Unravelling the triad of neuroinvasion, neurodissemination, and neuroinflammation of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 in the central nervous system.

Since the identification of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) in 1983, many improvements have been made to control viral replication in the peripheral blood and to treat opportunistic infections. This has increased life expectancy but also the incidence of age-related central nervous system (CNS) disorders and HIV-associated neurodegeneration/neurocognitive impairment and depression collectively referred to as HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders (HAND). HAND encompasses a spectrum of different clinical presentations ranging from milder forms such as asymptomatic neurocognitive impairment or mild neurocognitive disorder to a severe HIV-associated dementia (HAD). Although control of viral replication and suppression of plasma viral load with combination antiretroviral therapy has reduced the incidence of HAD, it has not reversed milder forms of HAND. The objective of this review, is to describe the mechanisms by which HIV-1 invades and disseminates in the CNS, a crucial event leading to HAND. The review will present the evidence that underlies the relationship between HIV infection and HAND. Additionally, recent findings explaining the role of neuroinflammation in the pathogenesis of HAND will be discussed, along with prospects for treatment and control.

Prepregnancy maternal BMI and trajectories of BMI-for-age in children up to four years of age: findings from the 2015 Pelotas (Brazil) birth cohort.

BACKGROUND: The aims of the study were to: (a) describe BMI-for-age trajectories in children up to four years of age; (b) evaluate the association between prepregnancy maternal BMI and the BMI-for-age trajectories. METHODS: Data from 3218 (75.3% of the original cohort) children from the Pelotas 2015 Birth Cohort were analyzed. Prepregnancy BMI (kg/m2) was measured on the perinatal interview. Z-scores of BMI-for-age were calculated for children at three months, 1, 2 and 4 years. Trajectories were identified using a semi-parametric group-based modeling approach. Multinomial logistic regression was used to test the association between prepregnancy BMI (weight excess: BMI ≥ 25 kg/m2) and BMI-for-age trajectories. RESULTS: Four trajectories of the BMI-for-age, in z-score, were identified and represent children in the "increasing", "adequate", "stabilized" and "risk for weight excess" group. A total of 196 children (7.1%) belonged to the group that was at risk of weight excess. Adjusted analyses showed that children whose mothers presented prepregnancy weight excess had 2.36 (95%CI 1.71; 3.24) times more risk of belonging to group "risk for weight excess" when compared to those children whose mothers presented underweight/normal weight before pregnancy. CONCLUSION: The risk of weight excess in children up to 4 years of age were greater in mothers who presented prepregnancy weight excess.

Hepatic expression of tumor necrosis factor-α and evaluation of MAPK-p38 and NFκB signaling pathways in autoimmune hepatitis.

OBJECTIVES: Autoimmune hepatitis (AIH) is a necroinflammatory disease that occurs when genetically susceptible individuals are exposed to an environmental trigger. It is a rare disease, and its epidemiological aspects are nearly unknown in Northeast Brazil. In the literature, the activation of components of the inflammatory cascade pathways, including interleukins such as TNF-α and signaling factors like MAPK-p38 and NFκB, in the pathogenesis of AIH is well described in animal models. This study evaluated, for the first time, the immunostaining of TNF-α, MAPK-p38, and NFκB in immunohistochemical analysis of liver biopsies from AIH patients. The activation of the MAPK-p38 pathway was also studied through immunoassay analysis in the peripheral blood of AIH patients. METHODS AND RESULTS: Data from medical records of 25 AIH patients were analyzed. Histological and immunohistochemical analysis of liver tissue obtained from biopsies was performed to detect NFκB, MAPK-p38, and TNF-α. Immunoassay analysis of the MAPK-p38 pathway was performed in peripheral blood from 18 AIH patients and 8 healthy volunteers. Medical record analysis showed an average age of 33.3 years, with a female predominance in a ratio of 7.3:1. Concomitance with other autoimmune diseases was observed in 36 % of patients, with thyroid disorders being the most prominent among them, and an 8 % indication for liver transplantation. In the evaluation of autoantibodies, ANA was detected in 52 %, followed by SMA at 20 %, and Anti-LKM-1 at 16 %. Liver biopsy findings were like the global literature, with interface hepatitis and lymphoplasmacytic infiltration observed. Immunohistochemical analysis showed immunostaining for NFκB, MAPK-p38, and TNF-α, corroborating the inflammatory and immunological characteristics of the disease. Immunoassay analysis in peripheral blood confirmed the activation of the MAPK-p38 signaling pathway, with a statistically significant difference between AIH patients and healthy controls. CONCLUSIONS: The epidemiological and histological findings of AIH in this study in Northeast Brazil were like global population data. Immunohistochemical analysis of liver tissue and immunoassay analysis in peripheral blood confirmed the activation of TNF-α and the NFκB and MAPK-p38 signaling pathways in AIH patients.

Human immunodeficiency virus transmission-Mechanisms underlying the cell-to-cell spread of human immunodeficiency virus.

Despite the success of combined antiretroviral therapy in controlling viral load and reducing the risk of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) transmission, an estimated 1.5 million new infections occurred worldwide in 2021. These new infections are mainly the result of sexual intercourse and thus involve cells present on the genital mucosa, such as dendritic cells (DCs), macrophages (Mø) and CD4+ T lymphocytes. Understanding the mechanisms by which HIV interacts with these cells and how HIV exploits these interactions to establish infection in a new human host is critical to the development of strategies to prevent and control HIV transmission. In this review, we explore how HIV has evolved to manipulate some of the physiological roles of these cells, thereby gaining access to strategic cellular niches that are critical for the spread and pathogenesis of HIV infection. The interaction of HIV with DCs, Mø and CD4+ T lymphocytes, and the role of the intercellular transfer of viral particles through the establishment of the infectious or virological synapses, but also through membrane protrusions such as filopodia and tunnelling nanotubes (TNTs), and cell fusion or cell engulfment processes are presented and discussed.

Optimization of enzymatic saccharification of industrial wastes using a thermostable and halotolerant endoglucanase through Box-Behnken experimental design.

This study describes the production, characterization and application of an endoglucanase from Penicillium roqueforti using lignocellulosic agro-industrial wastes as the substrate during solid-state fermentation. The endoglucanase was generated after culturing with different agro-industrial wastes for 96 h without any pretreatment. The highest activity was obtained at 50 °C and pH 4.0. Additionally, the enzyme showed stability in the temperature and pH ranges of 40-80 °C and 4.0-5.0, respectively. The addition of Ca2+, Zn2+, Mg2+, and Cu2+ increased enzymatic activity. Halotolerance as a characteristic of the enzyme was confirmed when its activity increased by 35% on addition of 2 M NaCl. The endoglucanase saccharified sugarcane bagasse, coconut shell, wheat bran, cocoa fruit shell, and cocoa seed husk. The Box-Behnken design was employed to optimize fermentable sugar production by evaluating the following parameters: time, substrate, and enzyme concentration. Under ideal conditions, 253.19 mg/g of fermentable sugars were obtained following the saccharification of wheat bran, which is 41.5 times higher than that obtained without optimizing. This study presents a thermostable, halotolerant endoglucanase that is resistant to metal ions and organic solvents with the potential to be applied in producing fermentable sugars for manufacturing biofuels from agro-industrial wastes.

Translation, cultural adaptation, and validation of the Nurse Self-Concept Questionnaire (NSCQ) for Portuguese nursing students.

BACKGROUND: The professional self-concept of nursing students significantly influences their attitude and identity within the profession, ultimately impacting their mental health and overall well-being. Recent evidence underscores the importance of assessing students' professional self-concept to prevent adverse outcomes such as burnout and stress. Since there are currently no validated instruments available in Portugal for this purpose, our objective was to translate, adapt, and validate the Nurse Self-Concept Questionnaire (NSCQ) with nursing students in Portugal. METHODS: A two-phase research study with a non-probabilistic sample of 216 undergraduate nursing students, using the QualtricsXM electronic platform for data collection. An exploratory factor analysis was performed to verify the validity of the theoretical construct and its internal consistency. Cronbach's alpha was calculated, and a confirmatory factor analysis was performed to assess the model fit. RESULTS: The final instrument, designated as Questionário de Autoconceito dos/as Enfermeiros/as (Pt - NSCQ), is composed of 24 items distributed across five dimensions: "General self-concept", "Staff relations", "Leadership", "Communication-care" and "Knowledge", which explain 67.71% of the total variance. All dimensions and the global scale revealed good internal consistency values, ranging from 0.775 to 0.927. The resulting factorial structure is coherent with the theoretical framework. CONCLUSION: The Pt - NSCQ proved to be a valid and reliable instrument to assess Portuguese nursing students' professional self-concept. Future studies should be carried out on larger samples and different educational contexts, aligned with the importance to ensure the continuity of the psychometric analysis of the instrument.

Genes and single nucleotide polymorphisms in the pathway of saliva and dental caries: a systematic review and meta-analysis.

The aim of this systematic review and meta-analysis was to investigate the influence of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), related to genes in salivary composition and flow, on dental caries experience. Sixteen studies were included in the systematic review and ten in the meta-analysis. Forty-four SNPS, covering four genes (CA6, AQP2, AQP5, and MUC5B) were identified. Most of the SNPs were not associated with caries in meta-analysis. Homozygous TT genotype of the SNP CA6 rs17032907(C/T) was associated with caries [OR = 3.23(1.39-7.49)]. The pool effect of the SNPs assessed in AQP5 was associated with a reduction in the likelihood of caries [OR = 0.75(0.59-0.95)]. Considering all SNPs of salivary composition and flow, the effect allele was associated with a 75% increase in the likelihood of caries [OR = 1.75(1.06-2.89)] in the homozygous genotype. The present findings showed that the genes in salivary composition and flow can play an important role in dental caries experience.

Validity of partial protocols to evaluate the prevalence of developmental defects of enamel in permanent dentition: a birth cohort study in Southern Brazil.

OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the validity of partial protocols (PP) to assess the prevalence of developmental defects of enamel (DDE) in permanent teeth and identify the strength of the association between DDE and some risk factors, using PP compared to the full-mouth (FM) exam. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This study was conducted in a population-based birth cohort of children born in 2004 in Pelotas, Southern Brazil. Socioeconomic, demographic, pre-, per-, and post-birth variables were collected. A subsample of 994 children was clinically examined for DDE in 2017, using the modified DDE index, using the "full- mouth" (FM) protocol. After FM had been performed, a dataset was created. Two different partial protocols (PP) were simulated from FM data: "only buccal surfaces (BS)" and "incisive and molars only (IM)." Sensitivity, absolute and relative bias, and inflation factors were calculated. RESULTS: For any DDE, FM had prevalence of 40.8%. The prevalence of DDE was 38.8% and 36.0%, for BS and IM protocols, respectively. When tested for any DDE, PP "BS" and "IM" showed high sensitivity. The underestimation of the true prevalence did not exceed 6.9% for PP "BS" and 16.1% for PP "IM." All protocols showed similar magnitude of association with the selected risk factors. CONCLUSION: Both PP "BS" and "IM" can be used to estimate the prevalence of DDE in epidemiological studies. CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Oral health surveys now have the option of using PP to collect DDE prevalence and investigate their association with risk factors, being less time-consuming, expensive, and labor intensive.

Daily consumption of ultra-processed foods and cardiometabolic risk factors in children aged 7 to 10 years in Northeast Brazil.

Background: Ultra-processed foods (UPFs) consumption is associated with pediatric overweight and obesity. Aim: To evaluate the UPFs consumption in children classified either as eutrophic or with excess weight (overweight and obesity). It was also described the fasting plasma glucose, total cholesterol (TC), triglycerides (TG), high-density lipoprotein (HDL) and low-density lipoprotein (LDL) and the correlation between UPFs consumption and cardiometabolic risk factors. Methods: A total of 139 children aged 7-10years of both sexes, living in Northeast Brazil were classified as eutrophic (n = 65) or excess weight (n = 62). Waist circumference (WC), percentage of body fatness (% BF), fat-free-mass and fat mass were evaluated. Fasting blood sample were collected for biochemical analysis. Food consumption was classified according to the degree of processing. Results: Children with excess weight had a reduction in plasma HDL concentration (45.00; IQR:36.00-54.50 mg/dL vs. 40.00; IQR:35.75-45.25 mg/dL; p = 0.021) and an increase in blood glucose (82.00; IQR:79.00-86.00 mg/dL vs. 86.00; IQR:81.00-90.00 mg/dL; p < 0.001) and TG (64.00; IQR:45.00-92.50 mg/dL vs. 81.00; IQR:57.50-111.75 mg/dL; p < 0.021) when compared with the eutrophic children. UPFs accounted for 43.43% of the total calories consumed by children. Children with excess weight had higher total energy consumption resulting from consumption of UPFs (714.30 ± 26.32 kcal vs. 848.06 ± 349.46 kcal; p = 0.011). The absolute consumption of the UPFs showed a positive correlation with WC (r = 0.202; p = 0.023) and %BF (r = 0.198; p = 0.026). Conclusion: UPFs consumption was higher for children with excess weight and positively correlated with two cardiometabolic risk factors, suggesting the need for strengthening public policies that discourage the consumption of these foods.

Imbalanced data preprocessing techniques for machine learning: a systematic mapping study.

Machine Learning (ML) algorithms have been increasingly replacing people in several application domains-in which the majority suffer from data imbalance. In order to solve this problem, published studies implement data preprocessing techniques, cost-sensitive and ensemble learning. These solutions reduce the naturally occurring bias towards the majority sample through ML. This study uses a systematic mapping methodology to assess 9927 papers related to sampling techniques for ML in imbalanced data applications from 7 digital libraries. A filtering process selected 35 representative papers from various domains, such as health, finance, and engineering. As a result of a thorough quantitative analysis of these papers, this study proposes two taxonomies-illustrating sampling techniques and ML models. The results indicate that oversampling and classical ML are the most common preprocessing techniques and models, respectively. However, solutions with neural networks and ensemble ML models have the best performance-with potentially better results through hybrid sampling techniques. Finally, none of the 35 works apply simulation-based synthetic oversampling, indicating a path for future preprocessing solutions.

Is the effect of COVID-19 on periodontal treatment similar to that in general dental care and primary medical care? an observational study in Brazil.

The present study aimed to analyze the effect of the COVID-19 pandemic on the rates of periodontal procedures, and provide a comparison with general dental care and primary medical care procedures carried out in the Brazilian Public Health System. The study had an ecological, retrospective design with data from 5,564 Brazilian municipalities (99.9%). A multilevel mixed-effects linear regression was used to analyze the longitudinal associations between the COVID-19 pandemic and the rate of procedures. There was a significant reduction in the number of periodontal procedures (Coef. -428.6 [95%CI -774.3/-82.9]) during the COVID-19 pandemic, although this reduction was no greater than that of medical and general dental procedures. Medical procedures witnessed the sharpest drop in procedures (Coef. -2831.5 [95%CI -3964.1/-1699.0]). A lower rate of general dental procedures was also identified during the pandemic (Coef. -2,110.6 [95%CI -3,400.8/-820.4]). The COVID-19 pandemic has had a negative effect on the rate of periodontal procedures carried out in the Brazilian Public Health System. The highest recutions were observed in general dental and medical procedures.

The skin microbiome of infected pressure ulcers: A review and implications for health professionals.

BACKGROUND: Pressure ulcers (PUs) are injuries resulting from ischaemia caused by prolonged compression or shear forces on the skin, adjacent tissues and bones. Advanced stages of PUs are associated with infectious complications and constitute a major clinical challenge, with high social and economic impacts in health care. GOALS: This study aims to identify and describe the relationship between PU risk factors, stages and anatomical locations, and the relevance of microbial cohabitation and biofilm growth. METHODS: The narrative review method to advocating a critical and objective analysis of the current knowledge on the topic was performed. Indexed databases and direct consultation to specialized and high-impact journals on the subject were used to extract relevant information, guided by co-authors. The Medical Subject Headings of pressure ulcer (or injury), biofilms, infection and other analogues terms were used. RESULTS: Development of PUs and consequent infection depends on several direct and indirect risk factors, including cutaneous/PU microbiome, microclimate and behavioural factors. Infected PUs are polymicrobial and characterized by biofilm-associated infection, phenotypic hypervariability of species and inherent resistance to antimicrobials. The different stages and anatomical locations also play an important role in their colonization. The prevention and monitoring of PUs remain crucial for avoiding the emergence of systemic infections and reducing health care-associated costs, improve the quality of life of patients and reduce the mortality-associated infected PUs.

Investigation of Unprecedented Sites and Proposition of New Ligands for Programmed Cell Death Protein I through Molecular Dynamics with Probes and Virtual Screening.

Cancer immunotherapy has attracted increasing attention over the last few years. Programmed cell death protein 1 (PD-1) promotes self-tolerance and inhibits immune responses by modulating the T-cell function. The interaction between PD-1 and programmed cell death ligand-1 (PD-L1) leads to immune exhaustion, protecting cancer cells from destruction. Here, we computationally designed a novel ligand named 1508 that binds to an unprecedented PD-1 cavity identified by MixMD and defined by amino acid residues Lys78 to Val97. We showed through a set of MD simulations totaling 12.5 µs that ligand 1508 establishes frequent cation-π and hydrogen bonding interactions with amino acid residues Lys78 and Arg86, respectively, and stabilizes the PD-1 C'D loop in a conformation that does not favor PD-1-PD-L1 complex formation. This study highlights the power of MixMD in exposing new cavities prone to protein-protein complex inhibition and establishes the basis for the design of new molecules that target the PD-1 C'D cavity as an alternative for exploring the modulation of the PD-1-PD-L1 complex in cancer therapy.

Temperature Dependence of the Electrical Properties of Na2Ti3O7/Na2Ti6O13/POMA Composites.

The temperature dependence of the electrical properties of composites formed by biphasic sodium titanate and poly(o-methoxyaniline) (Na2Ti3O7/Na2Ti6O13/POMA) with different concentrations of POMA (0%, 1%, 10%, 15%, 35% and 50%) in the ceramic matrix was determined from measurements of complex impedance. The structural details were studied by means of X-ray diffraction, confirming the formation of the Na2Ti3O7/Na2Ti6O13/POMA composites. The displacement of the (200) reflection from 2θ = 10.45° to 11.15° in the composites with 10 and 15% of POMA suggested the partial replacement of H+ for Na+ in the Na2Ti3O7 structure. The thermal properties were investigated by Thermogravimetry and Differential Thermal Analysis. The Thermogravimetry curves of the composites with POMA content of 1, 10 and 15% presented profiles similar to that of pure sodium titanate sample. The composites with 35 and 50% of POMA showed a process at temperatures around 60-70 °C, which was associated with water absorbed by the polymer. The analysis of the complex impedance spectroscopy measurements revealed that the electrical resistivity of the composites in the range from 0 to 35% increased by two orders of magnitude, with different values for each concentration. This positive temperature coefficient of resistivity was less noticeable in the composite with highest POMA mass content (50%). The rapid increase in resistivity caused an increase in the relaxation time calculated from the time domain. The electrical response of the 50% of POMA compound changes in relation to what was observed in the other compounds, which suggests that there is a saturation limit in the increase in resistivity with POMA content.

BRAF p.V600E status in epithelial areas of ameloblastoma with different histological aspects: Implications to the clinical practice.

BACKGROUND: BRAF p.V600E is reported in up to 80% of ameloblastomas. Despite the high frequency, the presence of this mutation in different histopathological areas of the tumour has not been investigated. This information has an important role in the use of BRAF p.V600E assessment as an auxiliary tool in the differential diagnosis between unicystic ameloblastoma and other odontogenic cystic lesions, especially when only incisional biopsies are available. Therefore, the purpose of the present study was to investigate BRAF p.V600E heterogeneity in unicystic ameloblastoma. METHODS: Five cases of ameloblastoma and two dentigerous cysts were analysed. The regions exhibiting different microscopic characteristics were selected from each ameloblastoma case and manually dissected. TaqMan allele-specific qPCR or Sanger sequencing was performed to determine BRAF p.V600E status. RESULTS: We screened the mutation in a small cohort of UA and no molecular heterogeneity was found. Four cases of ameloblastoma (80%) exhibited BRAF p.V600E in all different areas evaluated. One case did not harbour the mutation in any microscopic region analysed. The BRAF mutation was absent in the dentigerous cysts. CONCLUSION: Ameloblastomas appear to exhibit a homogeneous profile regarding the BRAF p.V600E no matter what histological feature is observed under light microscopy, suggesting that this molecular test may contribute to establish the correct diagnosis in cases microscopically resembling other odontogenic lesions.

Consumption of ultra-processed foods at 11, 22 and 30 years at the 2004, 1993 and 1982 Pelotas Birth Cohorts.

OBJECTIVE: To describe the consumption of ultra-processed foods according to demographic and socioeconomic characteristics in three birth cohorts. DESIGN: Cross-sectional analysis. SETTING: Data from the 2004, 1993 and 1982 Pelotas Birth Cohorts were used at 11, 22 and 30 years, respectively, collected between 2012 and 2015. Outcome was the relative contribution of ultra-processed foods from the total daily energy intake. Maternal-independent variables were self-reported skin colour, schooling, age and family income (obtained in the perinatal study), and variables of the cohort member, sex, skin colour, schooling and current family income (the last two obtained at the 11-, 22- and 30-year follow-ups of the respective cohorts). We calculated crude and adjusted means of the outcome for the whole cohorts and according to the independent variables. PARTICIPANTS: 11-, 22- and 30-year-old individuals. RESULTS: Daily energetic contribution from ultra-processed foods was higher in the younger cohort (33·7, 29·8 and 25·1 % at 11, 22 and 30 years, respectively). Maternal schooling and family income at birth showed an inverse dose-response relationship at 11 and 22 years, but a positive dose-response at 30 years. Female sex, lower schooling and family income at 22 years and higher schooling at 30 years were associated to a higher contribution from ultra-processed foods in the daily energy intake. CONCLUSIONS: Information from food and nutrition policies needs a higher dissemination, mostly among women and population groups of lower income and schooling, including its promotion in media and health services, aiming for a decreased consumption of ultra-processed foods.

Effects of the habitat on anuran blood parasites in the Eastern Brazilian Amazon.

Biological interactions play an important role in regulating and maintaining natural populations. Like most interactions, parasitism may be influenced by environmental conditions. Therefore, changes caused by human activity may drastically affect the equilibrium of the assemblages of parasitized organisms (hosts). Herein, we described the composition of hemoparasites of anurans from two distinct environments: forest and oil palm plantations. We identified the most frequent groups of blood parasites, and whether infections differ between habitats (forest and plantation) and between microhabitats (arboreal or terrestrial). We collected 128 anurans, of which 46 (36%) were parasitized by hemoparasites. The genus Trypanosoma spp. was found in 30% (n = 37/128) of the infected anurans in both habitats, recorded mostly in terrestrial anurans in oil palm plantations. Apicomplexa hemoprotozoans were also found in 13% (n=17/128) of the anurans, which mainly were terrestrial species collected in oil palm plantations. There was no difference in parasitism between the two assemblies and between the studied microhabitats. This is the first study that has analyzed the ecological relationship between anurans as hosts and their blood parasites, in a region under intense anthropic pressure, in the Brazilian Amazon.

Green Tea Infusion Ameliorates Histological Damages in Testis and Epididymis of Diabetic Rats.

Green tea is a popular drink used for therapeutic purposes to mitigate the consequences of diabetes. In this study, we aimed at evaluating the potential of green tea infusion to ameliorate structural and enzymatic damages caused by hyperglycemia in the testis and epididymis of Wistar rats. For that, nondiabetic and streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats (negative control and diabetes control, respectively) received 0.6 mL of water by gavage. Another set of diabetic animals received 100 mg/kg of green tea infusion diluted in 0.6 mL of water/gavage (diabetes + green tea) daily. After 42 days of treatment, the testes and epididymides were removed and processed for histopathological analysis, micromineral determination, and enzymatic assays. The results showed that treatment with green tea infusion preserved the testicular and epididymal histoarchitecture, improving the seminiferous epithelium and the sperm production previously affected by diabetes. Treatment with green tea reduced tissue damages caused by this metabolic condition. Given the severity of hyperglycemia, there was no efficacy of the green tea infusion in maintaining the testosterone levels, antioxidant enzyme activity, and microminerals content. Thus, our findings indicate a protective effect of this infusion on histological parameters, with possible use as a complementary therapy for diabetes.

Resurgence of tuberculosis amid COVID-19 in Peru: Associated risk factors and recommendations.

Peru is one of the countries with the highest incidence of tuberculosis and multidrug-resistant tuberculosis in the world. Although public health measures adopted in the country have improved the care, diagnosis and management of patients with tuberculosis, there are still failures in the control of the disease in the country, especially of multidrug-resistant tuberculosis and among the prison population or people living with HIV. The COVID-19 pandemic has added a great burden to the Peruvian public health system, negatively impacting tuberculosis-focused health programs due to the diversion of resources to control the pandemic. Consequently, combat measures, epidemiological surveillance of tuberculosis cases were affected, and data point to an increase in the number of cases, especially of multidrug-resistant tuberculosis, and to the underdiagnosis of the disease. To deal with this problem and avoid a future catastrophe for the country's health system, multidisciplinary measures involving the population, health professionals and government bodies are needed. It is essential that education, diagnosis, contact screening and treatment programs are prioritised and given greater financial support. Furthermore, it is necessary to raise awareness in the population about the need for isolation and maintenance of treatment, especially among the most vulnerable populations.