Caspase-1-independent IL-1 release mediates blister formation in autoantibody-induced tissue injury through modulation of endothelial adhesion molecules.

Although reports documented aberrant cytokine expression in autoimmune bullous dermatoses (AIBDs), cytokine-targeting therapies have not been established in these disorders. We showed previously that IL-6 treatment protected against tissue destruction in experimental epidermolysis bullosa acquisita (EBA), an AIBD caused by autoantibodies to type VII collagen (COL7). The anti-inflammatory effects of IL-6 were mediated by induction of IL-1ra, and prophylactic IL-1ra administration prevented blistering. In this article, we demonstrate elevated serum concentrations of IL-1ß in both mice with experimental EBA induced by injection of anti-COL7 IgG and in EBA patients. Increased IL-1α and IL-1ß expression also was observed in the skin of anti-COL7 IgG-injected wild-type mice compared with the significantly less diseased IL-1R-deficient or wild-type mice treated with the IL-1R antagonist anakinra or anti-IL-1ß. These findings suggested that IL-1 contributed to recruitment of inflammatory cells into the skin. Accordingly, the expression of ICAM-1 was decreased in IL-1R-deficient and anakinra-treated mice injected with anti-COL7. This effect appeared to be specifically attributable to IL-1 because anakinra blocked the upregulation of different endothelial adhesion molecules on IL-1-stimulated, but not on TNF-α-stimulated, cultured endothelial cells. Interestingly, injection of caspase-1/11-deficient mice with anti-COL7 IgG led to the same extent of skin lesions as in wild-type mice. Collectively, our data suggest that IL-1, independently of caspase-1, contributes to the pathogenesis of EBA. Because anti-IL-1ß in a prophylactic setting and anakinra in a quasi-therapeutic setting (i.e., when skin lesions had already developed) improved experimental EBA, IL-1 appears to be a potential therapeutic target for EBA and related AIBDs.

The retinoid-related orphan receptor alpha is essential for the end-stage effector phase of experimental epidermolysis bullosa acquisita.

Genetic studies have added to the understanding of complex diseases. Here, we used a combined genetic approach for risk-loci identification in a prototypic, organ-specific, autoimmune disease, namely experimental epidermolysis bullosa acquisita (EBA), in which autoantibodies to type VII collagen (COL7) and neutrophil activation cause mucocutaneous blisters. Anti-COL7 IgG induced moderate blistering in most inbred mouse strains, while some showed severe disease or were completely protected. Using publicly available genotyping data, we identified haplotype blocks that control blistering and confirmed two haplotype blocks in outbred mice. To identify the blistering-associated genes, haplotype blocks encoding genes that are differentially expressed in EBA-affected skin were considered. This procedure identified nine genes, including retinoid-related orphan receptor alpha (RORα), known to be involved in neurological development and function. After anti-COL7 IgG injection, RORα+/- mice showed reduced blistering and homozygous mice were completely resistant to EBA induction. Furthermore, pharmacological RORα inhibition dose-dependently blocked reactive oxygen species (ROS) release from activated neutrophils but did not affect migration or phagocytosis. Thus, forward genomics combined with multiple validation steps identifies RORα to be essential to drive inflammation in experimental EBA.

Whole-Genome Expression Profiling in Skin Reveals SYK As a Key Regulator of Inflammation in Experimental Epidermolysis Bullosa Acquisita.

Because of the morbidity and limited therapeutic options of autoimmune diseases, there is a high, and thus far, unmet medical need for development of novel treatments. Pemphigoid diseases, such as epidermolysis bullosa acquisita (EBA), are prototypical autoimmune diseases that are caused by autoantibodies targeting structural proteins of the skin, leading to inflammation, mediated by myeloid cells. To identify novel treatment targets, we performed cutaneous genome-wide mRNA expression profiling in 190 outbred mice after EBA induction. Comparison of genome-wide mRNA expression profiles in diseased and healthy mice, and construction of a co-expression network identified Sykb (spleen tyrosine kinase, SYK) as a major hub gene. Aligned, pharmacological SYK inhibition protected mice from experimental EBA. Using lineage-specific SYK-deficient mice, we identified SYK expression on myeloid cells to be required to induce EBA. Within the predicted co-expression network, interactions of Sykb with several partners (e.g., Tlr13, Jdp2, and Nfkbid) were validated by curated databases. Additionally, novel gene interaction partners of SYK were experimentally validated. Collectively, our results identify SYK expression in myeloid cells as a requirement to promote inflammation in autoantibody-driven pathologies. This should encourage exploitation of SYK and SYK-regulated genes as potential therapeutic targets for EBA and potentially other autoantibody-mediated diseases.

Methylprednisolone blocks autoantibody-induced tissue damage in experimental models of bullous pemphigoid and epidermolysis bullosa acquisita through inhibition of neutrophil activation.

Corticosteroids are regularly used to treat autoimmune diseases, such as bullous pemphigoid (BP). In BP, autoantibodies bind to type XVII collagen (COL17), located at the dermal-epidermal junction. A crucial role of neutrophils in experimental BP has been established. Specifically, reactive oxygen species and proteolytic granule enzymes mediate tissue injury. Therefore, we investigated the effects of methylprednisolone (MP) on neutrophils, which are likely to be affected by topical treatment. First, MP inhibited dermal-epidermal separation ex vivo in cryosections of the human skin induced by co-incubation of BP autoantibodies with neutrophils from healthy volunteers. Next, MP inhibited neutrophil activation in vitro induced by immune complexes (ICs) of COL17 and autoantibodies. This neutrophil activation was associated with phosphorylation of extracellular signal-regulated kinases 1 and 2 (ERK1/2), p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK), and Akt. In turn, inhibition of ERK1/2, p38 MAPK, or Akt phosphorylation inhibited neutrophil activation by IC in vitro and dermal-epidermal separation ex vivo. In addition, we observed an increase of p38 MAPK phosphorylation in dermal infiltrates of BP patients. Treatment of mice with either MP or inhibitors of p38-MAPK or ERK1/2 phosphorylation impaired induction of autoantibody- or irritant-induced neutrophil-dependent inflammation. We here identify the inhibition of Akt, ERK1/2, and p38 MAPK phosphorylation as molecular mechanisms to promote MP's therapeutic effects.