RESUMO
Inclusion body disease (IBD) is an infectious disease originally described in captive snakes. It has traditionally been diagnosed by the presence of large eosinophilic cytoplasmic inclusions and is associated with neurological, gastrointestinal, and lymphoproliferative disorders. Previously, we identified and established a culture system for a novel lineage of arenaviruses isolated from boa constrictors diagnosed with IBD. Although ample circumstantial evidence suggested that these viruses, now known as reptarenaviruses, cause IBD, there has been no formal demonstration of disease causality since their discovery. We therefore conducted a long-term challenge experiment to test the hypothesis that reptarenaviruses cause IBD. We infected boa constrictors and ball pythons by cardiac injection of purified virus. We monitored the progression of viral growth in tissues, blood, and environmental samples. Infection produced dramatically different disease outcomes in snakes of the two species. Ball pythons infected with Golden Gate virus (GoGV) and with another reptarenavirus displayed severe neurological signs within 2 months, and viral replication was detected only in central nervous system tissues. In contrast, GoGV-infected boa constrictors remained free of clinical signs for 2 years, despite high viral loads and the accumulation of large intracellular inclusions in multiple tissues, including the brain. Inflammation was associated with infection in ball pythons but not in boa constrictors. Thus, reptarenavirus infection produces inclusions and inclusion body disease, although inclusions per se are neither necessarily associated with nor required for disease. Although the natural distribution of reptarenaviruses has yet to be described, the different outcomes of infection may reflect differences in geographical origin.IMPORTANCE New DNA sequencing technologies have made it easier than ever to identify the sequences of microorganisms in diseased tissues, i.e., to identify organisms that appear to cause disease, but to be certain that a candidate pathogen actually causes disease, it is necessary to provide additional evidence of causality. We have done this to demonstrate that reptarenaviruses cause inclusion body disease (IBD), a serious transmissible disease of snakes. We infected boa constrictors and ball pythons with purified reptarenavirus. Ball pythons fell ill within 2 months of infection and displayed signs of neurological disease typical of IBD. In contrast, boa constrictors remained healthy over 2 years, despite high levels of virus throughout their bodies. This difference matches previous reports that pythons are more susceptible to IBD than boas and could reflect the possibility that boas are natural hosts of these viruses in the wild.
Assuntos
Infecções por Arenaviridae/veterinária , Arenaviridae/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Arenaviridae/imunologia , Boidae/virologia , Suscetibilidade a Doenças , Estruturas Animais/patologia , Estruturas Animais/virologia , Animais , Infecções por Arenaviridae/imunologia , Infecções por Arenaviridae/patologia , Inflamação/patologiaRESUMO
Thromboelastography (TEG) provides a global assessment of coagulation, including the rate of clot initiation, clot kinetics, achievement of maximum clot strength, and fibrinolysis. Thromboelastography (TEG) is used with increasing frequency in the field of veterinary medicine, although its usefulness in avian species has not been adequately explored. The purpose of this preliminary study was to assess the applicability of TEG in psittacine birds. Kaolin-activated TEG was used to analyze citrated whole blood collected routinely from 8 healthy adult Hispaniolan Amazon parrots ( Amazona ventralis ). The minimum and maximum TEG values obtained included time to clot initiation (2.6-15 minutes), clot formation time (4.3-20.8 minutes), α angle (12.7°-47.9°), maximum amplitude of clot strength (26.3-46.2 mm), and percentage of lysis 30 minutes after achievement of maximum amplitude (0%-5.3%). The TEG values demonstrated comparative hypocoagulability relative to published values in canine and feline species. Differences may be explained by either the in vitro temperature at which TEG is standardly performed or the method of activation used in this study. Although TEG may have significant advantages over traditional coagulation tests, including lack of need for species-specific reagents, further evaluation is required in a variety of avian species and while exploring various TEG methodologies before this technology can be recommended for use in clinical cases.
Assuntos
Amazona/sangue , Tromboelastografia/veterinária , Animais , Projetos Piloto , Especificidade da EspécieRESUMO
A second-year, female golden eagle ( Aquila chrysaetos ) was live trapped in northern California because of severe feather loss and crusting of the skin on the head and legs. On physical examination, the bird was lethargic, dehydrated, and thin, with severe feather loss and diffuse hyperemia and crusting on the head, ventral wings, ventrum, dorsum, and pelvic limbs. Mites morphologically similar to Micnemidocoptes derooi were identified with scanning electron microscopy. The eagle was treated with ivermectin (0.4 mg/kg) once weekly for 7 weeks, as well as pyrethrin, meloxicam, ceftiofur crystalline free acid, and voriconazole. Although the eagle's condition improved, and live mites or eggs were not evident on skin scrapings at the time of completion of ivermectin treatment, evidence of dead mites and mite feces were present after the last dose of ivermectin. Two additional doses of ivermectin and 2 doses of topical selamectin (23 mg/kg) were administered 2 and 4 weeks apart, respectively. No mite eggs, feces, or adults were evident after treatment was completed. A second golden eagle found in the same region was also affected with this mite but died soon after presentation. This is the first report, to our knowledge, of successful treatment, as well as treatment with selamectin, of mites consistent with Micnemidocoptes species in any raptorial species.
Assuntos
Doenças das Aves/parasitologia , Águias , Infestações por Ácaros/veterinária , Acaricidas/administração & dosagem , Acaricidas/uso terapêutico , Animais , Doenças das Aves/tratamento farmacológico , Doenças das Aves/patologia , Feminino , Ivermectina/administração & dosagem , Ivermectina/análogos & derivados , Ivermectina/uso terapêutico , Infestações por Ácaros/tratamento farmacológico , Infestações por Ácaros/parasitologia , Infestações por Ácaros/patologiaRESUMO
Butyrylcholinesterase is a glycoprotein enzyme used in the diagnosis of toxicosis by cholinesterase-inhibitor agents like organophosphates and carbamates. In animals, butyrylcholinesterase concentrations have been shown to vary depending on numerous factors such as age, sex, diet, and season of sampling. To establish reference values of plasma butyrylcholinesterase concentrations in common psittacine species, plasma butyrylcholinesterase concentrations were measured in 1942 companion psittacine birds. The birds were classified by age, sex, season, health status, and the presence of feather-damaging behavior. A significant difference was observed among species, with eclectus parrots (Eclectus roratus) having the lowest and African grey parrots (Psittacus erithacus) having the highest reference values. Plasma butyrylcholinesterase concentrations varied by age, health status, and season but not by sex. Concentrations were significantly higher during autumn and spring than during winter and summer, and significantly lower in healthy birds than in sick birds. No significant association between butyrylcholinesterase concentrations and feather-damaging behavior could be established except in lovebirds (Agapornis species). Further research is needed to better understand the effect of nutritional and hormonal factors on butyrylcholinesterase concentrations in psittacine birds and its possible effect on bird cognition.
Assuntos
Comportamento Animal , Butirilcolinesterase/sangue , Plumas , Psittaciformes/sangue , Animais , Feminino , Masculino , Psittaciformes/genética , Psittaciformes/fisiologia , Valores de Referência , Especificidade da EspécieRESUMO
A wild young adult western screech owl (Megascops kennicottii) of unknown sex was presented for evaluation of an abnormal left eye (OS). Ophthalmic examination OS revealed raised intraocular pressure (37 mm Hg; reference interval 7-16 mm Hg), mydriasis, conjunctival and episcleral hyperemia, shallow anterior chamber due to anterior displacement of the lens and iris, rubeosis iridis, and engorgement of the pecten. The intraocular pressure in the right eye (OD) was 11 mm Hg. Multifocal pale, variably translucent, curvilinear to vermiform opacities were observed in the medial and ventral peripheral regions of the retina OD, consistent with focal retinitis. Mannitol (0.46 g/kg IV) was administered over 10 minutes. Forty minutes later, the intraocular pressure was 27 mm Hg OS and 13 mm Hg OD. Dorzolamide (one drop OS q12h), diclofenac (one drop OU q8-12h), and meloxicam (0.5 mg/kg PO q24h) were administered for 3 days. The intraocular pressure OS was within normal limits 1 day (11 mm Hg), 7 days (13 mm Hg), and 4 weeks (14 mm Hg) after this treatment. Complications arising during hospitalization and rehabilitation included superficial corneal ulceration of both eyes presumed secondary to trauma on being caught and superficial damage to a talon. The owl was released after a period of rehabilitation. Characteristic presenting signs as well as response to therapy suggest aqueous misdirection was the cause of ocular hypertension in this owl. To our knowledge, this is the first report of suspected aqueous misdirection and its medical management in a raptor.
Assuntos
Doenças das Aves/tratamento farmacológico , Inibidores da Anidrase Carbônica/uso terapêutico , Manitol/uso terapêutico , Hipertensão Ocular/veterinária , Estrigiformes , Sulfonamidas/uso terapêutico , Tiofenos/uso terapêutico , Doença Aguda , Animais , Doenças das Aves/patologia , Inibidores da Anidrase Carbônica/administração & dosagem , Diclofenaco/uso terapêutico , Meloxicam , Hipertensão Ocular/tratamento farmacológico , Hipertensão Ocular/patologia , Sulfonamidas/administração & dosagem , Tiazinas/uso terapêutico , Tiazóis/uso terapêutico , Tiofenos/administração & dosagemRESUMO
Most wild parrot species live in flocks, enriched by the environment and conspecific interactions. Captive parrots often live individually and are prone to behavioral maladaptation. If captive parrots and their behavior become intolerable, they are commonly relinquished to rescue organizations. This study aims to create parrot personality assessments for use by rescuers adding newly acquired parrots to shared environments. The study involved 20 orange-winged Amazon parrots (10 M, 10 F). Observers familiar with each bird scored its personality and analyses determined three sets of personalities: Social, Guarded, and Nervous Each parrot was paired with its 10 heterosexual counterparts and its interactions monitored remotely and captured on video. Pairing trials occurred over 72 hours in a specially designed pairing structure. Parrot personality could predict pairing success. Social-Guarded and Social-Nervous were more successfully paired, with individuals maintaining a close distance to one another and displaying increased rest-stretch behavior. Time of day influenced success with Social-Nervous pairs successful at all times of day, Social-Social pairs in the AM, and Guarded-Guarded pairs in the PM period. The study results suggest that rescues can use personality assessment and specific behaviors during cohabitation to predict OWA novel pairing outcomes.
Assuntos
Amazona , Humanos , Animais , PersonalidadeRESUMO
This article provides an overview of the current understanding of evidence-based clinical analgesic use in birds. The field of avian analgesia has dramatically expanded during the last 20 years, affording more options for alleviating both acute and chronic pain. These options include opioids, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, local anesthetics, and/or other drugs like gabapentin, amantadine, and cannabinoids, acting at different points in the nociceptive system thereby helping to provide greater pain relief while reducing the risk of adverse effects when combined.
Assuntos
Analgesia , Dor , Animais , Dor/prevenção & controle , Dor/veterinária , Dor/tratamento farmacológico , Manejo da Dor/veterinária , Analgésicos/uso terapêutico , Analgesia/veterinária , AvesRESUMO
OBJECTIVE: To determine the pharmacokinetic parameters of hydromorphone hydrochloride and its metabolite, hydromorphone-3-glucuronide (H3G), after a single IV and IM dose in great horned owls (Bubo virginianus). ANIMALS: 6 healthy adult great horned owls (3 females and 3 males). PROCEDURES: A single dose of hydromorphone (0.6 mg/kg) was administered once IM (pectoral muscles) and IV (left jugular) with a 6-week washout period between experiments. Blood samples were collected at 5 minutes and 0.5, 1.5, 2, 3, 6, 9, and 12 hours after drug administration. Plasma hydromorphone and H3G concentrations were determined with liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry, and a noncompartmental analysis was used for the determination of pharmacokinetic parameters. RESULTS: Hydromorphone had a high bioavailability of 170.8 ± 37.6% and rapid elimination after IM administration and rapid plasma clearance and a large volume of distribution after IV administration. Mean Cmax was 225.46 ± 0.2 ng/mL at 13 minutes after IM injection. Mean volume of distribution and plasma drug clearance was 4.29 ± 0.5 L/kg and 62.11 ± 14.6 mL/min/kg, respectively, after IV administration. Mean t1/2 was 1.62 ± 0.36 and 1.35 ± 0.59 hours after IM and IV administration, respectively. The metabolite H3G was readily measured shortly after administration by both routes. CLINICAL RELEVANCE: A single dose of 0.6 mg/kg was well tolerated in all birds. Hydromorphone rapidly attained plasma concentrations following IM administration and had high bioavailability and short t1/2. This study is the first to document the presence of the metabolite H3G in avian species, which suggests similar hydromorphone metabolism as in mammals.
Assuntos
Hidromorfona , Estrigiformes , Masculino , Feminino , Animais , Hidromorfona/farmacocinética , Disponibilidade Biológica , Meia-Vida , Administração Intravenosa/veterinária , Injeções Intramusculares/veterinária , Injeções Intravenosas/veterinária , Área Sob a Curva , MamíferosRESUMO
This prospective study evaluated oral transmucosal pentobarbital sodium at three doses in 110 wild-caught wild birds requiring euthanasia. Birds received transmucosal pentobarbital at five (430 mg/kg), six (516 mg/kg), and seven times (602 mg/kg) the intravenous dose for mammals. Time to first effects and loss of consciousness, presence of pupillary light and corneal reflexes, apnea, and asystole were recorded each minute. When asystole was not achieved at 5 minutes, IV pentobarbital was administered. Combining data for all doses, loss of consciousness occurred at a median (range) of 2 minutes (0-4.75 min), apnea at 3 minutes (0-6 min), and asystole at 4 minutes (0.5-5 min). Loss of consciousness and apnea occurred significantly faster in the 602 mg/kg dose group than in the 430 mg/kg group (p = 0.009, difference of 0.6 ± 0.2 min; p = 0.024, difference of 0.7 ± 0.3 min), respectively. Apnea and asystole were achieved in 80/110 birds within 5 minutes. Oral transmucosal pentobarbital results in rapid loss of consciousness and respiratory arrest and provides a reliable alternative euthanasia method compared to intravenous administration.
Assuntos
Hipnóticos e Sedativos , Pentobarbital , Animais , Hipnóticos e Sedativos/farmacologia , Apneia/veterinária , Estudos Prospectivos , Eutanásia Animal , Animais Selvagens , Aves , Administração através da Mucosa , Inconsciência/veterinária , MamíferosRESUMO
OBJECTIVE: To evaluate behaviors associated with inflammatory pain induced by carrageenan injection in the cockatiel and determine interobserver agreement. ANIMALS: 16 adult cockatiels. METHODS: Cockatiels were randomly assigned as either treatment (carrageenan injection) or control (sham injection) group. The treatment group received a subcutaneous injection of 0.05 mL of a 1% lambda carrageenan solution into the left footpad. Following treatment or control procedures, all cockatiels were video recorded individually for 9.5 hours. Ten minutes of video at each of 11 time points postinjection and/or handling were evaluated by 3 different observers. Twenty-five behaviors within 6 categories (resting, locomotion, maintenance, intake, interaction with environment, and limb and body posture) were assessed, in addition to crest position and mentation. Differences in individual behaviors tallies were assessed using serial Wilcoxon sum rank tests. Interobserver agreement was assessed using an intraclass correlation coefficient for a 2-way design for consistency among multiple observers. RESULTS: Treatment cockatiels exhibited significantly increased focal preening (q = .023) and increased burst preening (q = .036), while control cockatiels spent significantly more time in an upright stance (q = .036). Although the remainder of behaviors observed were not statistically significant between groups, additional variables of interest seen more frequently in treatment cockatiels included non-weight-bearing stance, holding of the body low, and being nonvigilant. The level of agreement between observers was variable based on the specific behaviors; nevertheless, the dynamic behaviors were substantial to strong. CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Carrageenan-induced inflammation-associated behaviors may be valuable in developing a pain scale and evaluating mild inflammatory pain in small psittacine species.
Assuntos
Cacatuas , Papagaios , Animais , Carragenina , Dor/induzido quimicamente , Dor/veterinária , Inflamação/induzido quimicamente , Inflamação/veterináriaRESUMO
Hypocalcemic-induced seizure activity is a clinical entity that is commonly diagnosed in neurologic African grey parrots (Psittacus erithacus). Plasma calcium levels are typically less than 6.0 mg/dL at the time of seizure activity, and although the underlying cause of the hypocalcemia has not yet been determined, many theories have been proposed. An African grey parrot that had been fed a seed diet for 8 years was presented with hypocalcemia and seizures and exhibited precipitously declining plasma calcium levels, despite aggressive calcium and vitamin A, D, and E supplementation for 4 days. Baseline magnesium levels in this parrot were determined to be 1.9 mg/dL; therefore, magnesium sulfate was administered at a dose of 20 mg/kg IM once. Twenty-four hours after supplementation, the plasma magnesium level was 3.3 mg/dL, and no further seizure activity was observed. We believe that a primary dietary magnesium deficiency may have been present in this African grey parrot, similar to a syndrome in leghorn chicks, which is frequently characterized by progressive hypocalcemia that is unable to be corrected by calcium supplementation alone.
Assuntos
Doenças das Aves/tratamento farmacológico , Hipocalcemia/veterinária , Magnésio/uso terapêutico , Papagaios , Animais , Doenças das Aves/etiologia , Cálcio/administração & dosagem , Cálcio/sangue , Hipocalcemia/complicações , Hipocalcemia/tratamento farmacológico , Magnésio/sangue , Convulsões/etiologia , Convulsões/veterináriaRESUMO
OBJECTIVES: To evaluate a carrageenan-induced inflammatory model in the cockatiel (Nymphicus hollandicus) using weight-bearing load, rotational perch locomotion, thermal threshold withdrawal, and footpad dimensions. ANIMALS: 16 adult cockatiels (8 males and 8 females). PROCEDURES: Cockatiels were randomly assigned into 2 groups as either treatment (carrageenan injection; n = 8) or control (handling only; 8). Treatment of cockatiels involved unilateral subcutaneous injection of 0.05 mL of 1% lambda carrageenan solution into the left footpad. Control birds were handled in a similar manner without an injection. Following baseline measurements and treatment or control procedures, posttreatment measurements at multiple time points involving weight-bearing perch load (for up to 336 hours), locomotive abilities when placed on a rotating perch (for up to 96 hours), thermal withdrawal threshold (for the 24- to 30-hour period), and both vertical and horizontal left footpad size and degree of swelling (for up to 84 days) were obtained. RESULTS: Treatment cockatiels had a significant decrease in left foot weight-bearing load and increase in left footpad dimensions and swelling grade over time compared to control cockatiels. Rotational perch locomotion and thermal withdrawal threshold, conversely, did not differ significantly between groups. Cockatiels injected with carrageenan returned to normal weight-bearing within 2 weeks; however, left footpad dimensions did not return to baseline. CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Carrageenan footpad injection prompts a measurable and grossly visible inflammatory response in the cockatiel. Additionally, it induces alterations in weight-bearing distribution in injected birds. This model provides a method to evaluate inflammation and lameness in small psittacine species.
Assuntos
Cacatuas , Papagaios , Animais , Carragenina , Cacatuas/fisiologia , Feminino , Locomoção , Masculino , Suporte de CargaRESUMO
OBJECTIVES: To determine the pharmacokinetics of butorphanol tartrate incorporated into poloxamer 407 (P407) after subcutaneous administration to orange-winged Amazon parrots (Amazona amazonica). ANIMALS: Six orange-winged Amazon parrots, ages 28 to 45 years. PROCEDURES: A sterile formulation of butorphanol in P407 (But-P407) as a 25% gel was created to produce a concentration of 8.3 mg/mL. The formulation was administered SC at a dose of 12.5 mg/kg to all birds. Blood samples were collected at baseline prior to injection (time 0) and then at 0.08, 0.5, 1, 1.5, 4, 8, and 12 hours after drug administration. Butorphanol concentrations were quantitated via liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. Pharmacokinetic analysis was performed using noncompartmental analysis and a commercially available software program. RESULTS: Plasma concentrations of butorphanol remained > 100 ng/mL for > 4 hours for some birds (3/5) but were < 100 ng/mL for all birds by the 8-hour mark. Cmax and tmax were 346.9 ± 233.7 ng/mL and 1.3 ± 0.274 hours, respectively. Half-life was 1.56 ± 0.445 hours. No adverse effects were detected. CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Butorphanol was absorbed from the But-P407 25% by the majority of the orange-winged Amazon parrots in this study (3/5), although to a lesser extent compared to Hispaniolan Amazon parrots. Absorption followed a pharmacokinetic profile compatible with a sustained-release drug. A dose of 12.5 mg/kg, SC, would be expected to provide antinociception for 4 to 8 hours, although pharmacodynamic studies in this species using this formulation have not demonstrated this.
Assuntos
Amazona , Butorfanol , Animais , Área Sob a Curva , Butorfanol/farmacocinética , Meia-Vida , PoloxâmeroRESUMO
OBJECTIVE: To determine the pharmacokinetics and safety of voriconazole administered orally in single and multiple doses in Hispaniolan Amazon parrots (Amazona ventralis). ANIMALS: 15 clinically normal adult Hispaniolan Amazon parrots. PROCEDURES: Single doses of voriconazole (12 or 24 mg/kg) were administered orally to 15 and 12 birds, respectively; plasma voriconazole concentrations were determined at intervals via high-pressure liquid chromatography. In a multiple-dose trial, voriconazole (18 mg/kg) or water was administered orally to 6 and 4 birds, respectively, every 8 hours for 11 days (beginning day 0); trough plasma voriconazole concentrations were evaluated on 3 days. Birds were monitored daily, and clinicopathologic variables were evaluated before and after the trial. RESULTS: Voriconazole elimination half-life was short (0.70 to 1.25 hours). In the single-dose experiments, higher drug doses yielded proportional increases in the maximum plasma voriconazole concentration (C(max)) and area under the curve (AUC). In the multiple-dose trial, C(max), AUC, and plasma concentrations at 2 and 4 hours were decreased on day 10, compared with day 0 values; however, there was relatively little change in terminal half-life. With the exception of 1 voriconazole-treated parrot that developed polyuria, adverse effects were not evident. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: In Hispaniolan Amazon parrots, oral administration of voriconazole was associated with proportional kinetics following administration of single doses and a decrease in plasma concentration following administration of multiple doses. Oral administration of 18 mg of voriconazole/kg every 8 hours would require adjustment to maintain therapeutic concentrations during long-term treatment. Safety and efficacy of voriconazole treatment in this species require further investigation.
Assuntos
Amazona/metabolismo , Antifúngicos/farmacocinética , Pirimidinas/farmacocinética , Triazóis/farmacocinética , Administração Oral , Animais , Antifúngicos/administração & dosagem , Antifúngicos/efeitos adversos , Antifúngicos/sangue , Área Sob a Curva , Esquema de Medicação , Meia-Vida , Pirimidinas/administração & dosagem , Pirimidinas/efeitos adversos , Pirimidinas/sangue , Triazóis/administração & dosagem , Triazóis/efeitos adversos , Triazóis/sangue , VoriconazolRESUMO
OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the pharmacokinetics of hydromorphone hydrochloride after IM and IV administration to orange-winged Amazon parrots (Amazona amazonica). ANIMALS: 8 orange-winged Amazon parrots (4 males and 4 females). PROCEDURES: Hydromorphone (1 mg/kg) was administered once IM. Blood samples were collected 5 minutes and 0.5, 1.5, 2, 3, 6, and 9 hours after drug administration. Plasma hydromorphone concentrations were determined with liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry, and pharmacokinetic parameters were calculated with a compartmental model. The experiment was repeated 1 month later with the same dose of hydromorphone administered IV. RESULTS: Plasma hydromorphone concentrations were > 1 ng/mL for 6 hours in 8 of 8 and 6 of 7 parrots after IM and IV injection, respectively. After IM administration, mean bioavailability was 97.6%, and mean maximum plasma concentration was 179.1 ng/mL 17 minutes after injection. Mean volume of distribution and plasma drug clearance were 4.24 L/kg and 64.2 mL/min/kg, respectively, after IV administration. Mean elimination half-lives were 1.74 and 1.45 hours after IM and IV administration, respectively. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Hydromorphone hydrochloride had high bioavailability and rapid elimination after IM administration, with rapid plasma clearance and a large volume of distribution after IV administration in orange-winged Amazon parrots. Drug elimination half-lives were short. Further pharmacokinetic studies of hydromorphone and its metabolites, including investigation of multiple doses, different routes of administration, and sustained-release formulations, are recommended.
Assuntos
Amazona , Hidromorfona , Administração Intravenosa/veterinária , Analgésicos Opioides , Animais , Área Sob a Curva , Estudos Cross-Over , Feminino , Meia-Vida , Injeções Intramusculares/veterinária , Injeções Intravenosas/veterinária , MasculinoRESUMO
OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the thermal antinociceptive effects of hydromorphone hydrochloride after IM administration to orange-winged Amazon parrots (Amazona amazonica). ANIMALS: 8 healthy adult parrots (4 males and 4 females). PROCEDURES: In a randomized crossover study, each bird received hydromorphone (0.1, 1, and 2 mg/kg) and saline (0.9% NaCl) solution (1 mL/kg; control) IM, with a 7-day interval between treatments. Each bird was assigned an agitation-sedation score, and the thermal foot withdrawal threshold (TFWT) was measured at predetermined times before and after treatment administration. Adverse effects were also monitored. The TFWT, agitation-sedation score, and proportion of birds that developed adverse effects were compared among treatments over time. RESULTS: Compared with the mean TFWT for the control treatment, the mean TFWT was significantly increased at 0.5, 1.5, and 3 hours and 1.5, 3, and 6 hours after administration of the 1- and 2-mg/kg hydromorphone doses, respectively. Significant agitation was observed at 0.5, 1.5, and 3 hours after administration of the 1 - and 2-mg/kg hydromorphone doses. Other adverse effects observed after administration of the 1- and 2-mg/kg doses included miosis, ataxia, and nausea-like behavior (opening the beak and moving the tongue back and forth). CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Although the 1- and 2-mg/kg hydromorphone doses appeared to have antinociceptive effects, they also caused agitation, signs of nausea, and ataxia. Further research is necessary to evaluate administration of lower doses of hydromorphone and other types of stimulation to better elucidate the analgesic and adverse effects of the drug in psittacine species.
Assuntos
Amazona , Analgésicos Opioides , Hidromorfona , Analgésicos , Analgésicos Opioides/efeitos adversos , Analgésicos Opioides/farmacologia , Animais , Estudos Cross-Over , Feminino , Hidromorfona/efeitos adversos , Hidromorfona/farmacologia , MasculinoRESUMO
OBJECTIVE: To characterize the CT findings and epidemiological features of acquired dental disease in rabbits. ANIMALS: 100 client-owned rabbits (Oryctolagus cuniculus). PROCEDURES: Medical records were searched to identify rabbits that underwent skull CT for any reason from 2009 to 2017. History, signalment, and physical examination findings were recorded. The CT images were reevaluated retrospectively for evidence of dental disease and graded according to a previously described system (from 1 [no evidence of disease] to 5 [severe dental disease]) for acquired dental disease in rabbits, and an overall (mean) grade was assigned. Descriptive analyses were performed. Factors were assessed for associations between dental disease grade and malocclusion stage. RESULTS: Common findings included premolar or molar tooth curvature in transverse (n = 100 rabbits) and sagittal (95) planes, apical elongation of premolar or molar teeth (99), sharp dental points (93), deformation of the mandibular canal (82), and periodontal ligament space widening (76). Acquired dental disease was classified as grade 1 (n = 2 rabbits), 2 (60), 3 (14), 4 (4), or 5 (20). Most CT findings were significantly correlated with each other. Agreement of grades was fair between left- and right-sided quadrants and between maxillary and mandibular quadrants. Age was associated with increasing dental disease grade and malocclusion stage (proportional ORs, 1.21 and 1.32/y, respectively). CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Fair agreement in disease grades between dental quadrant pairs indicated a degree of asynchrony in the development of dental disease. Findings suggested premolar or molar tooth curvature in a sagittal plane, subtle elongation at premolar or molar tooth apices, and mandibular canal deformation should be added to the grading system.
Assuntos
Dente Molar , Doenças Estomatognáticas , Animais , Dente Pré-Molar , Coelhos , Estudos Retrospectivos , Doenças Estomatognáticas/diagnóstico por imagem , Doenças Estomatognáticas/veterinária , Tomografia Computadorizada por Raios X/veterináriaRESUMO
Avian species have varying analgesic responses to opioid drugs. Some of this variability could be due to extrinsic factors such as administration route or dose. However, intrinsic factors such as gene expression or polymorphic differences in opioid receptors may be important components. OBJECTIVES: The objectives of this study were to determine the relative gene expression and polymorphisms present for mu and kappa opioid receptors (OPRM1 and OPRK1) in the cerebrum, brainstem, spinal cord, and footpad of cockatiels and pigeons. METHODS: Tissue biopsies were obtained from 11 adult cockatiels (6 male and 5 female) and 11 adult pigeons (6 male and 5 female). RNA was extracted and qPCR was performed to determine the level of gene expression for OPRM1 and OPRK1 relative to a reference gene phosphoglycerate kinase 1 (PGK1) using the ΔΔCt method. Sanger sequencing was performed to identify polymorphisms, if present. RESULTS: There were higher expression levels of OPRM1 compared to OPRK1 in all tissues examined regardless of species (p < 0.001, FDR p < 0.001) Cockatiels had less OPRK1 expression in the cerebrum compared to pigeons (p = 0.005, FDR p = 0.004). Cockatiels had more OPRM1 expression in the brainstem (p = 0.045, FDR p = 0.029), but less OPRM1 expression in the footpad compared to pigeons (p = 0.029, FDR p = 0.021). No other significant differences in OPRM1 or OPRK1 expression were identified across species. Two missense polymorphisms were identified in OPRK1; none were found in OPRM1. CONCLUSION: The differential expression of opioid receptors between cockatiels and pigeons could have implications for variability in analgesic response between these two species.
RESUMO
OBJECTIVE: To determine the thermal antinociceptive effects of butorphanol tartrate and butorphanol tartrate in a sustained-release 25% poloxamer 407 (P407) gel formulation (But-P407) in parrots. ANIMALS: 13 orange-winged Amazon parrots (Amazona amazonica). PROCEDURES: First, butorphanol tartrate (5 mg/kg) or saline (0.9% NaCl) solution was administered IM to birds in a randomized complete crossover design. The temperature prompting a foot withdrawal response to a thermal stimulus (ie, the thermal threshold) was determined 30 minutes before (baseline) and at various points after treatment administration. Second, But-P407 (12.5 mg/kg) or P407 was administered SC in a similar crossover design. Thermal threshold was determined before and at various points after treatment administration. Third, But-P407 (12.5 mg/kg) or saline solution was administered SC and evaluated as in the second trial. Sedation was scored immediately before each time point in all 3 trials. RESULTS: In the first trial, a significant increase in thermal threshold was noted 30 minutes after butorphanol tartrate (vs saline solution) administration. No sedation was noted. In the second and third trials, no significant difference was identified between results for But-P407 and those for either control treatment (saline solution or P407). Mild sedation was noted in the second trial following But-P407 administration. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Results suggested a small but significant thermal antinociceptive effect of butorphanol tartrate lasting between 30 minutes and 1.5 hours in orange-winged Amazon parrots. No antinociceptive effect of butorphanol tartrate was demonstrated when delivered in P407. Further research is needed to evaluate the potential analgesic effects of But-P407.
Assuntos
Amazona , Analgésicos Opioides , Butorfanol , Papagaios , Analgésicos Opioides/uso terapêutico , Animais , Butorfanol/uso terapêutico , Estudos Cross-Over , Preparações de Ação Retardada , PoloxâmeroRESUMO
OBJECTIVE: To determine the pharmacokinetics of amantadine after oral administration of single and multiple doses to orange-winged Amazon parrots (Amazona amazonica). ANIMALS: 12 adult orange-winged Amazon parrots (6 males and 6 females). PROCEDURES: A single dose of amantadine was orally administered to 6 birds at 5 mg/kg (n = 2), 10 mg/kg (2), and 20 mg/kg (2) in a preliminary trial. On the basis of the results, a single dose of amantadine (10 mg/kg, PO) was administered to 6 other birds. Two months later, multiple doses of amantadine (5 mg/kg, PO, q 24 h for 7 days) were administered to 8 birds. Heart rate, respiratory rate, behavior, and urofeces were monitored. Plasma concentrations of amantadine were measured via tandem liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. Pharmacokinetic parameter estimates were determined via noncompartmental analysis. RESULTS: Mean ± SD maximum plasma concentration, time to maximum plasma concentration, half-life, and area under the concentration-versus-time curve from the last dose to infinity were 1,174 ± 186 ng/mL, 3.8 ± 1.8 hours, 23.2 ± 2.9 hours, and 38.6 ± 7.4 µg·h/mL, respectively, after a single dose and 1,185 ± 270 ng/mL, 3.0 ± 2.4 hours, 21.5 ± 5.3 hours, and 26.3 ± 5.7 µg·h/mL, respectively, at steady state after multiple doses. No adverse effects were observed. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Once-daily oral administration of amantadine at 5 mg/kg to orange-winged Amazon parrots maintained plasma concentrations above those considered to be therapeutic in dogs. Further studies evaluating safety and efficacy of amantadine in orange-winged Amazon parrots are warranted.