plantas , Gossypium/genética , Gossypium/fisiologia , Proteínas de Plantas/genética , Proteínas de Plantas/metabolismo , Regulação da Expressão Gênica de Plantas , Estresse Fisiológico/genética , Genes de Plantas , Filogenia , Adaptação Fisiológica/genética , Ceras/metabolismo , MicroRNAs/genéticaRESUMO
BACKGROUND: The required amounts of chemical fertilizers (NPK) are determined by plant yield, and product quality is given less consideration. The use of PGPRs is an environmentally friendly approach that, in addition to increasing yield, also improves fruit quality. This study examined the role of specific Streptomyces strains in aiding cucumber plants to 1) use fewer NPK fertilizers in the same quantity 2) improve the quality of cucumber fruit, and 3) promote growth and defense system. RESULTS: In this study, the effect of 17 Streptomyces strains on the vegetative traits of cucumber seedlings of the Sultan cultivar was evaluated as the first test. Four strains of Streptomyces with the highest root and shoot dry weight were selected from the strains. This experiment was performed to determine the interaction effect of selected strains and different amounts of NPK on cucumber yield, quality, physiological and biochemical responses of plants. The first experiment's results revealed that strains IC6, Y7, SS12, and SS14 increased significantly in all traits compared to the control, while the other strains dramatically improved several characteristics. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) revealed significant differences between the effect of strains, NPK concentrations, and their interactions on plant traits. The treatments containing 75% NPK + SS12, yielded the most fruit (40% more than the inoculated control). Antioxidant enzymes assay showed that SS12 substantially increased the activity of POX, PPO, and the expression of the genes related to these two enzymes. Hormone assay utilizing HPLC analysis revealed that various strains employ a specific mechanism to improve the immune system of plants. CONCLUSIONS: Treatment with strain SS12 led to the production of cucumbers with the highest quality by reducing the amount of nitrate, and soluble sugars and increasing the amount of antioxidants and firmness compared to other treatments. A specific Streptomyces strain could reduce 25% of NPK fertilizer during the vegetative and reproductive growth period. Moreover, this strain protected plants against possible pathogens and adverse environmental factors through the ISR and SAR systems.
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Cucumis sativus , Streptomyces , Cucumis sativus/metabolismo , Frutas/metabolismo , Fertilizantes/análise , Streptomyces/metabolismo , Antioxidantes/metabolismoRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Colorectal cancer is the third and most significant cause of death and fourth most common cancer in the world. Chemotherapy can be introduced in the cases of locally or distantly invasive colorectal cancer. In recent years Actinomycetes, especially the genus Streptomyces, contain numerous bioactive compounds, some of which are known as important anti-tumor chemotherapy drugs. In this research, we aimed to explore the anti-cancer mode of action of Streptomyces sp. 801 on colorectal cancer cells in vitro conditions. METHODS: Fermented supernatant of strain Streptomyces sp. 801 isolated from soil showed maximum growth inhibition on human colorectal cancer cells. The cytotoxic effects of various concentrations of EtOAc extract from bacterial culture supernatant on HT-29, HCT 116 and SW480 cancer cells were surveyed using the MTT assay. Moreover, flow cytometry assays and Bax, Bcl-2, Cyclin D1 and P21 gene expressions were carried out to assess the apoptotic and cell cycle effects. Also, the scratch assay was performed to measure migration. Finally, Ethyl acetate (EtOAc) extract was analyzed by LC-MS to identify anti-cancer compounds. RESULTS: The cell viability of all three cell lines were decreased in a dose-dependent manner. The successful induction of apoptosis and cell cycle arrest at IC50 values, were confirmed by flow cytometry as well as by the mRNA expression levels of the genes involved in these processes. Scratch assays indicated the inhibition of cell migration in the cancer cell lines treated by Streptomyces sp. 801. Nine anti-cancer compounds of Streptomyces sp. 801 were detected by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) analysis. CONCLUSIONS: These findings suggest that Streptomyces sp. 801 can be a source of promising anticancer metabolites.
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OBJECTIVE: The neuroprotective effects of both garlic and ascorbic acid (AA) have been documented. In this study the effects of garlic and ascorbic acid on memory deficits and brain tissue oxidative damages induced by lead exposure was investigated. METHODS: The juvenile rats were divided and treated: (1) Control, (2) Lead (lead acetate in drinking water, 8 weeks), (3) Lead - Ascorbic Acid (Lead-AA), (4) Lead - Garlic (100 mg/kg, daily, gavage) (Lead-Gar). RESULTS: In Morris water maze (MWM), the escape latency and traveled path in the Lead group were significantly higher while, the time spent in the target quadrant (Q1) was lower than Control. Both Lead-Gar and Lead-AA groups spent more times in Q1than to lead group. There were no significant differences in swimming speed between the groups. In passive avoidance (PA) test, the time latency for entering the dark compartment by Lead group was lower than Control. Treatment of the animals by AA and garlic significantly increased the time latency. In Lead group, the total thiol concentration in brain tissues was significantly lower while, MDA was higher than Control. Treatment by both garlic and AA increased total thiol concentrations and decreased MDA. Both garlic and AA decreased the lead content of brain tissues. CONCLUSION: It is suggested that treatment with garlic attenuates the learning and memory impairments due to lead exposure during juvenile rat growth which is comparable to AA. The possible mechanism may be due to its protective effects against brain tissues oxidative damage as well the lowering effects of brain lead content.
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Antioxidantes/farmacologia , Ácido Ascórbico/farmacologia , Comportamento Animal/efeitos dos fármacos , Encéfalo/efeitos dos fármacos , Alho , Intoxicação do Sistema Nervoso por Chumbo na Infância/tratamento farmacológico , Transtornos da Memória/tratamento farmacológico , Memória/efeitos dos fármacos , Fármacos Neuroprotetores/farmacologia , Nootrópicos/farmacologia , Extratos Vegetais/farmacologia , Fatores Etários , Animais , Encéfalo/metabolismo , Encéfalo/patologia , Encéfalo/fisiopatologia , Modelos Animais de Doenças , Reação de Fuga/efeitos dos fármacos , Alho/química , Intoxicação do Sistema Nervoso por Chumbo na Infância/patologia , Intoxicação do Sistema Nervoso por Chumbo na Infância/fisiopatologia , Intoxicação do Sistema Nervoso por Chumbo na Infância/psicologia , Masculino , Malondialdeído/metabolismo , Aprendizagem em Labirinto/efeitos dos fármacos , Transtornos da Memória/patologia , Transtornos da Memória/fisiopatologia , Transtornos da Memória/psicologia , Fármacos Neuroprotetores/isolamento & purificação , Nootrópicos/isolamento & purificação , Compostos Organometálicos , Estresse Oxidativo/efeitos dos fármacos , Fitoterapia , Extratos Vegetais/isolamento & purificação , Raízes de Plantas , Plantas Medicinais , Ratos Wistar , Tempo de Reação , Compostos de Sulfidrila/metabolismo , Fatores de TempoRESUMO
Unfortunately, one of the author's name had been published incorrectly as "Peyman Abaszadeh Dahaji". The correct name is " Payman Abbaszadeh Dahaji.
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Diabetes during pregnancy is associated with the deficits in balance and motor coordination and altered social behaviors in offspring. In the present study, we have investigated the effect of maternal diabetes and insulin treatment on the cerebellar volume and morphogenesis of the cerebellar cortex of rat neonates during the first two postnatal weeks. Sprague Dawley female rats were maintained diabetic from a week before pregnancy through parturition. At the end of pregnancy, the male offspring euthanized on postnatal days (P) 0, 7, and 14. Cavalieri's principle and fractionator methods were used to estimate the cerebellar volume, the thickness and the number of cells in the different layers of the cerebellar cortex. In spite of P0, there was a significant reduction in the cerebellar volume and the thickness of the external granule, molecular, and internal granule layers between the diabetic and the control animals. In diabetic group, the granular and purkinje cell densities were increased at P0. Moreover, the number of granular and purkinje cells in the cerebellum of diabetic neonates was reduced in comparison with the control group at P7 and P14. There were no significant differences in either the volume and thickness or the number of cells in the different layers of the cerebellar cortex between the insulin-treated diabetic group and controls. Our data indicate that diabetes in pregnancy disrupts the morphogenesis of cerebellar cortex. This dysmorphogenesis may be part of the cascade of events through which diabetes during pregnancy affects motor coordination and social behaviors in offspring.
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Córtex Cerebelar/patologia , Diabetes Mellitus Experimental/patologia , Efeitos Tardios da Exposição Pré-Natal/patologia , Animais , Glicemia , Córtex Cerebelar/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Diabetes Mellitus Experimental/sangue , Feminino , Tamanho do Órgão , Gravidez , Efeitos Tardios da Exposição Pré-Natal/sangue , Ratos , Ratos Sprague-DawleyRESUMO
There is sufficient evidence that diabetes during pregnancy is associated with a higher risk of neurodevelopmental anomalies including learning deficits, behavioral problems and motor dysfunctions in the offspring. Synaptophysin (SYP) is an integral membrane protein of synaptic vesicles and is considered as a marker for synaptogenesis and synaptic density. This study aimed to examine the effects of maternal diabetes in pregnancy on the expression and localization of SYP in the developing rat cerebellum. Wistar female rats were maintained diabetic from a week before pregnancy through parturition and male offspring was euthanized at postnatal day (P) 0, 7, and 14. The results revealed a significant down-regulation in the mRNA expression of SYP in the offspring born to diabetic animals at both P7 and P14 (P < 0.05 each). One week after birth, there was a significant reduction in the localization of SYP expression in the external granular (EGL) and in the molecular (ML) layers of neonates born to diabetic animals (P < 0.05 each). We also found a marked decrease in the expression of SYP in all of the cerebellar cortical layers of STZ-D group pups at P14 (P < 0.05 each). Moreover, our results revealed no significant changes in either expression or localization of SYP in insulin-treated group pups when compared with the controls (P ≥ 0.05 each). The present study demonstrated that maternal diabetes has adverse effects on the synaptogenesis in the offspring's cerebellum. Furthermore, the rigid maternal blood glucose control in the most cases normalized these negative impacts.
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Córtex Cerebelar/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Córtex Cerebelar/metabolismo , Diabetes Mellitus Experimental/metabolismo , Sinaptofisina/biossíntese , Animais , Glicemia/metabolismo , Córtex Cerebelar/química , Diabetes Mellitus Experimental/genética , Feminino , Expressão Gênica , Masculino , Gravidez , Distribuição Aleatória , Ratos , Ratos Wistar , Sinaptofisina/análise , Sinaptofisina/genéticaRESUMO
Lead exposure has negative effects on developing nervous system and induces apoptosis in newly generated neurons. Natural antioxidants (i.e. Ascorbic acid and Garlic) might protect against lead-induced neuronal cell damage. The aim of the present study was to investigate the protective effects of Ascorbic acid and Garlic administration during pregnancy and lactation on lead-induced apoptosis in rat developing hippocampus. Timed pregnant Wistar rats were administrated with Lead (1500 ppm) via drinking water (Pb group) or lead plus Ascorbic acid (Pb + AA Group, 500 mg/kg, IP), or lead plus Garlic Extract (Pb + G Group, 1 ml garlic juice/100 g BW, via Gavage) from early gestation (GD 0) until postnatal day 50 (PN 50). At the end of experiments, the pups' brains were carefully dissected. To identify neuronal death, the brain sections were stained with TUNEL assay. Mean of blood and brain lead levels increased significantly in Pb group comparing to other studied groups (P < 0.01). There was significant reduction in blood and brain lead level in Pb + AA and Pb + G groups when compared to those of Pb group (P < 0.01). The mean number of TUNEL positive cells in the CA1, CA3, and DG was significantly lower in the groups treated by either Ascorbic acid or Garlic (P < 0.05). Administration of Ascorbic acid and Garlic during pregnancy and lactation protect against lead-induced neuronal cell apoptosis in the hippocampus of rat pups partially via the reduction of Pb concentration in the blood and in the brain.
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Apoptose/efeitos dos fármacos , Ácido Ascórbico/farmacologia , Alho , Hipocampo/efeitos dos fármacos , Chumbo/toxicidade , Fármacos Neuroprotetores/farmacologia , Animais , Apoptose/fisiologia , Ácido Ascórbico/uso terapêutico , Feminino , Hipocampo/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Fármacos Neuroprotetores/uso terapêutico , Extratos Vegetais/isolamento & purificação , Extratos Vegetais/farmacologia , Extratos Vegetais/uso terapêutico , Gravidez , Efeitos Tardios da Exposição Pré-Natal/induzido quimicamente , Efeitos Tardios da Exposição Pré-Natal/tratamento farmacológico , Ratos , Ratos WistarRESUMO
BACKGROUND: The widespread use of chemical herbicides and the growing issue of weed resistance pose significant challenges in agriculture. To address these problems, there is a pressing need to develop biological herbicides based on bacterial metabolites. RESULTS: In this study, we investigated the impact of the cell-free culture filtrate (CFCF) from the ZT isolate, a bacilliform bacterium obtained from diseased wheat seeds, on the germination and seedling growth of various plant species, including wild oat, ryegrass, redroot, wheat, and chickpea. The results revealed that CFCF had a detrimental effect on the fresh and dry weight of stems and roots in most of the studied plants, except chickpeas. The CFCF was further subjected to separation into aqueous and organic phases using chloroform, followed by the division of the aqueous phase into 13 fractions using an alumina column. Notably, both the aqueous phase (20%) and all 13 fractions (ranging from 50% to 83%) displayed the ability to reduce the root length of ryegrass, a monocotyledonous weed. Liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) analysis identified that fractions 3 and 7, which were effective against ryegrass but not redroot, contained Cry family proteins, including Cry10 Aa, Cry4 Ba, and Cry4 Aa. Additionally, 16s rRNA gene sequencing revealed that the ZT isolate is closely related (98.27%) to Bacillus wiedmannii. CONCLUSION: Conclusively, metabolites from the ZT bacterium hold promise for monocotyledonous weed-targeted herbicides, providing a constructive strategy to confront agricultural issues tied to chemical herbicides and weed resistance. © 2024 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Bacillus , Proteínas de Bactérias , Herbicidas , Lolium , Lolium/microbiologia , Lolium/efeitos dos fármacos , Herbicidas/farmacologia , Herbicidas/química , Bacillus/genética , Bacillus/fisiologia , Bacillus/metabolismo , Proteínas de Bactérias/metabolismo , Plantas Daninhas/efeitos dos fármacosRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Maternal diabetes during pregnancy can affect the neurological development of offspring. Glial cell-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF), neurturin (NRTN), and neural cell adhesion molecules (NCAM) are three important proteins for brain development. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the impacts of the mentioned neurotrophic factors in the hippocampal dentate gyrus (DG) of rat offspring born to diabetic mothers. METHODS: Wistar female rats were randomly allocated into diabetic (STZ-D) [(45 mg/kg BW, STZ (Streptozotocin), i.p)], diabetic + NPH insulin (STZ-INS) [(4-6 unit/kg/day SC)], and control groups. The animals in all groups were mated by non-diabetic male rats. Two weeks after birth, male pups from each group were sacrificed and then protein contents of GDNF, NRTN, and NCAM were evaluated using immunohistochemistry. RESULTS: The study found that the expression of GDNF and NRTN in the hippocampus of diabetic rat offspring was significantly higher compared to the diabetic+ insulin and control groups, respectively (P < 0.01, P < 0.001). Additionally, the expression of NCAM was significantly higher in the diabetic group the diabetic+ insulin and control groups (P < 0.01, P < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: The results of the study revealed that diabetes during pregnancy significantly impacts the distribution pattern of GDNF, NRTN, and NCAM in the hippocampus of rat neonates.
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Diabetes Gestacional , Insulinas , Humanos , Gravidez , Ratos , Animais , Masculino , Feminino , Fator Neurotrófico Derivado de Linhagem de Célula Glial/metabolismo , Neurturina/metabolismo , Neurturina/farmacologia , Ratos Wistar , Moléculas de Adesão de Célula Nervosa/metabolismo , Giro Denteado/metabolismoRESUMO
Cytokinin oxidase/dehydrogenase (CKX), responsible for irreversible cytokinin degradation, also controls plant growth and development and response to abiotic stress. While the CKX gene has been studied in other plants extensively, its function in cotton is still unknown. Therefore, a genome-wide study to identify the CKX gene family in the four cotton species was conducted using transcriptomics, quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR) and bioinformatics. As a result, in G. hirsutum and G. barbadense (the tetraploid cotton species), 87 and 96 CKX genes respectively and 62 genes each in G. arboreum and G. raimondii, were identified. Based on the evolutionary studies, the cotton CKX gene family has been divided into five distinct subfamilies. It was observed that CKX genes in cotton have conserved sequence logos and gene family expansion was due to segmental duplication or whole genome duplication (WGD). Collinearity and multiple synteny studies showed an expansion of gene families during evolution and purifying selection pressure has been exerted. G. hirsutum CKX genes displayed multiple exons/introns, uneven chromosomal distribution, conserved protein motifs, and cis-elements related to growth and stress in their promoter regions. Cis-elements related to resistance, physiological metabolism and hormonal regulation were identified within the promoter regions of the CKX genes. Expression analysis under different stress conditions (cold, heat, drought and salt) revealed different expression patterns in the different tissues. Through virus-induced gene silencing (VIGS), the GhCKX34A gene was found to improve cold resistance by modulating antioxidant-related activity. Since GhCKX29A is highly expressed during fibre development, we hypothesize that the increased expression of GhCKX29A in fibres has significant effects on fibre elongation. Consequently, these results contribute to our understanding of the involvement of GhCKXs in both fibre development and response to abiotic stress.
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Regulação da Expressão Gênica de Plantas , Gossypium , Oxirredutases , Estresse Fisiológico , Gossypium/genética , Estresse Fisiológico/genética , Oxirredutases/genética , Oxirredutases/metabolismo , Fibra de Algodão , Proteínas de Plantas/genética , Proteínas de Plantas/metabolismo , Família Multigênica , Filogenia , Genoma de Planta/genéticaRESUMO
Objectives: The most prominent microorganisms that cause hospital infections and acquire antibiotic resistance are Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. The present study aimed to compare the phenolic and flavonoid compounds of various Allium ampeloprasum and Allium porrum extracts and evaluate the antibacterial effects of these extracts against these two microorganisms. Methods: The total phenolic and flavonoid contents of the acetone, methanol, aqueous, and hexane leeks extracts from A. ampeloprasum and A. porrum were measured. The antibacterial activity of these extracts against S. aureus and P. aeruginosa was tested using the disk diffusion method for 24, 48, and 72 hours. Further, the minimum inhibitory concentrations and the minimum bactericidal concentrations of these extracts for these two bacteria were evaluated and compared with those of common antibiotics. Results: The aqueous extracts showed the highest phenolic and flavonoid contents and at concentrations of 35 and 40 mg per disk, showed the most antibacterial activity against S. aureus and P. aeruginosa; P. aeruginosa showed more sensitivity to the aqueous extracts than S. aureus. Conclusion: Aqueous A. ampeloprasum and A. porrum extracts may prevent the growth of hospital pathogens, especially P. aeruginosa; our findings will aid the discovery of new antimicrobial substances against antibiotic-resistant bacteria.
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Objective: Echium amoenum and Hypericum perforatum dried flowers have been used for therapy of mental disorders in Iranian traditional medicine. In this study, we assessed the efficacy of the E. amoenum and H. perforatum extracts in patients with mild to moderate depression. Materials and Methods: In an 8-week double-blind, parallel-group trial, 51 patients randomly consumed 20 mg of fluoxetine or 350 mg of herbal medicine twice daily. The Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression (HAM-D) was used to assess depression severity in patients at weeks 0, 4, and 8. Results: According to the Hamilton score, there were no significant differences between the fluoxetine- and herbal medicine-treated groups after 4 and 8 weeks (p>0.05). Dry mouth was the only reported side effect which was significantly lower in the herbal group (p<0.05) in weeks 2 and 4. Conclusion: E. amoenum and H. perforatum have anti-depressant properties similar to fluoxetine and they can be used to treat depression as an alternative to fluoxetine.
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A biocontrol Streptomyces isolate (C) was tested for its plant growth promoting qualities under saline conditions. Exposure to elevated osmotic strengths up to 300 mM NaCl increased dry weight and cfu/ml significantly. The isolate C produced indolyl-3-acetic acid (IAA) into the medium in the amount of 2.4 µg/ml. The amount of auxin increased after adding salt and reached to 4.7 µg/ml in 300 mM NaCl. Biosynthesis of siderophore was detectable and increased in presence of NaCl. Streptomyces isolate C showed good solubilization of tricalcium phosphate in culture medium with 92 mg/l. Solubilization decreased in presence of NaCl. Soil treatment with isolate C increased the growth and development of wheat plant in normal and saline conditions. In this treatment there were significant increases in germination rate, percentage and uniformity, shoot length and dry weight compared to the control. Applying the bacterial inocula increased the concentration of N, P, Fe and Mn in wheat shoots grown in normal and saline soil, but had non-significant effect on other micro and macronutrients concentrations. Results of this study show that Streptomyces isolate C has potential to be utilized as biofertilizer in saline soils.
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Ácidos Indolacéticos/metabolismo , Fatores de Crescimento Neural , Sideróforos/metabolismo , Microbiologia do Solo , Streptomyces/fisiologia , Triticum/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Biomassa , Meios de Cultura/química , Ferro/análise , Manganês/análise , Nitrogênio/análise , Fósforo/análise , Brotos de Planta/química , Brotos de Planta/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Salinidade , Cloreto de Sódio/metabolismo , Streptomyces/efeitos dos fármacos , Streptomyces/metabolismo , Triticum/químicaRESUMO
The current study evaluated the effect of plant growth-promoting (PGP) strains of Streptomyces on yield, quality, and nitrate content of fruits, plant-microbe responses, and antifungal effect against blight disease caused by fungus pathogen Alternaria solani on tomato fruits in commercial greenhouse conditions. Greenhouse trials were done with four treatments including strains Y28, IC10, IT25, and commercial bio-fertilizer (Barvar NPK®) on tomato plants. In PGP treatments, the number of infected fruits significantly reduced (60%) compared to Barvar and control. Strain Y28 improved the quality of tomatoes more than other treatments. All three PGP treatments contained a higher level of total sugar concentration and antioxidant enzyme activities than Barvar and control. In contrast, PGP strains, especially Y28, significantly reduced nitrate accumulation (25%) compared to Barvar and control tomatoes. Streptomyces treatments induced more than a 20-fold increase in UDP and WRKY70 transcription factor gene expression relative to the control (P < 0.01). Based on the results, microbe-dependent plant defense induced by these strains is positively correlated to WRKY70 expression and nitrate reduction in commercial greenhouse conditions. These findings suggest that the commercial application of specific strains not only can illustrate an eco-friendly solution to induce resistance against fungal pathogens but also improve the quality properties of food plants with lower nitrate content.
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Solanum lycopersicum , Streptomyces , Antifúngicos/metabolismo , Antifúngicos/farmacologia , Frutas/metabolismo , Nitratos/metabolismo , Nitratos/farmacologia , Doenças das Plantas/genética , Doenças das Plantas/microbiologia , Streptomyces/genética , Fatores de Transcrição/genética , Fatores de Transcrição/metabolismoRESUMO
The responses of rhizosphere bacterial communities of Streptomyces (SS14 and IT20 stains) treated-pepper plants following inoculation by Phytophthora capsici (PC) was investigated using Illumina MiSeq sequencing. Distinct modulation of the bacteriome composition was found for PC samples with the highest relative abundance (RA) of Chitinophaga (22 ± 0.03%). The RA of several bacterial operational taxonomic units (OTUs) was affected and caused changes in alpha and beta-diversity measures. In IT20, the RA of Cyanobacteria was enriched compared to SS14 (72%) and control samples (47%). Phylotypes belonging to Devosia, Promicromonospora, Kribbella, Microbacterium, Amylocolatopsis, and Pseudomonas genera in the rhizosphere were positively responding against the pathogen. Our findings show that the phosphate solubilizing strain IT20 has higher microbial community responders than the melanin-producing strain SS14. Also, positive interactions were identified by comparing bacterial community profiles between treatments that might allow designing synthetic bio-inoculants to solve agronomic problems in an eco-friendly way.
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Microbiota , Controle Biológico de Vetores , Phytophthora/fisiologia , Rizosfera , Streptomyces/fisiologia , Antibiose , Capsicum , Microbiologia do SoloRESUMO
Halomonas elongate produces ectoine to protect itselt from environmental stresses. In this research, important factors in the production of ectoine were optimized using statistical methods to achieve the best production efficiency in bioreactor. Screening important variables (ectoine, hydroxyectoine, l-aspartic acid, and glutamate) on H. elongate growth showed that ectoine and l-aspartic acid directly affect ectoine production. Two nanostructures, multiwalled carbon nanotube (MWCNT) and iron oxide nanoparticle (Fe2 O3 NPs), were used to increase the availability of substrate for the microorganism. The results showed that Fe2 O3 nanoparticles and MWCNT could have a negative or positive effect on bacterial growth and ectoine production depending on the concentration of nanoparticles. At optimized conditions, the amounts of bacterial growth and ectoine production in fermenter were 10.4 g/L and 14.25 g/L, respectively. Therefore, it could be concluded that nanoparticles improve bacterial growth and ectoine production at optimized concentrations.
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Diamino Aminoácidos/biossíntese , Reatores Biológicos/microbiologia , Halomonas/metabolismo , Ferro/química , Nanopartículas Metálicas/química , Nanotubos de Carbono/químicaRESUMO
The deteriorating effects of Lead (Pb) on central nervous system (CNS) such as cerebellum has been demonstrated in previous studies. Glycoconjugates with the important role in CNS development may be affected by Pb-exposure. Utilization of antioxidant agents and herbal plants has attracted a great deal of attention on attenuating neurotoxicants-induced damage. Thus, in this study the neuroprotective effects of vitamin C and garlic on content of glycoconjugates of cerebellar cortex in Pb-exposed animals were investigated. Wistar pregnant rats were divided into: control (C), Pb-exposed (Pb) (1500 ppm lead acetate in drinking water), Pb plus vitamin C (Pb + Vit C) (500 mg/kg) intraperitoneally, Pb plus garlic (Pb + G) (1 mL /100 g body weight fresh garlic juice via gavage), Pb plus vitamin C and garlic (Pb + Vit C + G), and sham groups (Sh). Finally, levels of Pb in blood were measured in both rats and offspring on postnatal day 50 (PND50). Also, the cerebellums were removed for measuring Pb-levels and performing lectin histochemistry. Blood and cerebellar Pb-levels were increased in Pb-exposed group compared to control group (P < 0.001), whereas they were decreased significantly in Pb + Vit C, Pb + G, and Pb + Vit C + G groups (P < 0.01). By using MPA, UEA-1, and WGA lectin histochemistry, Pb-exposed group showed weak staining intensity compared to other groups. Besides, significant decrease was observed in the density of lectin-positive neurons of Pb-exposed group compared to the control group (P < 0.001). Moreover, strong staining intensity and high lectin-positive neurons were found in Pb + Vit C, Pb + G and Pb + Vit C + G groups than Pb-exposed group (P < 0.001). The present study revealed that Pb-exposure can result in alteration in the cerebellar glycoconjugates contents and co-administration of vitamin C and garlic could attenuate the adverse effects of Pb. The findings of this study revealed the ameliorating effects of vitamin C and garlic against Pb, suggesting the potential use of vitamin C and garlic as preventive agents in Pb poisoning.
Assuntos
Ácido Ascórbico/farmacologia , Cerebelo/efeitos dos fármacos , Alho , Intoxicação do Sistema Nervoso por Chumbo na Infância/prevenção & controle , Fármacos Neuroprotetores/farmacologia , Efeitos Tardios da Exposição Pré-Natal/prevenção & controle , Animais , Cerebelo/patologia , Feminino , Glicoconjugados/metabolismo , Intoxicação do Sistema Nervoso por Chumbo na Infância/metabolismo , Intoxicação do Sistema Nervoso por Chumbo na Infância/patologia , Extratos Vegetais/farmacologia , Gravidez , Efeitos Tardios da Exposição Pré-Natal/metabolismo , Efeitos Tardios da Exposição Pré-Natal/patologia , Ratos , Ratos WistarRESUMO
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a common neurodegenerative disease with a prevalence estimated to reach 115 million by 2050. It is characterized by abnormal extracellular accumulation of amyloidbeta (Aß) peptide and intracellular neurofibrillary tangles (NFTs) that result in neuroinflammation, synaptic dysfunction, neurotransmitter imbalance, neuronal loss, and dendritic changes. A hypothesis of neurotrophic factor (NTF) involvement in neurodegenerative diseases and their potential as a therapeutic tool has emerged. There are wide information gaps on this topic. However, consistent with this hypothesis, AD may be caused by a deficiency in neurotrophin proteins or receptors expression. In AD brains, an increase in nerve growth factor and a decrease in brain-derived neurotrophic factor in the hippocampus and certain neocortical regions, and a decrease in TrkA in the cortex and nucleus basalis has been observed. Thus, comparative data relating to recent hypotheses addressing NTF content and receptors in experimental animals and human brains, along with their potential roles in the treat ment of AD, are discussed in this review.
Assuntos
Doença de Alzheimer , Doenças Neurodegenerativas , Doença de Alzheimer/terapia , Peptídeos beta-Amiloides/metabolismo , Animais , Encéfalo/metabolismo , Humanos , Receptores de Fator de Crescimento NeuralRESUMO
[This corrects the article DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2020.e03445.].