Colesterol-IDL y parámetros lipídicos en diabéticos tipo 2 / IDL-cholesterol and lipidic parameters in diabetic patients type 2

La diabetes mellitus ocupa el sexto lugar de las defunciones por causas definidas en la provincia de Misiones. Nos propusimos establecer si existen diferencias significativas para Colesterol Total (CT), Triglicéridos (TG), Colesterol-HDL(CHDL), Colesterol-LDL(CLDL), Colesterol-IDL(CIDL), Colesterol no-HDL y los índices CT/CHDL y TG/CHDL entre diabéticos tipo 2 y un grupo control y comparar los valores de CIDL entre ambos grupos según fenotipo de dislipidemia. Se estudiaron 70 diabéticos tipo 2 (DM 2) y 57 controles. CT, TG, CHDL y CLDL se determinaron por métodos enzimáticos colorimétricos y CIDL por método de Wikinski. Los resultados obtenidos en DM 2 vs. controles fueron: CT 214±49 vs. 205±34 mg/dl (p=0.488); TG 194±119 vs. 128±65 mg/dl (p<0.001); CHDL 43±11 vs. 50±13 mg/dl (p=0.001); CLDL 135±43 vs. 132±32 mg/dl (p=0.934); CIDL 13.8±8.7 vs. 7.2±3.5 mg/dl (p<0.001); CT/CHDL 5.26±1.54 vs. 4.40±1.33 (p=0.001); TG/CHDL 5.01±3.95 vs. 2.97±2.24 (p<0.001) y Col no-HDL 172±48 vs. 155±35 mg/dl (p=0.07); a igual patrón electroforético tanto normolipémico (p=0.043), fenotipo II (p=0.006) o fenotipo IV (p=0.001) el CIDL fue más elevado en el primer grupo. La cuantificación del CIDL mejora la valoración del riesgo aterogénico en DM 2 principalmente en los normolipémicos.

Diabetes Mellitus is in the sixth death cause in the province of Misiones. Majority of patients die in relation with atherosclerosis, being dislipidemias one of the mechanism that explain this increased risk. We aimed to establish if there are significant differences for total cholesterol (TC), triglyceride (TG), HDL-cholesterol (HDLC), LDL-Cholesterol (LDLC), IDL-Cholesterol (IDLC), no-HDL Cholesterol and the index TC/HDLC and TG/HDLC between diabetic patients type 2 and a control group, as well as comparing the IDLC amount between both groups according to the dislipidemia phenotype. We studied 70 diabetic patients type 2 and 57 controls, with similar distribution in age, sex and body mass index. TC, TG, HDLC and LDLC were tested by enzymatic colorimetric methods with internal and external quality controls and the IDLC by Wikinski method. The results obtained in diabetic patients vs controls were (table N°1): TC 214 ±49 vs 205± 34 mg/dl (p=0.488); TG 194±119 vs 128±65 mg/dl (p<0.001); HDLC 43±11 vs 50±13 mg/dl(p=0.001); LDLC 135±43 vs 132± 32 mg/dl (p=0.934); IDLC 13.8± 8.7 vs 7.2±3.5 mg/dl (p<0.001) (figure N°1); TC/HDLC 5.26 ±1.54 vs 4.40± 1.33 (p=0.001); TG/HDLC 5.01±3.95 vs 2.97±2.24 (p<0.001) y no-HDL cholesterol 172±48 vs 155±35 mg/dl (p=0.07); at a same electrophoretic pattern ( normolipemic (p=0.043), phenotype II (p=0.006) or phenotype IV (p=0.001)),the IDLC was higher in the first group (figure N°2). The diabetic patients show a more atherogenic lipoprotein profile than the control group. The quantification of IDLC improvement the assessment of atherogenic risk in type 2 diabetic patients, specially normolipemics.

Cistoyeyunostomía laparoscópica para el tratamiento del pseudoquiste del pancreas / Laparoscopic cystjejunostomy in the treatment of pancreatic pseudocysts

El pseudoquiste del pancreas es una entidad de cierta presentacion en la práctica clinica, generalmente secundaria a un proceso inflamatorio o al trauma pancreático. Su tratamiento se realiza mediante puncion o con derivaciones entre la pared del quiste y una viscera adyacente como estomago, duodeno o yeyuno. Estas derivaciones se pueden realizar por tecnica convencional abierta, por via endoscopica y por via laparoscopica ultimamente descrita. Se presenta la tecnica de Cistoyeyunostomia via laparoscopica sin necesidad de realizar una Y de Roux, llevada a cabo en 3 pacientes durante los años 1998-1999, sin tener complicacion alguna, y con seguimiento a 2 años en el primero de los casos. Se concluye que la Cistoyeyunostomia via laparoscópica es una alternativa fácil y con las ventajas que representa la cirugia minimamente invasora.

Analisis de la efectividad antihipertensiva mediante el monitoreo ambulatorio de presion arterial. Utilidad del modelo de Transformada de Fourier Discreta / Analysis of antihypertensive effectiveness by means of ambulatory blood pressure monitoring. Usefulness of the discrete fourier transform model

Se estudiaron 10 pacientes con hipertensión arterial a moderada a quienes se efectuó un monitoreo ambulatorio (MAPA) luego de 30 dias de placebo, y otro al cabo de ocho semanas de tratamiento con una dosis fija de 20 mg de maleato de enalapril. La presión arterial sistólica (PAS) y diastólica (PAD) se registró cada 15 minutos de 07 a 22 hs, y cada 30 minutos de 22 a 07 hs. Los perfiles presores y los perfiles de las diferencias presoras droga-placebo individuales, fueron alisados por los promedios horarios. Luego se aplicó la Transformada de Fourier Discreta (TFD). Se determinó el menor número de armónicas que generan un ajuste estadisticamente significativo por análisis de residuos. En las curvas de diferencias presoras alisadas por TFD, se calcularon máximos, mínimos y puntos de inflexión para determinar: el tiempo de respuesta rápida (intervalo entre toma de la droga y máximo efecto), el tiempo de duración del efecto de la droga (intervalo entre toma de medicación y punto de inflexión, siguiente al último mínimo previo a una nueva dosis) y la pendidente de descenso rápido (cociente entre máximo descenso presor y tiempo de respusta rápida). Dependiendo del paciente, 3 a 5 armónicas en las curvas alisadas por TFD de PAS, PAD y de las diferencias droga-placebo, son suficientes para ajustar los promedios presores horarios. Se confirmó la estabilidad del ritmo circadiano en ambos monitoreos. El efectos se presentó a las 3 hrs (rango: 2 a 5) de toma de dosis; y la duración máxima media del efecto de la medicación fue de 17,6 hs para la PAS y de 18,5 hs para la PAD. Se concluye que las diferencias presoras tratamiento-placebo obtenidas a partir del MAPA y analizadas según el modelo de RFD permiten evaluar los intervalos de tiempo de protección presora asociados a un tratamiento antihipertensivo (AU)

Análisis de la efectividad antihipertensiva mediante el monitoreo ambulatorio de presión arterial. Utilidad del modelo de Transformada de Fourier Discreta. / [Analysis of antihypertensive effectiveness by means of ambulatory blood pressure monitoring. Usefulness of the Discrete Fourier Transform Model]

In order to assess the usefulness of the Discrete Fourier Transform Model (DFT) to evaluate time-course drug effects on hypertensive patients studied with Ambulatory Blood Pressure Monitoring (ABPM) a number of experiments were carried out. A total of 10 mild to moderate hypertensive patients were evaluated under placebo and after 8 weeks of active treatment with Enalapril 20 mg per day using ABPM. Systolic and Diastolic blood pressure (SBP and DBP) were registered every 15 minutes during daytime and every 30 minutes at night. Pressure profiles of each patient were initially smoothed by hourly means. DFT was then applied to these profiles. The minimum number of harmonics necessary to generate a statistically significant fitting of the blood pressure profile, were obtained by residuals analysis (run test and analysis of variance of the mean sum of residual squares with each new harmonic incorporated to the model). A profile of the blood pressure differences (treatment-placebo) with the rough data of each patient was smoothed by hourly means. DFT was applied again on these substraction profiles. To estimate peak and trough drug effects for the blood pressure decrease function, maximum, minimum and inflexion points were calculated defining the following parameters: T peak: time from drug administration to maximum pressure decrease; T late response: time from drug administration to the inflexion point following the last minimum previous to the next dose; BP peak: the maximum blood pressure decrease amplitude; and the slope BP peak/T peak. The stability of the individual circadian rhythm was confirmed for both ABPM controls comparing times of maximum and minimum on the DFT smoothed profiles.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Analisis de la efectividad antihipertensiva mediante el monitoreo ambulatorio de presion arterial. Utilidad del modelo de Transformada de Fourier Discreta / Analysis of antihypertensive effectiveness by means of ambulatory blood pressure monitoring. Usefulness of the discrete fourier transform model

Se estudiaron 10 pacientes con hipertensión arterial a moderada a quienes se efectuó un monitoreo ambulatorio (MAPA) luego de 30 dias de placebo, y otro al cabo de ocho semanas de tratamiento con una dosis fija de 20 mg de maleato de enalapril. La presión arterial sistólica (PAS) y diastólica (PAD) se registró cada 15 minutos de 07 a 22 hs, y cada 30 minutos de 22 a 07 hs. Los perfiles presores y los perfiles de las diferencias presoras droga-placebo individuales, fueron alisados por los promedios horarios. Luego se aplicó la Transformada de Fourier Discreta (TFD). Se determinó el menor número de armónicas que generan un ajuste estadisticamente significativo por análisis de residuos. En las curvas de diferencias presoras alisadas por TFD, se calcularon máximos, mínimos y puntos de inflexión para determinar: el tiempo de respuesta rápida (intervalo entre toma de la droga y máximo efecto), el tiempo de duración del efecto de la droga (intervalo entre toma de medicación y punto de inflexión, siguiente al último mínimo previo a una nueva dosis) y la pendidente de descenso rápido (cociente entre máximo descenso presor y tiempo de respusta rápida). Dependiendo del paciente, 3 a 5 armónicas en las curvas alisadas por TFD de PAS, PAD y de las diferencias droga-placebo, son suficientes para ajustar los promedios presores horarios. Se confirmó la estabilidad del ritmo circadiano en ambos monitoreos. El efectos se presentó a las 3 hrs (rango: 2 a 5) de toma de dosis; y la duración máxima media del efecto de la medicación fue de 17,6 hs para la PAS y de 18,5 hs para la PAD. Se concluye que las diferencias presoras tratamiento-placebo obtenidas a partir del MAPA y analizadas según el modelo de RFD permiten evaluar los intervalos de tiempo de protección presora asociados a un tratamiento antihipertensivo

Analysis of left ventricular function by radionuclide ventriculogram in hypertensive patients treated with atenolol

The myocardial effects of a daily oral dose of atenolol were studied by radionuclide multitriggered ventriculogram in 10 patients (7 men and 3 women) with mild to moderate essential hypertension, aged 29 to 53 years (mean 43) at rest and during exercise. Before and after two months of treatment with 100 mg/day orally of atenolol, the following variables were recordedÑ systolic blood pressure (SBP), diastolic blood pressure (DBP), heart rate (HR), ejection fraction (EF), peak filling rate (PFR) and peak ejection rate (PER). Beta-blockade treatment caused a significant drop in SBP and DBP, both at rest and during exerciseñ HR slowed down at rest and during exercise. PFR diminished at rest and during exercise. PER was reduced at rest and during exercise (p < 0.001). No significant changes in EF were observed after treatment with atenolol. In conclusion,k atenolol impaired left ventricular relaxation in spite of the drop in blood pressure

Analysis of left ventricular function by radionuclide ventriculogram in hypertensive patients treated with atenolol.

The myocardial effects of a daily oral dose of atenolol were studied by radionuclide multi-triggered ventriculogram in 10 patients (7 men and 3 women) with mild to moderate essential hypertension, aged 29 to 53 years (mean 43) at rest and during exercise. Before and after two months of treatment with 100 mg/day orally of atenolol, the following variables were recorded: systolic blood pressure (SBP), diastolic blood pressure (DBP), heart rate (HR), ejection fraction (EF), peak filling rate (PFR) and peak ejection rate (PER). Beta-blockade treatment caused a significant drop in SBP and DBP, both at rest and during exercise; HR slowed down at rest and during exercise. PFR diminished at rest and during exercise. PER was reduced at rest and during exercise (p less than 0.001). No significant changes in EF were observed after treatment with atenolol. In conclusion, atenolol impaired left ventricular relaxation in spite of the drop in blood pressure.

Early abnormalities of left ventricular function in essential hypertension induced by exercise.

In order to assess their ventricular function at rest and during exercise, 42 essential hypertensives (164 +/- 2/98.7 +/- 2 mmHg) and 12 normotensives (131.7 +/- 4/81.2 +/- 1 mmHg) were studied. Ejection fraction (EF), peak filling rate (PFR) and peak ejection rate (PER) were measured by means of gated radionuclide ventriculography. At rest, no differences in EF, PFR and PER between hypertensives and normotensives were found. During exercise, hypertensives showed lower PFR (5.3 +/- 0.2 EDV/s) and EF (67.7 +/- 1

) than normotensives (PFR 7 +/- 0.5 EDV/s, p < 0.005 and EF 79.4 +/- 2

, p < 0.001). Likewise, hypertensive showed a lower increase from rest to exercise in PFR and in EF than normotensives p < 0.001. In addition, hypertensives showed a great individual variability in EF response to exercise, where 23 patients increased EF more than 5

and 19 patients failed to increase it during stress. Moreover, the last group of patients had higher systolic blood pressure (SBP) both at rest and during exercise than patients who increased EF, p < 0.01. In addition, there was a significantly negative correlation between resting SBP and the variation of Ef (r = 0.47 y: 163.1-0.79X, p < 0.01). Left ventricular mass (LVM) was similar in the two groups of hypertensives. On the other hand, there were no differences in any of the variables analyzed between the hypertensives with LV hypertrophy and those with normal LVM. These findings suggest that abnormalities in both systolic and diastolic LV during exercise may be found in hypertensive patients even before myocardial hypertrophy can be detected.

Analysis of left ventricular function by radionuclide ventriculogram in hypertensive patients treated with atenolol

The myocardial effects of a daily oral dose of atenolol were studied by radionuclide multitriggered ventriculogram in 10 patients (7 men and 3 women) with mild to moderate essential hypertension, aged 29 to 53 years (mean 43) at rest and during exercise. Before and after two months of treatment with 100 mg/day orally of atenolol, the following variables were recordedÑ systolic blood pressure (SBP), diastolic blood pressure (DBP), heart rate (HR), ejection fraction (EF), peak filling rate (PFR) and peak ejection rate (PER). Beta-blockade treatment caused a significant drop in SBP and DBP, both at rest and during exerciseñ HR slowed down at rest and during exercise. PFR diminished at rest and during exercise. PER was reduced at rest and during exercise (p < 0.001). No significant changes in EF were observed after treatment with atenolol. In conclusion,k atenolol impaired left ventricular relaxation in spite of the drop in blood pressure (AU)

Suppression of plasma aldosterone during stimulation of cardiopulmonary mechanoreceptors in man

Con el objeto de analizar la participación de los mecanorreceptores cardiopulmonares en la secreción de la aldosterona, se estudiaron 10 voluntarios varones mediante la utilización de un traje que, al ser llenado con agua y estando el sujeto en inclinación de 45º, ejerce una presión positiva sobre los miembros inferiores con traspaso de volumen sanguíneo de éstos al compartimiento cardiopulmonar. En estas condiciones se comprobó una caída significativa de la aldosterona plasmática a los 60 minutos, de 223ñ23pg/ml a 190ñ26pg/ml (p<0,01), coincidiendo con un descenso de la actividad renínica plasmática a los 30 minutos de 3,51ñ1,48mg/ml/h a 1,8ñ0,89mg/ml/h (p<0,05) y un incremento de la radioactividad de fin de diástole de ventrículo derecho de 9500ñ1150cpm a 11685ñ2600cpm (p<0,01) y de la radioactividad de fin de sístole ventricular derecha de 5865ñ946cpm a 7758ñ1050cpm (p<0,05), medida con un ventriculograma radioisotópico. Al suspender la presión sobre los miembros inferiores, la aldosterona y la actividad renínica plasmática retornaron inmediatamente a los niveles basales, luego de registrarse un descenso de la radioactividad de fin de diástole y fin de sístole del ventrículo derecho. Se concluye que los mecanorreceptores cardiopulmonares participan en la regulación de la aldosterona y el sistema renina-angiotensina (AU)

Inhibitory effect of enalapril on serum aldosterone in essential hypertension

El objetivo del presente estudio fue evaluar en pacientes hipertensos esenciales, el efecto inhibitorio agudo y crónico del maleato de enalapril sobre la aldosterona plasmática. Diez pacientes con hipertensión arterial esencial leve y moderada (7 varones y 3 mujeres), con edades comprendidas entre 15 y 60 años, recibieron, luego de un período placebo de 28 días, 20mg de maleato de enalapril en una sola toma diaria. Durante el período placebo y a las 24, 48 y 72h de iníciado el tratamiento se determinó la actividad renínica plasmática (ARP) y los níveles de angiotensina II (AII) y aldosterona plasmática (A) por radioinmunoensayo, midiéndose asimismo la presión arterial media (PAM) utilizando un equipo automático de presión arterial (Critikon, Dynamap). Se comprobó un descenso significativo de la PAM de 120,6ñ4mmHg a 104,4ñ3, 102,6ñ2 y 100,5ñ1mmHg a las 24,48 y 72h, respectivamente (p<0,01). La ARP se incrementó de 0,68ñ0,6ng/ml/h a 9,33ñ2; 9,67ñ2 y 10,5ñ2ng/ml/h (p<0,05) y la AII descendió de 70,8ñ18pg/ml a 35,1ñ5; 27,6ñ3 y 25ñ4pg/ml (p<0,05)en el mismo período. La A descendió de 141,9ñ8 a 94,7ñ5pg/ml a las 24h (p<0,05), para retornar a las 48 y 72h a los niveles previos al tratamiento (106,7ñ6 y 118,5ñ7pg/ml). Ocho pacientes continuaron recibiendo enalapril 20mg/día durante un período de 6 meses al cabo del cual se determinó nuevamente AII y A previo y a las 2, 4 y 6h luego de la dosis diaria de enalapril. Se comprobó un descenso de la AII de 38,7ñ9 a 29ñ11pg/ml a las 2h (p<0,05), a 21ñ5pg/ml a las 4h (p<0,02) y a 17,5ñ4pg/ml a las 6h (p<0,01) de administrada la dosis de enalapril. La A descendió también de 170,14 a 106,3ñ8; 98,7ñ7 y 89,3ñ5pg/ml a las 2,4 y 6h de recibida la droga (p<0,01). En 7 de los 8 pacientes estudiados, se obtuvo una correlación individual entre AII y A que osciló en un rango de r entre 0,69 y la unidad. Se concluye que el enalapril mantiene el efecto inhibitorio sobre la enzima convertidora en el largo plazo al persistir reducidos los niveles de AII a los 6 meses de tratamiento. La tendencia a la recuperación de los niveles de aldosterona observados a las 48 y 72h y su posterior retorno a losvalores iniciales se debería a unasupersensibilidad del receptor de AII, aunque no podría descartarse la participación de la ACTH (AU)

Early abnormalities of left ventricular function in essential hypertension induced by exercise

In order to assess their ventricular function at rest and during exercise, 42 essential hypertensives (164 +/- 2/98.7 +/- 2 mmHg) and 12 normotensives (131.7 +/- 4/81.2 +/- 1 mmHg) were studied. Ejection fraction (EF), peak filling rate (PFR) and peak ejection rate (PER) were measured by means of gated radionuclide ventriculography. At rest, no differences in EF, PFR and PER between hypertensives and normotensives were found. During exercise, hypertensives showed lower PFR (5.3 +/- 0.2 EDV/s) and EF (67.7 +/- 1%) than normotensives (PFR 7 +/- 0.5 EDV/s, p < 0.005 and EF 79.4 +/- 2%, p < 0.001). Likewise, hypertensive showed a lower increase from rest to exercise in PFR and in EF than normotensives p < 0.001. In addition, hypertensives showed a great individual variability in EF response to exercise, where 23 patients increased EF more than 5% and 19 patients failed to increase it during stress. Moreover, the last group of patients had higher systolic blood pressure (SBP) both at rest and during exercise than patients who increased EF, p < 0.01. In addition, there was a significantly negative correlation between resting SBP and the variation of Ef (r = 0.47 y: 163.1-0.79X, p < 0.01). Left ventricular mass (LVM) was similar in the two groups of hypertensives. On the other hand, there were no differences in any of the variables analyzed between the hypertensives with LV hypertrophy and those with normal LVM. These findings suggest that abnormalities in both systolic and diastolic LV during exercise may be found in hypertensive patients even before myocardial hypertrophy can be detected (Au)

Early abnormalities of left ventricular function in essential hypertension induced by exercise.

In order to assess their ventricular function at rest and during exercise, 42 essential hypertensives (164 +/- 2/98.7 +/- 2 mmHg) and 12 normotensives (131.7 +/- 4/81.2 +/- 1 mmHg) were studied. Ejection fraction (EF), peak filling rate (PFR) and peak ejection rate (PER) were measured by means of gated radionuclide ventriculography. At rest, no differences in EF, PFR and PER between hypertensives and normotensives were found. During exercise, hypertensives showed lower PFR (5.3 +/- 0.2 EDV/s) and EF (67.7 +/- 1

) than normotensives (PFR 7 +/- 0.5 EDV/s, p < 0.005 and EF 79.4 +/- 2

, p < 0.001). Likewise, hypertensive showed a lower increase from rest to exercise in PFR and in EF than normotensives p < 0.001. In addition, hypertensives showed a great individual variability in EF response to exercise, where 23 patients increased EF more than 5

and 19 patients failed to increase it during stress. Moreover, the last group of patients had higher systolic blood pressure (SBP) both at rest and during exercise than patients who increased EF, p < 0.01. In addition, there was a significantly negative correlation between resting SBP and the variation of Ef (r = 0.47 y: 163.1-0.79X, p < 0.01). Left ventricular mass (LVM) was similar in the two groups of hypertensives. On the other hand, there were no differences in any of the variables analyzed between the hypertensives with LV hypertrophy and those with normal LVM. These findings suggest that abnormalities in both systolic and diastolic LV during exercise may be found in hypertensive patients even before myocardial hypertrophy can be detected.

Ambulatory blood pressure monitoring and diastolic left ventricular abnormalities in established and borderline hypertension.

In order to evaluate left ventricular diastolic function by means of Doppler echocardiography in borderline and established hypertension, identified by office and ABPM, compared with normotensives, 54 subjects: 15 normotensives, 11 borderlines and 28 nontreated mild to moderate essential hypertensives were studied. Age and weight were similar among groups. Established hypertensives showed higher left ventricular mass index (p < 0.05), peak velocity of late left ventricular filling (peak A; p < 0.01), ratio peak A/peak velocity of early ventricular filling, peak E (p < 0.01), velocity time integral of systolic atrial volume (p < 0.001), deceleration half time of peak early diastolic inflow velocity (p < 0.05), left ventricular isovolumic relaxation period (IRP; p < 0.01) than normotensives and lower Doppler indexes of early diastolic left ventricular filling (p < 0.01), peak filling rat normalized to mitral stroke volume (PFRn; p < 0.01) than normotensives. Although borderline hypertensives showed intermediate LVM and Doppler indexes between hypertensives and normotensives only IRP (p < 0.05) and PFRn (p < 0.05) were significant different to normotensives. In conclusion, established hypertension leads to abnormalities in left ventricular diastolic function which can be detected by Doppler echocardiography. In borderline hypertension, the left ventricular diastolic abnormalities are predominantly related to the active process of early diastole. Therefore, these indexes may be early markers of left ventricular dysfunction in hypertension.

Suppression of plasma aldosterone during stimulation of cardiopulmonary mechanoreceptors in man

Con el objeto de analizar la participación de los mecanorreceptores cardiopulmonares en la secreción de la aldosterona, se estudiaron 10 voluntarios varones mediante la utilización de un traje que, al ser llenado con agua y estando el sujeto en inclinación de 45§, ejerce una presión positiva sobre los miembros inferiores con traspaso de volumen sanguíneo de éstos al compartimiento cardiopulmonar. En estas condiciones se comprobó una caída significativa de la aldosterona plasmática a los 60 minutos, de 223ñ23pg/ml a 190ñ26pg/ml (p<0,01), coincidiendo con un descenso de la actividad renínica plasmática a los 30 minutos de 3,51ñ1,48mg/ml/h a 1,8ñ0,89mg/ml/h (p<0,05) y un incremento de la radioactividad de fin de diástole de ventrículo derecho de 9500ñ1150cpm a 11685ñ2600cpm (p<0,01) y de la radioactividad de fin de sístole ventricular derecha de 5865ñ946cpm a 7758ñ1050cpm (p<0,05), medida con un ventriculograma radioisotópico. Al suspender la presión sobre los miembros inferiores, la aldosterona y la actividad renínica plasmática retornaron inmediatamente a los niveles basales, luego de registrarse un descenso de la radioactividad de fin de diástole y fin de sístole del ventrículo derecho. Se concluye que los mecanorreceptores cardiopulmonares participan en la regulación de la aldosterona y el sistema renina-angiotensina

Early abnormalities of left ventricular function in essential hypertension induced by exercise

In order to assess their ventricular function at rest and during exercise, 42 essential hypertensives (164 +/- 2/98.7 +/- 2 mmHg) and 12 normotensives (131.7 +/- 4/81.2 +/- 1 mmHg) were studied. Ejection fraction (EF), peak filling rate (PFR) and peak ejection rate (PER) were measured by means of gated radionuclide ventriculography. At rest, no differences in EF, PFR and PER between hypertensives and normotensives were found. During exercise, hypertensives showed lower PFR (5.3 +/- 0.2 EDV/s) and EF (67.7 +/- 1%) than normotensives (PFR 7 +/- 0.5 EDV/s, p < 0.005 and EF 79.4 +/- 2%, p < 0.001). Likewise, hypertensive showed a lower increase from rest to exercise in PFR and in EF than normotensives p < 0.001. In addition, hypertensives showed a great individual variability in EF response to exercise, where 23 patients increased EF more than 5% and 19 patients failed to increase it during stress. Moreover, the last group of patients had higher systolic blood pressure (SBP) both at rest and during exercise than patients who increased EF, p < 0.01. In addition, there was a significantly negative correlation between resting SBP and the variation of Ef (r = 0.47 y: 163.1-0.79X, p < 0.01). Left ventricular mass (LVM) was similar in the two groups of hypertensives. On the other hand, there were no differences in any of the variables analyzed between the hypertensives with LV hypertrophy and those with normal LVM. These findings suggest that abnormalities in both systolic and diastolic LV during exercise may be found in hypertensive patients even before myocardial hypertrophy can be detected

Inhibitory effect of enalapril on serum aldosterone in essential hypertension

El objetivo del presente estudio fue evaluar en pacientes hipertensos esenciales, el efecto inhibitorio agudo y crónico del maleato de enalapril sobre la aldosterona plasmática. Diez pacientes con hipertensión arterial esencial leve y moderada (7 varones y 3 mujeres), con edades comprendidas entre 15 y 60 años, recibieron, luego de un período placebo de 28 días, 20mg de maleato de enalapril en una sola toma diaria. Durante el período placebo y a las 24, 48 y 72h de iníciado el tratamiento se determinó la actividad renínica plasmática (ARP) y los níveles de angiotensina II (AII) y aldosterona plasmática (A) por radioinmunoensayo, midiéndose asimismo la presión arterial media (PAM) utilizando un equipo automático de presión arterial (Critikon, Dynamap). Se comprobó un descenso significativo de la PAM de 120,6ñ4mmHg a 104,4ñ3, 102,6ñ2 y 100,5ñ1mmHg a las 24,48 y 72h, respectivamente (p<0,01). La ARP se incrementó de 0,68ñ0,6ng/ml/h a 9,33ñ2; 9,67ñ2 y 10,5ñ2ng/ml/h (p<0,05) y la AII descendió de 70,8ñ18pg/ml a 35,1ñ5; 27,6ñ3 y 25ñ4pg/ml (p<0,05)en el mismo período. La A descendió de 141,9ñ8 a 94,7ñ5pg/ml a las 24h (p<0,05), para retornar a las 48 y 72h a los niveles previos al tratamiento (106,7ñ6 y 118,5ñ7pg/ml). Ocho pacientes continuaron recibiendo enalapril 20mg/día durante un período de 6 meses al cabo del cual se determinó nuevamente AII y A previo y a las 2, 4 y 6h luego de la dosis diaria de enalapril. Se comprobó un descenso de la AII de 38,7ñ9 a 29ñ11pg/ml a las 2h (p<0,05), a 21ñ5pg/ml a las 4h (p<0,02) y a 17,5ñ4pg/ml a las 6h (p<0,01) de administrada la dosis de enalapril. La A descendió también de 170,14 a 106,3ñ8; 98,7ñ7 y 89,3ñ5pg/ml a las 2,4 y 6h de recibida la droga (p<0,01). En 7 de los 8 pacientes estudiados, se obtuvo una correlación individual entre AII y A que osciló en un rango de r entre 0,69 y la unidad. Se concluye que el enalapril mantiene el efecto inhibitorio sobre la enzima convertidora en el largo plazo al persistir reducidos los niveles de AII a los 6 meses de tratamiento. La tendencia a la recuperación de los niveles de aldosterona observados a las 48 y 72h y su posterior retorno a losvalores iniciales se debería a unasupersensibilidad del receptor de AII, aunque no podría descartarse la participación de la ACTH

Ambulatory blood pressure monitoring and diastolic left ventricular abnormalities in established and borderline hypertension

In order to evaluate left ventricular diastolic function by means of Doppler echocardiography in borderline and established hypertension, identified by office and ABPM, compared with normotensives, 54 subjects: 15 normotensives, 11 borderlines and 28 nontreated mild to moderate essential hypertensives were studied. Age and weight were similar among groups. Established hypertensives showed higher left ventricular mass index (p < 0.05), peak velocity of late left ventricular filling (peak A; p < 0.01), ratio peak A/peak velocity of early ventricular filling, peak E (p < 0.01), velocity time integral of systolic atrial volume (p < 0.001), deceleration half time of peak early diastolic inflow velocity (p < 0.05), left ventricular isovolumic relaxation period (IRP; p < 0.01) than normotensives and lower Doppler indexes of early diastolic left ventricular filling (p < 0.01), peak filling rat normalized to mitral stroke volume (PFRn; p < 0.01) than normotensives. Although borderline hypertensives showed intermediate LVM and Doppler indexes between hypertensives and normotensives only IRP (p < 0.05) and PFRn (p < 0.05) were significant different to normotensives. In conclusion, established hypertension leads to abnormalities in left ventricular diastolic function which can be detected by Doppler echocardiography. In borderline hypertension, the left ventricular diastolic abnormalities are predominantly related to the active process of early diastole. Therefore, these indexes may be early markers of left ventricular dysfunction in hypertension.

Monitoreo ambulatorio automático de la presión arterial de 24 horas (maapa) en hipertensos. / [Automated ambulatory 24-hour monitoring of blood pressure in hypertensive patients]

In order to analyse the 24 h blood pressure pattern, a non-invasive 24 h ABPM was recorded in 18 normotensives (23-44 years) and in 24 untreated essential hypertensives (28-65 years) using a Space-Labs 90202. This device was previously validated with a mercury sphigmomanometer (S) and with intraarterial blood pressure (IA). The correlation coefficient obtained for systolic blood pressure (SBP) between ABPM and IA was 0.89, p less than 0.0001 and between ABPM and S was 0.98, p less than 0.0001. Likewise, a significative correlation for diastolic blood pressure (DBP) was found between ABPM and IA (r = 0.78, p less than 0.0001) and between ABPM and S (r = 0.97, p less than 0.0001). Essential hypertensives showed higher mean values of SBP and DBP than normotensives (p less than 0.01) maintaining a similar circadian pattern. In these patients, the percentages of mean abnormal SBP (greater than 140 mmHg) and DBP (greater than 90 mmHg) readings were greater than 58

and 56

for the 24 h period, and 70

and 77

for the activity period, respectively. On the other hand, in normotensives the percentages of mean abnormal SBP and DBP readings were lower than 10.5

and 5.7

for the 24 h period, and 17.2

and 11.7

during the activity period, respectively. In conclusion, 24 h ABPM enabled us to characterize two well differentiated populations either by mean BP values of the percentages of abnormal readings. Between normotensives and hypertensives an intermediate group of subjects, with normal mean BP values and higher percentages of abnormal BP readings than normotensives remains to be characterized and longitudinally studied in order to evaluate their target organ repercussion.

Actividad citotoxica de leucocitos de pacientes chagasicos cronicos contra Trypanosoma cruzi. / Leukocyte cytotoxic activity of chronic Chagas disease patients against Trypanosoma cruzi

Se estudio la actividad citotoxica de los leucocitos mononucleares (LM) y polimorfonucleares (PMN) de pacientes chagasicos cronicos contra epimastigotes de Trypanosoma cruzi en presencia de anticuerpos (suero autologo o de conejo inmune). Ambas clases de leucocitos fueron capaces de lisar los epimastigotes pero no se observo actividad citotoxica directa de los LM o PMN contra T. cruzi. La actividad promotora de la citotoxicidad y la fagocitosis de PMN del suero de los pacientes chagasicos se encontro en las fracciones de constante de sedimentacion 7S, asociada a la actividad aglutinante resistente a 2-ME indicando que se trata de IgG inmune. Este mecanismo podria ser activo en los pacientes chagasicos como barrera en la diseminacion de los parasitos