Genomic imbalances in craniofacial microsomia.

The aim of this study was to perform 22q11.2 deletion screening and chromosomal microarray analysis (CMA) in individuals clinically diagnosed with craniofacial microsomia (CFM) and review previously published cases of CFM with genomic imbalances. It included 54 individuals who were evaluated by a clinical geneticist. Copy number variants (CNVs) in the 22q11.2 region were investigated by multiplex ligation-dependent probe amplification (MLPA) for all individuals. The CMA was performed only for individuals with additional major features. MLPA revealed pathogenic CNVs at the 22q11 region in 3/54 (5.6%) individuals. CMA revealed pathogenic CNVs in 4/17 (23.5%) individuals, including the three CNVs at the 22q11 region also detected by MLPA, and CNVs classified as variants of unknown significance (VOUS) in 4/17 (23.5%) individuals. Pathogenic alterations were found at the 2p12, 5p15, 13q13, and 22q11 regions. VOUS were found at 3q29, 5q22.2, 5q22.1, and 9p22 regions. All individuals with pathogenic alterations presented additional major features, including congenital heart disease (CHD). The literature review revealed pathogenic CNVs in 17/193 (8.8%) individuals and most of them also presented additional major features, such as CHD, renal anomalies, or developmental delay. In conclusion, CNVs should be investigated in patients with CFM and additional major features.

A Rare Case of Concomitant Deletions in 15q11.2 and 19p13.3.

A female individual with concomitant deletions in 15q11.2 and 19p13.3 is reported. She presents facial dysmorphisms, motor delay, learning difficulties, and mild behavioral impairment. After chromosomal microarray analysis, the final karyotype was established as 46,XX.arr[GRCh37] 15q11.2 (22770421_23282798)×1,19p13.3(3793904_4816330)×1. The deletion in 15q11.2 is 507 kb in size involving 7 non-imprinted genes, 4 of which are registered in the OMIM database and are implicated in neuropsychiatric or neurodevelopmental disorders. The deletion in 19p13.3 is 1,022 kb in size and encompasses 47 genes, most of which do not have a well-known function. The genotype-phenotype correlation is discussed, and most of the features could be related to the 19p13.3 deletion, except for velopharyngeal insufficiency. Other genes encompassed in the deleted region, as well as unrecognized epistatic factors could also be involved. Nevertheless, the two-hit model related to the 15q11.2 deletion would be an important hypothesis to be considered.

Genotype-phenotype correlation of 16p13.3 terminal duplication and 22q13.33 deletion: Natural history of a patient and review of the literature.

This article reports a patient with a de novo ∼ 9.32 Mb duplication at 16p13.3 and a ∼ 71 Kb deletion at 22q13.33. The patient was followed from 1 month old to 3 years and 8 months of age and presented typical features of the 16p13.3 duplication syndrome. In addition, the patient presents a portal cavernoma, an alteration rarely reported in this condition. Renal agenesis was detected as additional developmental defect. After genomic array and FISH analysis, the karyotype was 46,XX,ins(22;16)(q13;p13.2p13.3). ish ins(22;16)(RP11-35P16+, RP11-27M24+). arr16p13.2p13.3(85,880-9,413,353)×3 dn arr22q13.33 (51,140,789-51,197,838)×1 dn. The authors provide a comprehensive review of the literature. This approach shed light on the genotype-phenotype correlation.

Socioeconomic inequities and hepatitis A virus infection in Western Brazilian Amazonian children: spatial distribution and associated factors.

BACKGROUND: Hepatitis A is still a neglected health problem in the world. The most affected areas are the ones with disadvantaged socioeconomic conditions. In Brazil, seroprevalence studies showed that 64.7 % of the general population has antibodies against HAV (hepatitis A virus), and the Amazon region has the highest seroprevalence in the country. METHODS: In the present study the seroprevalence of total HAV antibodies in children between 1 and 5 years old residing in the urban area of Assis Brasil, Acre was measured and spatial distribution of several socioeconomic inequities was evaluated. RESULTS: In the year of 2011, seroprevalence rate was 16.66 %. Factors associated with having a positive serology identified by multivariate analysis were being of indigenous ethnicity [adjusted Odds Ratio (aOR) = 3.27, CI 1.45-7.28], usage of water from the public system (aOR = 8.18, CI 1.07-62.53), living in a house not located in a street (aOR = 3.48, CI 1.54-7.87), and child age over 4 years old (aOR = 2.43, CI 1.23-4.79). The distribution of seropositive children was clustered in the eastern part of the city, where several socioeconomic inequities (lack of flushed toilets, lack of piped water inside the household and susceptibility of the household to flooding during rain, low maternal education, having wood or ground floor at home, and not owning a house, lack of piped water at home, and type of drinking water) also clustered. CONCLUSIONS: The findings highlight that sanitation and water treatment still need improvement in the Brazilian Amazon, and that socioeconomic development is warranted in order to decrease this and other infectious diseases.

European Neuroendocrine Tumor Society (ENETS) 2023 guidance paper for appendiceal neuroendocrine tumours (aNET).

The aim of the present guidance paper is to update the previous ENETS guidelines on well differentiated appendiceal neuroendocrine tumours (NET), providing practical guidance for the diagnosis and management of appendiceal NET (aNET); poorly differentiated neoplasms are dealt with in a separate guidance paper. This paper is structured on a question-answer format in order to also address controversial issues and areas where uncertainty regarding the management and follow-up of aNET exists. All recommendations are offered on the basis of the best available evidence, along with the authors' experiences in managing these neoplasms. Each recommendation for treatment will provide a level of evidence and grade of recommendation as per the GRADE system (adapted in Infectious Disease Society of United States Public Health Service grading system).

Visceral Obesity Is Associated with Shorter Progression-Free Survival in Well-Differentiated Gastro-Entero-Pancreatic Neuroendocrine Neoplasia.

The association of well-differentiated gastro-entero-pancreatic neuroendocrine neoplasia (WD GEP-NEN) with metabolic syndrome (MetS), abdominal obesity, and fasting glucose abnormalities was recently described. However, whether obesity and metabolic syndrome risk factors are associated with GEP-NEN adverse outcomes and the poorer prognosis was unknown. The present study aimed to evaluate whether the presence of MetS or any of its individual components at WD GEP-NEN diagnosis influenced disease outcomes. A cohort of patients with non-localized WD GEP-NETs (n = 81), was classified according to the primary tumor site (gastrointestinal or pancreatic), pathological grading (G1 (Ki67 ≤ 2%) and G2 (3% ≤ Ki67 ≤ 20%) (WHO 2010)), disease extension (loco-regional or metastatic disease), presence of hormonal secretion syndrome (functioning or non-functioning), and evaluated for the presence of MetS criteria at diagnosis. MetS was present in 48 (59.3%) patients. During a median follow-up of 95.0 months (16.8-262.5), 18 patients died of the disease (10 with MetS vs. 8 without MetS). Overall survival (OS) at 5 years was 87.1% (95% CI: 73.6-94.0) for MetS and 90.9% (95% CI: 74.4-97.0) for non-Mets group, while OS at 10 years was 72.5% (95% CI: 55.3-84.0) for MetS, and 76.4% (95% CI: 53.6-89.0) for non-MetS group. Progression-Free Survival (PFS) at 5 years was 45.9% (95% CI: 30.8-59.8) for MetS and 40.0% (95% CI: 21.3-58.1) for non-MetS group, and PFS at 10 years was 18.1% (95% CI: 7.0-33.5) for MetS and 24.4% (95% CI: 9.0-43.7) for non-MetS group. Waist circumference (WC), a surrogate measure for visceral obesity, was associated with significantly shorter PFS (HR = 1.03; 95% CI: 1.01-1.06), although did not influence OS (HR = 1.01; 95% CI: 0.97-1.06). The findings of this study reinforce a potential link between visceral obesity and GEP-NEN and further suggest that obesity could influence disease prognosis.

Male gender as a poor prognostic factor in Medullary Thyroid Carcinoma: behaviour or biological difference?

PURPOSE: Due to the low incidence and heterogeneous behaviour of medullary thyroid carcinoma (MTC), its prognostic factors are still not well stablished. While several large studies have investigated the impact of gender in differentiated thyroid cancer (DTC), its role in MTC outcomes remains controversial. We aim to identify MTC prognostic features, specially focusing on the role of gender. METHODS: Retrospective analysis of 76 patients diagnosed with MTC between 1984 and 2018 at a Portuguese Comprehensive Cancer Center. RESULTS: Patients presented a median age at diagnosis of 49 years and multiple endocrine neoplasia type 2 (MEN2) was identified in 27.6% of them, with those individuals being significantly younger (P<0.001). Most cases were diagnosed as stage IV disease (46.9%), except for the subgroup detected through pre-symptomatic genetic screening (55.6% at stage I). The 5- and 10-year survival rates were 87.6% and 75.6%, respectively. Univariate analysis identified male gender (P=0.010), age ≥45 years (P=0.007), presence of distant metastasis at diagnosis (P<0.01), capsule invasion (P=0.004), extrathyroidal invasion (P=0.003) and absence of biochemical cure after surgery (P=0.042) as having a negative impact on prognosis. On multivariate analysis, male gender (P=0.046) remained an independent predictor of mortality, as well as an older age (P<0.001) and the presence of distant metastases (P=0.012). CONCLUSIONS: Male gender independently predicted worse survival in MTC patients even after adjusting for age and disease stage. The few older studies on the topic pointed to a behavioural explanation regarding medical care seeking patterns by men, but our study and newer genetic and basic-science oriented publications raise the possibility of a true biological difference between genders in the tumourigenesis of MTC that should me further investigated.

Assessment of small in-frame indels and C-terminal nonsense variants of BRCA1 using a validated functional assay.

BRCA1 (Breast Cancer 1, early onset) is linked to breast and ovarian cancer predisposition. Still, the risks conferred by a significant portion of BRCA1 variants identified in the population remains unknown. Most of these variants of uncertain significance are missense alterations. However, the functional implications of small in-frame deletions and/or insertions (indels) are also difficult to predict. Our group has previously evaluated the functional impact of 347 missense variants using an extensively validated transcriptional activity assay. Here we show a systematic assessment of 30 naturally occurring in-frame indels located at the C-terminal region of BRCA1. We identified positions sensitive and tolerant to alterations, expanding the knowledge of structural determinants of BRCA1 function. We further designed and assessed the impact of four single codon deletions in the tBRCT linker region and six nonsense variants at the C-terminus end of BRCA1. Amino acid substitutions, deletions or insertions in the disordered region do not significantly impact activity and are not likely to constitute pathogenic alleles. On the other hand, a sizeable fraction of in-frame indels at the BRCT domain significantly impact function. We then use a Bayesian integrative statistical model to derive the probability of pathogenicity for each variant. Our data highlights the importance of assessing the impact of small in-frame indels in BRCA1 to improve risk assessment and clinical decisions for carriers.

Effects of Magnetite Nanoparticles and Static Magnetic Field on Neural Differentiation of Pluripotent Stem Cells.

Neurodevelopmental processes of pluripotent cells, such as proliferation and differentiation, are influenced by external natural forces. Despite the presence of biogenic magnetite nanoparticles in the central nervous system and constant exposure to the Earth's magnetic fields and other sources, there is scant knowledge regarding the role of electromagnetic stimuli in neurogenesis. Moreover, emerging applications of electrical and magnetic stimulation to treat neurological disorders emphasize the relevance of understanding the impact and mechanisms behind these stimuli. Here, the effects of magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) in polymeric coatings and the static external magnetic field (EMF) were investigated on neural induction of murine embryonic stem cells (mESCs) and human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs). The results show that the presence of 0.5% MNPs in collagen-based coatings facilitates the migration and neuronal maturation of mESCs and hiPSCs in vitro. Furthermore, the application of 0.4 Tesla EMF perpendicularly to the cell culture plane, discernibly stimulates proliferation and guide fate decisions of the pluripotent stem cells, depending on the origin of stem cells and their developmental stage. Mechanistic analysis reveals that modulation of ionic homeostasis and the expression of proteins involved in cytostructural, liposomal and cell cycle checkpoint functions provide a principal underpinning for the impact of electromagnetic stimuli on neural lineage specification and proliferation. These findings not only explore the potential of the magnetic stimuli as neural differentiation and function modulator but also highlight the risks that immoderate magnetic stimulation may affect more susceptible neurons, such as dopaminergic neurons.

Extremophilic bacteria restrict the growth of Macrophomina phaseolina by combined secretion of polyamines and lytic enzymes.

Extremophilic microorganisms were screened as biocontrol agents against two strains of Macrophomina phaseolina (Mp02 and 06). Stenotrophomonas sp. AG3 and Exiguobacterium sp. S58 exhibited a potential in vitro antifungal effect on Mp02 growth, corresponding to 52.2% and 40.7% inhibition, respectively. This effect was confirmed by scanning electron microscopy, where images revealed marked morphological alterations in fungus hyphae. The bacteria were found to secrete lytic enzymes and polyamines. Exiguobacterium sp. S56a was the only strain able to reduce the growth of the two strains of M. phaseolina through their supernatant. Antifungal supernatant activity was correlated with the ability of bacteria to synthesize and excrete putrescine, and the exogenous application of this polyamine to the medium phenocopied the bacterial antifungal effects. We propose that the combined secretion of putrescine, spermidine, and lytic enzymes by extremophilic microorganism predispose these microorganisms to reduce the disease severity occasioned by M. phaseolina in soybean seedlings.

Case Report: Pheochromocytoma and Synchronous Neuroblastoma in a Family With Hereditary Pheochromocytoma Associated With a MAX Deleterious Variant.

Introduction: Pheochromocytomas are rare catecholamine-producing neuroendocrine tumours arising from chromaffin cells of the adrenal medulla or extra-adrenal sympathetic paraganglia. Recent studies have indicated that up to 40% of pheochromocytomas could be attributable to an inherited germline variant in an increasing list of susceptibility genes. Germline variants of the MYC-associated factor (MAX) gene have been associated with familial pheochromocytomas and paragangliomas with an autosomal dominant pattern of inheritance, a median age at onset of 33 years and an overall frequency estimated at 1.9%. We describe a deleterious MAX variant associated with hereditary pheochromocytoma in a family with four affected individuals. Case presentation: The first patient presented with bilateral pheochromocytoma in 1995; genetic testing was proposed to his oldest son, when he was diagnosed with a bilateral pheochromocytoma with a synchronous neuroblastoma. Upon the identification of the MAX variant c.97C>T, p.(Arg33Ter), in the latter individual, his two siblings and their father were tested and the same variant was identified in all of them. Both siblings were subsequently diagnosed with pheochromocytoma (one of them bilateral) and choose to remain on active surveillance before they were submitted to adrenalectomy. All the tumours secreted predominantly norepinephrine, accordingly to the typical biochemical phenotype ascribed to variants in the MAX gene. Conclusion: This case series is, to our knowledge, the one with the largest number of individuals with hereditary pheochromocytoma with a deleterious MAX variant in the same family. It is also the first case with a synchronous pheochromocytoma and neuroblastoma in carriers of a MAX deleterious variant. This report draws attention to some ill-defined features of pheochromocytoma and other malignancies associated with a MAX variant and highlights the importance of understanding the genotype-phenotype correlation in hereditary pheochromocytoma and the impact of oriented genetic testing to detect, survey and treat patients and kindreds at risk.

Preparation, characterization and in vitro anticancer performance of nanoconjugate based on carbon quantum dots and 5-Fluorouracil.

This study is focused on the development of a nanodevice for loading and release of 5-Fluorouracil (5-FU) with a view to improving its therapeutic efficiency, using as strategy the fabrication of a nanoconjugate through drug anchorage on the surface of carbon quantum dots (CQD). Several physicochemical and analytical techniques were employed to obtain information about materials morphology, structure, and optical properties. The results indicated that the interactions between both entities resulted in good physicochemical properties and photostability. Acid pH favored drug release, indicating a tendency to release 5-FU from 5-FU-CQD into the tumor microenvironment. The cytotoxicity of CQD and 5-FU-CQD nanoconjugate was evaluated against normal human lung fibroblast (GM07492A) and human breast cancer (MCF-7) cell lines. The CQD was non-toxic, indicating that these materials are biocompatible and can be used as a nanocarrier for 5-FU in biological systems. For the 5-FU-CQD nanoconjugate, it was observed a reduction in toxicity for normal cells compared to free 5-FU, suggesting that drug anchoring in CQD reduced drug-associated toxicity, while for cancer cells exhibited an antitumor effect equivalent to that of the free drug, opening perspectives for the application of this material in anticancer therapy.

Identification of genomic imbalances in oral clefts.

OBJECTIVE: This article presents a clinical and cytogenomic approach that focuses on the diagnosis of syndromic oral clefts (OCs). METHODS: The inclusion criteria were individuals with OC presenting four or more minor signs and no major defects (non-syndromic oral clefts [NSOCs]) as well as individuals with OC presenting at least another major defect, regardless of the number of minor signs (syndromic oral clefts [SOCs]). The exclusion criteria included NSOC with less than four minor signs, SOC with known etiology, as well as atypical oral clefts. RESULTS: Of 1647 individuals with OC recorded in the Brazilian Database of Craniofacial Anomalies, 100 individuals were selected for chromosome microarray analysis (CMA). Among these, 44 individuals were clinically classified as NSOC and 56 as SOC. CMA was performed for both groups, and abnormal CMA was identified in 9%, all previously classified as SCO. The clinical and CMA data analyses showed a significant predominance of abnormal CMA in individuals classified as SOC (p = 0.0044); prematurity, weight, length, and head circumference at birth were significantly lower in the group with abnormal CMA. Besides, minor signs were significantly higher in this group (p = 0.0090). CONCLUSION: The rigorous selection of cases indicates that the significant variables could help in early recognition of SOC. This study reinforces the importance of applying the CMA technique to establish the diagnosis of SOC. This is an important and universal issue in clinical practice for intervention, care, and genetic counseling.

Nanoparticles Functionalized with Venom-Derived Peptides and Toxins for Pharmaceutical Applications.

Venom-derived peptides display diverse biological and pharmacological activities, making them useful in drug discovery platforms and for a wide range of applications in medicine and pharmaceutical biotechnology. Due to their target specificities, venom peptides have the potential to be developed into biopharmaceuticals to treat various health conditions such as diabetes mellitus, hypertension, and chronic pain. Despite the high potential for drug development, several limitations preclude the direct use of peptides as therapeutics and hamper the process of converting venom peptides into pharmaceuticals. These limitations include, for instance, chemical instability, poor oral absorption, short halflife, and off-target cytotoxicity. One strategy to overcome these disadvantages relies on the formulation of bioactive peptides with nanocarriers. A range of biocompatible materials are now available that can serve as nanocarriers and can improve the bioavailability of therapeutic and venom-derived peptides for clinical and diagnostic application. Examples of isolated venom peptides and crude animal venoms that have been encapsulated and formulated with different types of nanomaterials with promising results are increasingly reported. Based on the current data, a wealth of information can be collected regarding the utilization of nanocarriers to encapsulate venom peptides and render them bioavailable for pharmaceutical use. Overall, nanomaterials arise as essential components in the preparation of biopharmaceuticals that are based on biological and pharmacological active venom-derived peptides.

Association between Down Syndrome and Disorders of Sex Development: Report of Three Cases and Review of 188 Cases in the Literature.

In this study, we present 3 cases of Down syndrome (DS) associated with disorders/differences of sex development (DSD) and review the literature on this topic. Case 1: 1-year-old child with male genitalia and DS phenotype, 47,XX,+21 karyotype and testicular DSD. Case 2: 11-month-old child with male genitalia and few DS dysmorphisms, 45,X/47,XY,+21 karyotype, and mixed gonadal dysgenesis. Case 3: 4-month-old child with female genitalia and DS phenotype, 47,XY,+21 karyotype and XY complete gonadal dysgenesis. In the literature, among 188 patients, 107 (57%) had Klinefelter syndrome and 61 (33%) Turner syndrome, 12 (6%) had mixed gonadal dysgenesis, 2 (1%) had partial androgen insensitivity, 2 (1%) ovotesticular DSD, and the others had congenital adrenal hyperplasia, XY partial gonadal dysgenesis, XY complete gonadal dysgenesis, and complete androgen insensitivity (1 case each). A typical DS phenotype was found in all individuals of the revision, with the exception of one case, but DSD features were not always reported. In conclusion, the association of DS with sex chromosome DSD is the most frequently observed, whereas associations with 46,XX and 46,XY DSD is extremely rare.

First report of bilateral supernumerary teeth associated with both primary and permanent maxillary canines.

A very rare case of bilateral supernumerary teeth in the maxillary canine region and its management through a 3-step-conservative approach and 5-year-follow up is presented in this report. A 7-year-old Caucasian boy presented with 2 erupted supernumerary primary maxillary canines (53s and 63s) and two unerupted supernumerary permanent maxillary canines (13s and 23s). The treatment was carried out in three steps. In the first step, we removed teeth 53s and 63s. As the second step, early removal of teeth 53 and 63 and cementation of a space maintenance appliance (Nance's arch) were performed. In the third step, teeth 13s and 23s were removed, and the Nance's arch was maintained until the complete eruption of teeth 13 and 23. The management of this case with a proper treatment plan enabled us to solve the problem without complex procedures.

Disseminated Well-Differentiated Gastro-Entero-Pancreatic Tumors Are Associated with Metabolic Syndrome.

The association of well-differentiated gastro-entero-pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors (WD GEP-NETs) with metabolic syndrome (MetS), abdominal obesity, and fasting glucose abnormalities was recently described. The aim of this study was to evaluate whether the presence of MetS or any MetS individual component was also influenced by GEP-NET characteristics at diagnosis. A cohort of patients with WD GEP-NETs (n = 134), classified according to primary tumor location (gastrointestinal or pancreatic), pathological grading (G1 (Ki67 ≤ 2%) and G2 (>3 ≤ 20%) (WHO 2010), disease extension (localized, loco-regional, and metastatic), and presence of hormonal secretion syndrome (functioning/non-functioning), was evaluated for the presence of MetS criteria. After adjustment for age and gender, the odds of having MetS was significantly higher for patients with WD GEP-NET grade G1 (OR 4.35 95%CI 1.30-14.53) and disseminated disease (OR 4.52 95%CI 1.44-14.15). GEP-NET primary tumor location or secretory syndrome did not influence the risk for MetS. None of the tumor characteristics evaluated were associated with body mass index, fasting plasma glucose category, or any of the individual MetS components. Patients with GEP-NET and MetS depicted a higher risk of presenting a lower tumor grade and disseminated disease. The positive association between MetS and GEP-NET characteristics further highlights the potential link between the two conditions.

Higher IL-6 peri-tumoural expression is associated with gastro-intestinal neuroendocrine tumour progression.

An association of well-differentiated gastroenteropancreatic neuroendocrine tumours (WD GEP NETs) with metabolic syndrome (MetS) was recently described. Yet no molecular mechanisms linking the two conditions are known. This study's aim was to identify putative molecular signatures linking WD GEP NETs and MetS to gain further insight into potential mechanisms for this association. Patients with WD GEP NETs (n=39), pancreatic (panNET) and gastro-intestinal (GI-NET), were clinically evaluated for presence of MetS. WD GEP NETs immunohistochemistry staining for Forkhead box protein M1 (FOXM1), insulin growth factor 1 receptor (IGF1R), Ki-67 and interleukin 6 (IL-6) was performed and quantified by computerised morphometric analysis. FOXM1, Ki-67, IGF1R or IL-6 expression in WD GEP NETs was not influenced by the presence of MetS. IL-6 peritumoural expression was higher in GI-NETs of patients with low HDL cholesterol (0.018±0.005% vs 0.030±0.005%, p=0.02). In GI-NETs, a higher IL-6 expression was also associated with disease progression (0.026±0.004% vs 0.016±0.002%, p=0.03). In WD GEP-NETs, MetS did not influence FOXM1, IGF1R and IL-6 expression. In GI-NETs, IL-6 expression was influenced by the MetS feature low HDL, and positively associated with disease progression. These data suggest that local and systemic inflammatory status can potentially modulate GI-NET behaviour.

Clinical Findings and Follow-Up of 46,XY and 45,X/46,XY Testicular Dysgenesis.

Historically, the terms partial (PGD) and mixed gonadal dysgenesis (MGD) have been used to describe incomplete testicular differentiation in individuals with 46,XY or 45,X/46,XY karyotypes, respectively. However, it is currently unclear to what extent clinical features actually differ between these individuals. The aim of this study was to compare clinical, laboratory, and histological findings in these 2 groups. Patients with testicular dysgenesis seen in our service between 1989 and 2013 were selected. Sixty-one patients met the inclusion criteria. Individuals with 46,XY and 45,X/46,XY karyotypes were compared regarding genital features, gonadal histology and function, growth, and associated conditions. Twenty-five had mosaicism with a 45,X cell line (MGD), while a 46,XY karyotype (PGD) was found in 36 cases belonging to 32 families. Mutations in NR5A1, WT1, and SRY genes associated with testicular dysgenesis were found in 12 families. There were no significant differences regarding parental consanguinity, degree of external androgenization, gonadal location, histology, and function, and associated conditions. However, in the MGD group, the presence of a uterus, lower birth weight and length, and short stature were more often observed. Therefore, the use of histological features to classify PDG and MGD should be abandoned and replaced by classification based on karyotype.

Biochemical and Biological Profile of Parotoid Secretion of the Amazonian Rhinella marina (Anura: Bufonidae).

Skin secretions of frogs have a high chemical complexity. They have diverse types of biomolecules, such as proteins, peptides, biogenic amines, and alkaloids. These compounds protect amphibians' skin against growth of bacteria, fungi, and protozoa and participate in defense system against attack from predators. Therewith, this work performed biochemical and biological profile of macroglands parotoid secretion from cane toad. For poison analysis, we performed molecular exclusion and reverse phase chromatography, electrophoresis, and mass spectrometry. Antimicrobial, antiplasmodial, leishmanicidal, cytotoxicity, genotoxicity, and inflammatory activity of crude and/or fractions of R. marina secretion were also evaluated. Fractionation prior to filtration from poison showed separation of low mass content (steroids and alkaloids) and high molecular mass (protein). Material below 10 kDa two steroids, marinobufagin and desacetylcinobufagin, was detected. Crude extract and fractions were active against Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Escherichia coli, Plasmodium falciparum, Leishmania guyanensis, and Leishmania braziliensis. Crude extract was also active against cancer cells although it was not cytotoxic for normal cells. This extract did not show significant DNA damage but it showed an important inflammatory effect in vivo. The information obtained in this work contributes to the understanding of the constituents of R. marina secretion as well as the bioactive potential of these molecules.