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1.
J Infect Dis ; 230(3): 736-740, 2024 Sep 23.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-38195177

RESUMO

This study assesses poliovirus type 1 (PV1) immunity in children to inform the contribution of mucosal immunity in and prevention of poliovirus circulation. A community-based study was conducted in periurban Karachi, Pakistan. Randomly selected children (0-15 years of age) received oral poliovirus vaccine (OPV) challenge dose. Blood and stool samples were collected at several time points and evaluated for polio-neutralizing antibodies and serotype-specific poliovirus, respectively. Eighty-one of 589 (14%) children excreted PV1 7 days post-OPV challenge; 70 of 81 (86%) were seropositive at baseline. Twelve of 610 (2%) were asymptomatic wild poliovirus type 1 (WPV1) excretors. Most poliovirus excretors had humoral immunity, suggesting mucosal immunity in these children likely waned or never developed. Without mucosal immunity, they are susceptible to poliovirus infection, shedding, and transmission. Asymptomatic WPV1 excretion suggests undetected poliovirus circulation within the community.


Assuntos
Anticorpos Neutralizantes , Anticorpos Antivirais , Fezes , Imunidade nas Mucosas , Poliomielite , Vacina Antipólio Oral , Poliovirus , Humanos , Paquistão/epidemiologia , Poliovirus/imunologia , Lactente , Poliomielite/imunologia , Poliomielite/prevenção & controle , Poliomielite/epidemiologia , Poliomielite/virologia , Pré-Escolar , Anticorpos Antivirais/sangue , Anticorpos Antivirais/imunologia , Adolescente , Vacina Antipólio Oral/imunologia , Vacina Antipólio Oral/administração & dosagem , Feminino , Masculino , Criança , Anticorpos Neutralizantes/sangue , Anticorpos Neutralizantes/imunologia , Fezes/virologia , Recém-Nascido , Eliminação de Partículas Virais
2.
J Infect Dis ; 229(1): 39-42, 2024 Jan 12.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-37368349

RESUMO

This was a follow-up study conducted in 2020 assessing changes in levels of type 2 poliovirus-neutralizing antibodies 2 years postimmunization in children who received inactivated poliovirus vaccine (IPV) in Karachi, Pakistan. Unexpectedly, the findings revealed an increase in seroprevalence of type 2 antibodies from 73.1% to 81.6% 1 year and 2 years after IPV, respectively. The increase in type 2 immunity could result from the intensive transmission of circulating vaccine-derived poliovirus type 2 (cVDPV2) in Karachi during the second year of IPV administration. This study suggests that the cVDPV2 outbreak detected in Pakistan infected large proportions of children in Karachi. Clinical Trials Registration . NCT03286803.


Assuntos
Poliomielite , Poliovirus , Criança , Humanos , Anticorpos Antivirais , Seguimentos , Paquistão/epidemiologia , Vacina Antipólio de Vírus Inativado , Vacina Antipólio Oral , Estudos Soroepidemiológicos
3.
Mol Biol Rep ; 51(1): 302, 2024 Feb 14.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-38355773

RESUMO

BACKGROUND: Severe Combined Immunodeficiency (SCID) is an autosomal recessive inborn error of immunity (IEI) characterized by recurrent chest and gastrointestinal (GI) infections and in some cases associated with life-threatening disorders. METHODOLOGY AND RESULTS: This current study aims to unwind the molecular etiology of SCID and also extended the patients' phenotype associated with identified particular variants. Herein, we present 06 disease-causing variants identified in 07 SCID-patients in three different SCID related genes. Whole Exome Sequencing (WES) followed by Sanger Sequencing was employed to explore genetic variations. The results included identification of two previously reported heterozygous variants in homozygous form for the first time in RAG1gene [(p.Arg410Gln);(p.Arg737His)], followed by a recurrent variant (p.Trp959*) in RAG1, a novel variant in IL2RG (p.Asp48Lfs*24), a recurrent variant in IL2RG (p.Gly271Glu) and a recurrent variant in DCLRE1C (p.Arg191*) gene. CONCLUSION: To conclude, the immune-profiling and WES revealed two novel, two as homozygous state for the first time, and two recurrent disease causing variants contributing valuably to our existing knowledge of SCID.


Assuntos
Imunodeficiência Combinada Severa , Humanos , Imunodeficiência Combinada Severa/genética , Consanguinidade , Paquistão , Homozigoto , Fenótipo , Mutação/genética , Linhagem
4.
Pediatr Crit Care Med ; 24(7): 563-573, 2023 Jul 01.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-37092821

RESUMO

OBJECTIVES: Most biomarker studies of sepsis originate from high-income countries, whereas mortality risk is higher in low- and middle-income countries. The second version of the Pediatric Sepsis Biomarker Risk Model (PERSEVERE-II) has been validated in multiple North American PICUs for prognosis. Given differences in epidemiology, we assessed the performance of PERSEVERE-II in septic children from Pakistan, a low-middle income country. Due to uncertainty regarding how well PERSEVERE-II would perform, we also assessed the utility of other select biomarkers reflecting endotheliopathy, coagulopathy, and lung injury. DESIGN: Prospective cohort study. SETTING: PICU in Aga Khan University Hospital in Karachi, Pakistan. PATIENTS: Children (< 18 yr old) meeting pediatric modifications of adult Sepsis-3 criteria between November 2020 and February 2022 were eligible. INTERVENTIONS: None. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS: Plasma was collected within 24 hours of admission and biomarkers quantified. The area under the receiver operating characteristic curve for PERSEVERE-II to discriminate 28-day mortality was determined. Additional biomarkers were compared between survivors and nonsurvivors and between subjects with and without acute respiratory distress syndrome. In 86 subjects (20 nonsurvivors, 23%), PERSEVERE-II discriminated mortality (area under the receiver operating characteristic curve, 0.83; 95% CI, 0.72-0.94) and stratified the cohort into low-, medium-, and high-risk of mortality. Biomarkers reflecting endotheliopathy (angiopoietin 2, intracellular adhesion molecule 1) increased across worsening risk strata. Angiopoietin 2, soluble thrombomodulin, and plasminogen activator inhibitor 1 were higher in nonsurvivors, and soluble receptor for advanced glycation end-products and surfactant protein D were higher in children meeting acute respiratory distress syndrome criteria. CONCLUSIONS: PERSEVERE-II performs well in septic children from Aga Khan University Hospital, representing the first validation of PERSEVERE-II in a low-middle income country. Patients possessed a biomarker profile comparable to that of sepsis from high-income countries, suggesting that biomarker-based enrichment strategies may be effective in this setting.


Assuntos
Síndrome do Desconforto Respiratório , Sepse , Criança , Humanos , Angiopoietina-2 , Estudos Prospectivos , Países em Desenvolvimento , Receptor para Produtos Finais de Glicação Avançada , Medição de Risco , Biomarcadores , Prognóstico
5.
J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr ; 75(6): 768-774, 2022 12 01.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-36123771

RESUMO

OBJECTIVES: To determine whether gut permeability is associated with post-discharge growth and systemic inflammation among hospitalized children in low- and middle-income countries. METHODS: Children aged 2-23 months being discharged from Civil Hospital Karachi (Pakistan) and Migori County Referral Hospital (Kenya) underwent lactulose-rhamnose ratio (LRR) permeability testing and were compared to age-matched children from their home communities. Linear mixed effect models estimated the associations between LRR among discharged children with change in length-for-age (LAZ) and weight-for-age z score (WAZ) at 45, 90, and 180 days after discharge. Linear regression tested if relationships between LRR, systemic inflammation [C-reative protein (CRP), Cluster of Differentiation 14 (CD14), Tumour Necrosis Factor Alpha (TNFα), Interleukin-6 (IL-6)], and enterocyte damage [Intestinal Fatty-Acid Binding protein (I-FABP)] differed between the hospitalized and community groups. RESULTS: One hundred thirty-seven hospitalized and 84 community participants were included. The hospitalized group had higher log-LRR [0.43, 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.15-0.71, P = 0.003] than the community children. Adjustment for weight-for-length z score at discharge attenuated this association (0.31, 95% CI: 0.00-0.62, P = 0.049). LRR was not associated with changes in WAZ or LAZ in the post-discharge period. Associations between LRR and CRP (interaction P = 0.036), TNFα ( P = 0.017), CD14 ( P = 0.078), and IL-6 ( P = 0.243) differed between community and hospitalized groups. LRR was associated with TNFα ( P = 0.004) and approached significance with CD14 ( P = 0.078) and IL-6 ( P = 0.062) in community children, but there was no evidence of these associations among hospitalized children. CONCLUSIONS: Although increased enteric permeability is more prevalent among children being discharged from hospital compared to children in the community, it does not appear to be an important determinant of systemic inflammation or post-discharge growth among hospitalized children.


Assuntos
Alta do Paciente , Fator de Necrose Tumoral alfa , Humanos , Criança , Lactente , Quênia , Criança Hospitalizada , Interleucina-6 , Paquistão , Assistência ao Convalescente , Permeabilidade , Inflamação/patologia , Lactulose
6.
Andrologia ; 54(2): e14295, 2022 Mar.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-34716614

RESUMO

Revealing the effect of SARS-CoV-2 infection on semen quality is a dynamic priority for many healthcare providers in the field as well as subfertile patients. Therefore, the collective summary in this research approach is still highly needed, especially with the continuous increase in original publications. Here, we provide an up-to-date review and discussion to collectively reveal the effect of SARS-CoV-2 infection on human semen quality. To do this, we reviewed all articles and abstracts published in Scopus and PubMed using the keywords 'SARS-CoV-2' and 'COVID' versus 'sperm' and 'semen'. In summary, it can be revealed that, at both symptomatic and recovery stages of infection, no investigational evidence of SARS-CoV-2 shedding in human semen. Also, the mainstream of the up-to-date published work reveals a negative impact of SARS-CoV-2 infection on semen quality parameters, particularly sperm count and motility. However, long-term post-recovery comparative studies seem very important in this particular setting.


Assuntos
COVID-19 , Análise do Sêmen , Humanos , Masculino , RNA Viral , SARS-CoV-2 , Sêmen
7.
Andrologia ; 54(7): e14436, 2022 Aug.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-35420703

RESUMO

Ranitidine (brand name: Zantac), an acid reducer, belongs to histamine-2 receptor antagonists. Since 1981, even though several adverse effects of this drug were reported in the body, still, its effects on human sperm parameters have yet to be confirmed. In this work, we attempted to measure sperm motility, sperm vitality and activity of seminal creatine kinase in the ejaculated human semen (n = 31) in the presence of ranitidine at a range of concentrations (0.1, 0.3, 0.6, 0.9 and 1.2 µg/ml) compared with control (without ranitidine). Sperm motility was measured using the Makler counter, whilst sperm vitality was assessed using the Eosin test. Creatine kinase activity was measured using the kinetic spectrophotometric method. Sperm motility (total and progressive) as well as sperm vitality was significantly (p < .05) reduced in the presence of ranitidine in human semen, particularly at the higher tested concentrations (0.6-1.2 µg/ml) compared with the control. On the other hand, creatine kinase activity was significantly increased (p < .05) in the presence of ranitidine at 0.6, 0.9 and 1.2 µg/ml. In conclusion, ranitidine at 0.6-1.2 µg/ml reduced sperm motility and vitality, but increased the activity of creatine kinase in ejaculated human semen.


Assuntos
Ranitidina , Motilidade dos Espermatozoides , Creatina Quinase , Humanos , Masculino , Ranitidina/farmacologia , Sêmen , Espermatozoides
8.
Andrologia ; 54(9): e14501, 2022 Oct.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-35725245

RESUMO

Sex selection is becoming a more common practice in the society and worldwide. The current study aimed to examine the perceptions about sex selection options and possible association with sociodemographic factors and relevant characteristics. The study was a cross-sectional survey of adults in Jordan in January and February 2020 using a self-administered questionnaire. Results showed that 40.1% of respondents preferred male gender when having a child, 22.4% of respondents preferred the male gender when having a child, even if they have had children of both genders, and 71.3% preferred having children from both genders. On the other hand, 58.8% of participants preferred a male gender when there is one chance to conceive via assisted reproduction technologies. Also, among participants, 66% thought that sex selection is religiously acceptable, yet 78.0% did not support of the sex selection idea. The above factors were significantly associated with several sociodemographic variables such as gender, marital status, education, career, and place of residence, but not income. In conclusion, the current study shed a light on preferences towards sex selection in a large cohort to better understand the perception and attitude of the population towards this practice.


Assuntos
Atitude , Pré-Seleção do Sexo , Adulto , Criança , Estudos Transversais , Feminino , Humanos , Jordânia , Masculino , Inquéritos e Questionários
9.
J Pak Med Assoc ; 72(9): 1838-1841, 2022 Sep.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-36280987

RESUMO

The objective of this study was to determine the frequency and outcome of preterm infants diagnosed with Necrotising Enterocolitis (NEC). In a case series, 320 preterm infants were enrolled during a period of 12 months at Aga Khan University Hospital, Karachi, a tertiary care hospital. Diagnosis and staging was done as per Bell's staging criteria. Possible confounders were filtered. Analysis was based on the form of treatment and symptom progression. During the study, NEC was observed in 29(9.06%) babies of which stages I, II and III were 69%, 24% and 7%, respectively. Outcome analysis showed that among the 29 neonates diagnosed with NEC, 23 were discharged and 6 expired. A 9% prevalence observed during the study suggests this to be to be a major challenge in neonatology. Mortality outcome of 21% diagnosed with NEC recommends an early diagnosis coupled with prompt and appropriate treatment and preventive measures to reduce the burden of NEC in future.


Assuntos
Enterocolite Necrosante , Doenças do Recém-Nascido , Lactente , Recém-Nascido , Humanos , Enterocolite Necrosante/diagnóstico , Enterocolite Necrosante/epidemiologia , Enterocolite Necrosante/terapia , Recém-Nascido Prematuro , Diagnóstico Precoce , Hospitais
10.
Trop Anim Health Prod ; 54(6): 369, 2022 Nov 02.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-36323906

RESUMO

Castration is frequently used to reduce aggressive behavior and improve the meat quality of animals. Traditionally, surgical and mechanical castration are used to sterilize the animals, but these approaches are associated with a high level of pain, stress, long recovery periods, and post-operative infections. Immunocastration is a new animal-friendly, painless alternative castration technique that is used to prevent undesired sexual behavior, reduce aggressive behavior, prevent unwanted pregnancy, control wildlife populations and wandering species, enhance growth performance, improve meat quality, and treat various sex hormone-dependent disorders. The mechanism of immunocastration includes the immunological block of the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis (HPG axis) which inhibits gonadotropin secretions, causes atrophy of gonadal tissues, and inhibits gametogenesis, resulting in infertility in both female and male mammals. By the mid-1990s, various immunocastration vaccines have been tested in different animal models to achieve successful castration effects. Recently, genetic immunocastration especially DNA vaccine has gained increasing attention due to its safety, being animal-friendly, and being easy to use. This review aims to evaluate the potential of traditional castration methods, as well as the current status of immunocastration vaccines, their effects, and future prospective.


Assuntos
Bem-Estar do Animal , Vacinas , Masculino , Feminino , Animais , Orquiectomia/veterinária , Carne , Hormônio Liberador de Gonadotropina , Mamíferos
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