Involvement of Potassium Channels, Nitric Oxide Synthase, and Guanylate Cyclase in the Spasmolytic Effect of Simaba ferruginea A.St.-Hil on Rat Isolated Ileum.

BACKGROUND AND AIM: Simaba ferruginea A.St.-Hil. Popularly known as "calunga," is a typical Brazilian cerrado plant whose rhizomes are popular for treating diarrhea. AIMS: The aim of this study was to evaluate the spasmolytic activity and the antidiarrheal effect of the ethanolic extract obtained from S. ferruginea (Sf-EtOH). METHODS: Ileal segments (1-2 cm) from male Wistar rats were mounted in isolated organ baths and connected to a force transducer, and then to an amplifier which was connected to a computer (AVS Projetos/São Paulo-SP). After stabilization for 60 min, under tension (1 gf), two submaximal contractions were induced with KCl 40 mM or carbachol 10-6 M on ileal segments. During the third tonic and sustained contraction, Sf-EtOH was added in cumulative concentrations to the organ bath. Incubations with L-NAME (10-4 M), ODQ (10-5 M), TEA+ (5 or 1 mM), glibenclamide (10-5 M), or apamine (100 nM) were prepared (n = 5), separately and used to verify the involvement of the nitric oxide synthase, guanylate cyclase, and potassium channels in the relaxing effect. The results were expressed as mean ± standard error of the mean and were statistically evaluated using one-way ANOVA followed by Bonferroni test, when necessary *p < 0.05. RESULTS: Sf-EtOH promotes relaxation on rat isolated ileum pre-contracted with CCh and KCl in a concentration-dependent manner. Sf-EtOH also inhibited ileum contractions against cumulative concentrations of carbachol (CCh), KCl, and CaCl2, shifting the curves to the right in a non-parallel manner with an Emax reduction. In the presence of potassium channel blockers, Sf-EtOH shifted the curves to the right with a reduction of Emax, suggesting the involvement of BKCa, KATP, and SKCa in its spasmolytic effect. In the presence of L-NAME or ODQ, the relaxation curves were shifted to the right, suggesting the involvement of this pathway in Sf-EtOH spasmolytic effect. CONCLUSIONS: Sf-EtOH acts in a concentration-dependent manner, involving the positive modulation of K+ channels and NO pathway.

Development of an Emergency Department Case Management Case-Finding Tool.

PURPOSE OF STUDY: Identifying emergency department (ED) patients who are at high risk for return visits is an important goal for case management to improve patient care. This quality improvement study describes the development and evaluation of the Emergency Department Case Management Priority Score (EDCMPS), an electronic medical record (EMR)-based "case-finding" system, and its ability to identify these high-risk patients. In addition, the authors present data about its acceptability among emergency department case managers (ED CMs). PRIMARY PRACTICE SETTINGS: Emergency departments with case management availability and staffing. METHODOLOGY AND SAMPLE: A retrospective analysis at Duke University Hospital ED compared patient data pre- and postimplementation of the EDCMPS. The tool was developed using the LEAN and Plan-Do-Study-Act (PDSA) quality improvement methodologies, with ED CM participation. ED return and hospitalization rates within 7 and 30 days between both methods were compared, and a survey evaluated CM satisfaction with the EDCMPS. RESULTS: The 2-month preintervention period (July 1, 2022, to August 31, 2022) included 8,677 patients discharged from the ED, with 897 patients (10.3%) identified as at high risk for return based on the previous manual methodology. In the 3-month postintervention period (September 1, 2022, to November 30, 2022), there were 13,566 patients discharged, with 692 patients (5.1%) identified as at high risk for return using the EDCMPS. The EDCMPS outperformed the manual method, yielding a significantly higher odds ratio (OR) for 7- and 30-day ED return or hospitalization (e.g., 30-day any return OR = 4.21 vs. 1.69). The survey showed broad ED CM agreement on the tool's superior performance, especially in organizing outpatient resources and referring to support programs. However, challenges in securing primary care follow-up, housing, and health insurance applications were identified. The tool's collaborative development approach ensured its fit to ED CM needs, contributing to its success. IMPLICATIONS FOR CASE MANAGEMENT PRACTICE: The EDCMPS showcases promise in enhancing ED CM efficiency, with strong frontline staff endorsement. It pinpoints areas needing focus for patient support and has the potential to reduce ED revisits and therefore health care utilization. Its methodology offers insights for similar future implementations in health care institutions.

Investigating the pharmacological potential of phytol on experimental models of gastric ulcer in rats.

Phytol is a diterpene constituent of many essential oils, belonging to the group of unsaturated acyclic alcohols. Although phytol possesses antimycobacterial and anti-inflammatory effects, no reports of a gastrointestinal action are available from the literature. Due to the well-known shortcomings of classical anti-ulcer drugs (e.g. side effects or relapses), natural products may offer an attractive alternative. In this study, a potential gastroprotective activity of phytol was evaluated using acute and chronic ulcer models in rats. Phytol 12.5, 25 and 50 mg/kg, administered orally 1 h prior to induction of gastric lesions by absolute ethanol, inhibited the lesion area by 96, 90 and 95%, respectively. When lesions were induced by ischemia and reperfusion, phytol 12.5 and 25 mg/kg per os decreased the lesion areas by 89 and 46%, respectively. In the third acute ulcer model (lesions induced by ibuprofen), phytol 12.5 mg/kg reduced the lesion area by 55%. Phytol restored the decreased level of reduced glutathione, the increased levels of myeloperoxidase and malondialdehyde and the decreased levels of catalase and superoxide dismutase in rats with gastric ulcer induced by ethanol to levels obtained in vehicle group. Finally, in a chronic model in which gastric ulcer was induced by acetic acid directly instilled into the stomach, phytol administered orally over a time period of 7 days at 12.5, 25, 50 and 100 mg/kg reduced lesion areas by 84, 81, 83 and 68%. Our data suggest a gastroprotective and cicatrizing effect of phytol, possibly associated with its antioxidant effect.

Exercise and pyridostigmine prevents gastric emptying delay and increase blood pressure and cisplatin-induced baroreflex sensitivity in rats.

Cisplatin treatment induces an autonomic dysfunction and gastrointestinal and cardiovascular disorders. Physical exercise as well as pyridostigmine treatment induces improves in the autonomic nervous system. In the current study, we investigated the effect of physical exercise and pyridostigmine treatment on gastrointestinal and cardiovascular changes in cisplatin-treated rats. Rats were divided into groups: Saline (S), Cisplatin (Cis), Exercise (Ex), Cisplatin+Exercise (Cis+Ex), Pyridostigmine (Pyr), and Cisplatin+Pyridostigmine (Cis+Pyr). We induced gastrointestinal dysmotility by administering 3 mg kg-1 of cisplatin once week for 5 weeks. The Ex was swimming (1 h per day/5 days per week for 5 weeks with 5% b.w.). GE was evaluated through the colorimetric method of fractional red phenol recovery 10 min after feeding. Pyr groups received 1.5 mg kg-1, p.o. or concomitant Cis treatment. Moreover, gastric contraction in vitro and hemodynamic parameters such as MAP, HR, and evoked baroreflex sensitivity were assessed, as well as sympathetic and parasympathetic tone and intrinsic heart rate (IHR). Cis decrease GE vs. saline (p<0.05). Cis+Ex or Cis+Pyr prevented (p<0.05) decrease in GE vs. Cis rats. Cis decreased (p<0.05) gastric responsiveness in vitro vs. saline. Cis+Ex or Cis+Pyr prevented this phenomenon. Cis treatment increase MAP and decrease in HR (p<0.05) vs saline. Cis+Ex or Cis+Pyr attenuated (p<0.05) both alterations. Cis increased sympathetic tone and decreased vagal tone and IHR (p<0.05) vs. the saline. Cis+Ex or Cis+Pyr prevented those effects vs. the Cis group. In conclusion, physical exercise and pyridostigmine treatment improves autonomic dysfunction and prevented GE delay and changes in hemodynamic parameters, baroreflex sensitivity, and cardiac autonomic control in cisplatin-treated rats.

Phase distribution of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and their oxygenated and nitrated derivatives in the ambient air of a Brazilian urban area☆.

Air quality in large cities has worsened in recent years as a consequence people's health is directly affected. Among the toxic compounds released to environmental air are polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), nitrated PAHs (nitro-PAHs), and oxygenated PAHs (oxy-PAHs). Performant methods to analyze these compounds is necessary to enable adequate monitoring of air quality. Thus, this manuscript presents the development of a highly sensitive method to analyze PAHs, nitro-PAHs, and oxy-PAHs collected from ambient air (PM2.5) and the gas phase for a period of one year in the urban area of Belo Horizonte, Brazil. PAHs and their derivatives were extracted by cold fiber solid phase microextraction (CF-SPME) and analyzed by gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry (GC/MS). The proposed method allows simultaneous analysis of 16 PAHs, nitro-PAHs and oxy-PAHs, presenting very good limits of detection and quantification, as well as appropriate precision and recovery. The results obtained for the period of one year allowed different studies. The compounds collected simultaneously from gas and particulate phase showed that total concentration of 16 PAHs were higher in the gas phase than in the particulate. On the other hand, nitro-PAHs and oxy-PAHs presented similar concentration in gas and particulate phases. The potential carcinogenicity of PAHs relative to benzo[a]pyrene showed benzo[a]pyrene equivalents of 0.49 ng m-3. The estimated risk of lifetime lung cancer was 5 × 10-5. Principal component analysis and diagnostic ratio was applied for source distribution indicating that burning of gasoline, diesel and biomass accounted for the PAHs profile in ambient air samples.

Antidiarrheal activity of farnesol in rodents: Pharmacological actions and molecular docking.

Diarrhea is a condition in which the individual has about three or more daily bowel movements, followed by changes in stool consistency. It is currently considered as one of the worst public health problems due to the number of cases and deaths involved and difficulty of treatment. Thus, the use of natural products is an alternative for new treatments. Among these possibilities is Farnesol (C15H26O), a sesquiterpene found in different herbal species that has known biological activities. The objective of this study was to evaluate the antidiarrheal activity of Farnesol (FOH). Initially, FOH activity was evaluated in models of diarrhea and enteropooling induced by castor oil and PGE2. To evaluate motility, the opioid and cholinergic pathways were studied. In addition, the effect of FOH was investigated in the secretion model in intestinal loops treated with cholera toxin. FOH was evaluated for the ability to absorb fluids in intestinal loops and interact with GM1 receptors using the ELISA method and molecular docking. The dose of 50 mg/kg of FOH showed the best results in all antidiarrheal activity tests with castor oil and PGE2, being considered as the standard dose, reducing motility by anticholinergic mechanisms. There was a reduction in fluid secretion when FOH interacted directly with GM1 receptors; cholera toxin and molecular docking showed strong interaction between farnesol and these targets. In view of the results presented, the antidiarrheal activity occurs through anticholinergic, anti-inflammatory and anti-secretory action, making farnesol a potential candidate for the development of a new drug to treat diarrheal diseases.

Determination of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and their nitrated and oxygenated derivatives in coffee brews using an efficient cold fiber-solid phase microextraction and gas chromatography mass spectrometry method.

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are food contaminants; besides, their oxygenated (oxy-PAHs) and nitrated (nitro-PAHs) derivatives have also been detected in some foods. This is worrying because these derivatives may be more toxic than PAHs. This study presents a new method for the determination of PAHs and their oxygenated and nitrated derivatives in coffee brew. The analytes were extracted by cold fiber solid phase microextraction (CF-SPME) with analysis by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry. The developed method presented good precision with intra-assay and inter-assay, ranged from 4.5 to 16.4%, and from 9.8 to 19.8%, respectively. Recovery ranged from 82.1 to96.3% and linearity showed good adjustment presenting determination coefficients (R2) from 0.980 to 0.999. The limits of quantification ranged from 0.025 to 0.224 µg L-1. The proposed method is simple, versatile, allows simultaneous extraction of PAHs, nitrated and oxygenated derivatives and was successfully applied to the analysis of commercial coffee samples. Benzo(k)fluoranthene, benzo(b)fluoranthene, pyrene, acenaphthylene and acenaphthene are the most abundant PAHs found in samples. In addition, 5,12-naphthacenequinone was the most abundant oxy-PAH and 1-nitropyrene was the most abundant nitro-PAH.

Scientific and technological prospection on transdermal formulations and complementary therapies for the treatment of primary dysmenorrhea.

INTRODUCTION: Primary dysmenorrhea (PD) is another term for idiopathic menstrual cramps. Treatments include the use of oral non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs). These drugs have several side effects. The objective of this study was to perform a systematic review on the transdermal administration of drugs and the use of alternative therapies for the treatment of PD. AREAS COVERED: The article bases were Web of Science, PubMed and Sciencedirect and the patent bases were INPI, EPO and WIPO with publications on Primary Dysmenorrhea and associations with Transdermal Administration; Complementary Therapies and Medicinal Plants. 21 articles and 12 patents were analyzed. The results demonstrate the need for alternative therapies for the treatment of PD, with greater effectiveness and lower side effects, mainly in an attempt to reduce the intensity and duration of pain as well as reducing the continuous use of medications. EXPERT OPINION: The study of technological prospection highlighted the relevant importance in seeking new methods for the relief of the symptoms provoked by this condition. The perspectives coexist in the discovery of new natural and biotechnological pharmacological applications, mainly in the development of new devices capable of facilitating and optimizing this form of administration in an attempt to reduce side effects.

Terminalia fagifolia Mart. & Zucc. elicits vasorelaxation of rat thoracic aorta through nitric oxide and K+ channels dependent mechanism.

Terminalia fagifolia Mart. & Zucc. (Combretaceae) is a plant commonly found in the regions of the Brazilian cerrado, popularly used for the treatment of gastrointestinal disorders. There are no reports in the literature on the use of T. fagifolia for the treatment of the cardiovascular system conditions. Nevertheless, plants of the same genus, such as Terminalia arjuna (Roxb.) Wight & Arn and Terminalia superba Engler & Diels, present cardioprotective, hypotensive and vasodilatating effects. In light of this, the aim of the study was to investigate the effect of the ethanolic extract (Tf-EE) and of its aqueous (Tf-AQF), hexanic (Tf-HEXF) and hydroethanolic (Tf-HAF) partition fractions obtained from the stem bark of T. fagifolia Mart. & Zucc. The effects of the extract and partition fractions of T. fagifolia were evaluated on isometric tensions in the thoracic aorta rings of Wistar rats (250-300 g). Tf-EE, Tf-HEXF and Tf-HAF presented a concentration-dependent vasorelaxant effect, and Tf-AQF presented a vasorelaxant effect that was more potent in the presence of endothelium. The relaxation curves of the aorta promoted by the fraction investigated were attenuated in the presence of the following pharmacological tools: L-NAME, ODQ or PTIO. The vasorelaxant effect of the aorta promoted by Tf-AQF was attenuated in the presence of TEA and 4-AP. Tf-EE induced a concentration-dependent and endothelium-independent vasorelaxation. Tf-HAF and Tf-HEXF presented concentration-dependent and vascular-endothelium-independent vasorelaxation, but did not obtain 100% of relaxation. On the other hand, Tf-AQF presented concentration-dependent vasorelaxation that was more potent in aorta rings with vascular endothelium. The relaxant mechanism induced by the Tf-AQF involves the NO/sGC/cGMP pathway and channels Kv.

Antidiarrheal activity of α-terpineol in mice.

Diarrhea is one of the leading causes of infant death in the world accounting for high child mortality rate. It is also present in different pathophysiologies related to several etiological agents. The aim of this study is to investigate the antidiarrheal effect of α -Terpineol (α-TPN) in different diarrhea models in rodents. The antidiarrheal effect of α-TPN in the treatment of acute diarrhea and enteropooling induced by castor oil or PGE2 in Swiss mice pretreated orally with saline (NaCl 0.9%), Loperamide (5 mg/kg) and α-TPN (6.25, 12.5, 25 and 50 mg/kg) was analyzed. Additionally, parameters of severity, total weight of faeces and post-treatment for 4 h were evaluated. Modulation of the opioid and cholinergic pathways was performed and intestinal transit model using activated charcoal as marker was also used. The effect of α-TPN on secretory diarrhea was investigated using the model of fluid secretion in intestinal loops isolated from cholera toxin-treated mice. α-TPN showed antidiarrheal effect (*p < 0.05), reducing the total stool amount (*55%, *48%, *44%, *24%) and diarrheal (*47%, *66%; *56%, 10%) respectively for the doses tested. All doses investigated in the enteropooling test presented significant changes (*46%, *78%, *66%, *41% respectively) in relation to the control. α-TPN through the muscarinic pathway reduced the gastrointestinal transit (*31%), besides inhibiting PGE2-induced diarrhea (*39%). α-TPN also reduced fluid formation and loss of Cl- ions, by interacting directly with GM1 receptors and cholera toxin, thus increasing the uptake of intestinal fluids. The results suggest an anti-diarrheal activity of α-TPN due to its anticholinergic action, ability to block PGE2 and GM1 receptors and interaction with cholera toxin in secretory diarrhea, making it a promising candidate drug for the treatment of diarrheal diseases.

Moderate-intensity exercise and renin angiotensin system blockade improve the renovascular hypertension (2K1C)-induced gastric dysmotility in rats.

Actually, arterial hypertension is a major public health concern, which involves the renin angiotensin aldosterone system (RAS), via activation of the angiotensin receptors AT1 and AT2 of the cardiovascular system. Although angiotensin is an important stimulant of the gut permeability to sodium and water, little is known about the effects of arterial hypertension on gut motor behavior. Thus, we evaluated in rats the effect of hypertension induced by two-kidney one-clip (2K1C) model on the gastric motility, as well as the influence of exercise and RAS blockers treatment in such phenomenon. One week after surgery the rats were treated with Aliskiren (50 mg·kg-1, p.o.), Captopril (50 mg·kg-1, p.o.) or Losartan (10 mg·kg-1, p.o). Other group of rats was submitted to swimming with 5% body weight overload. After 4 weeks of physical training or pharmacological treatment, we assessed the gastric retention in all groups (GR) of a liquid test meal, the mean arterial pressure (MAP), the heart rate (HR) and the HR variation (HRV) as well as the in vitro contractility of gastric fundus. Renovascular hypertension increased (p < 0.05) the GR, MAP and HR, a phenomenon prevented by pretreatment with RAS blockers or exercise. The two kidney one-clip Hypertension (2K1C) decreased (p < 0.05) the gastric fundus responsiveness, a phenomenon also prevented by exercise. It conclusion, renovascular hypertension delays the gastric emptying of liquids, a phenomenon involving the activation of RAS, where exercise or blockade with aliskiren, captopril and losartan prevent gastric dysmotility.

Efficient extraction method using magnetic carbon nanotubes to analyze cocaine and benzoylecgonine in breast milk by GC/MS.

AIM: The increasing use of cocaine (COC) during breastfeeding has led to growing concern about exposure of infants. Therefore, to study this exposure, a new method to analyze COC and benzoylecgonine in breast milk was developed. METHODOLOGY: A new extraction method was used for the first time to analyze COC and its major metabolite, benzoylecgonine, in breast milk using magnetic carbon nanotubes partially doped with nitrogen. RESULTS: The calibration curves were linear in the range 5.0-180.0 ng ml-1. The limit of quantification was 5.0 ng ml-1. Coefficients of variation were between 3.2 and 13.9%. Recovery was between 89.6 and 99.2%. CONCLUSION: The proposed method is simple, efficient and suitable to determine analytes in breast milk.

Elaboração e validação de um álbum seriado para prevenção do pé diabético / Elaboración y validación de una guía didáctica para la prevención del pie diabético / Development and Validation of an Educational Guide for the Prevention of Diabetic Foot Complications

Introdução: as tecnologias educacionais proporcionam conhecimento de forma mais interativa e promoção da saúde à comunidade, contribuindo para a construção do saber dos seus usuários. Contudo, ainda são pouco utilizadas para as pessoas com diabetes mellitus. Objetivo: elaborar e validar o conteúdo e aparência de um álbum seriado sobre prevenção do pé diabético para utilização por profissionais da Atenção Primária à Saúde. Materiais e Métodos: estudo metodológico. Os dados foram coletados de agosto a setembro de 2018 e ocorreu por meio do envio de instrumentos de avaliação de validação, via e-mail, para especialistas selecionados na Plataforma Lattes. Para análise dos dados, foi utilizado o Índice de Validade de Conteúdo (IVC) com valor mínimo estabelecido de 0,78. Resultados: participaram sete especialistas com experiência em educação em saúde, tecnologias educacionais e/ou diabetes mellitus. Em relação aos objetivos, estrutura, apresentação e relevância, todos os itens apresentaram IVC global de 0,96. Conclusão: o álbum seriado foi considerado válido pelos especialistas e uma tecnologia capaz de auxiliar o profissional de saúde no rastreio do pé em risco da pessoa com diabetes mellitus.

Introduction: Educational technology provides knowledge in a more interactive way to promote health in the community, which contributes to the construction of knowledge among users. However, these technologies have not been targeted to people with diabetes mellitus. Objective: To develop and validate the content and design of an educational guide on the prevention of diabetic foot complications to be used by Primary Healthcare professionals. Materials and Methods: A methodological study was conducted through data collection between August and September 2018 by sending assessment and validation instruments by email to selected specialists in the Lattes platform. The Content Validity Index (CVI) with a minimum value of 0.78 was used for data analysis. Results: Seven specialists with experience in health education, educational technology and/or diabetes mellitus were involved. In terms of objectives, structure, presentation and relevance, all topics had an overall CVI of 0.96. Conclusions: The experts validated the educational guide as a tool that would help health professionals during foot exams in people with diabetes mellitus.

Introducción: A través de las tecnologías educativas, se proporcionan conocimientos de una manera más interactiva para promover la salud en la comunidad, lo que contribuye a la construcción de conocimiento entre sus usuarios. Sin embargo, estas tecnologías no se han orientado a las personas con diabetes mellitus. Objetivo: Desarrollar y validar el contenido y el diseño de una guía didáctica sobre la prevención del pie diabético para su uso por parte de los profesionales de la Atención Primaria de Salud. Materiales y métodos: Se llevó a cabo un estudio metodológico a través de la recolección de datos entre agosto y septiembre de 2018 mediante el envío de instrumentos de evaluación y validación por correo electrónico a especialistas seleccionados en la plataforma Lattes. Para el análisis de los datos se utilizó el Índice de Validez del Contenido (IVC) con un valor mínimo establecido de 0.78. Resultados: Se contó con la participación de siete especialistas con experiencia en educación sanitaria, tecnologías educativas y/o diabetes mellitus. En cuanto a los objetivos, la estructura, la presentación y la pertinencia, todos los temas presentaron un IVC global de 0.96. Conclusiones: Los expertos consideraron que la guía didáctica era válida, además de ser una herramienta que ayudaría al profesional de la salud durante el examen de pie en personas con diabetes mellitus.

Validação de álbum seriado para enfermeiros da atenção básica sobre violência doméstica contra a mulher / Validación de álbum seriado para enfermeros de atención primaria sobre violencia doméstica contra la mujer / Validation of a serial album on domestic violence against women for primary care nurses

RESUMO Objetivo: validar o conteúdo e a aparência de um álbum seriado para enfermeiros da atenção básica sobre violência doméstica contra a mulher. Método: estudo metodológico, de validação de aparência e conteúdo, desenvolvido em Teresina, Piauí, Brasil, no ano de 2018. Coletou-se os dados pelo envio dos instrumentos de avaliação via e-mail para especialistas selecionados na Plataforma Lattes. Na análise utilizou-se o Índice de Validade de Conteúdo com valor estabelecido de 0,78. Resultados: participaram 15 especialistas, com experiência em tecnologias educativas e/ou violência contra mulher, a maioria com doutorado e graduado em enfermagem. Quanto à estrutura e apresentação, objetivos e relevância, todos os itens foram considerados validados pelos especialistas. O Índice de Validade de Conteúdo global da tecnologia educativa foi 0,93. Conclusão: o álbum seriado foi validado quanto ao conteúdo e aparência, sugerindo que esta tecnologia educativa possibilita ações de educação em saúde realizadas por enfermeiros da Atenção Básica.

RESUMEN: Objetivo: validar el contenido y la apariencia de un álbum seriado para los enfermeros de atención primaria sobre violencia doméstica contra la mujer. Método: estudio metodológico, para validación de apariencia y contenido, desarrollado en Teresina, Piauí, Brasil, en el año 2018. La recolección de datos se realizó a través del envío de los instrumentos de evaluación a los especialistas seleccionados en la Plataforma Lattes, por vía de correo electrónico. El valor del índice de validez de contenido establecido para el análisis fue de 0,78. Resultados: participaron 15 especialistas, con experiencia en tecnologías educativas y / o violencia contra las mujeres, la mayoría, con doctorados o graduados en enfermería o En cuanto a los ítems estructura, presentación, objetivos y relevancia, todos se consideraron validados por los expertos. El índice de validez de contenido global para la tecnología educativa fue de 0,93. Conclusión: el álbum seriado fue validado en términos de contenido y apariencia, lo que sugiere que esta tecnología educativa permite acciones de educación en salud realizadas por enfermeros de atención primaria.

ABSTRACT Objective: to validate the content and appearance of a serial album on domestic violence against women for primary care nurses. Method: a methodological study, of appearance and content validation, developed in Teresina, Piauí, Brazil, in 2018. The data were collected by sending the evaluation instruments via e-mail to selected specialists on the Lattes Platform. In the analysis, the Content Validity Index was used with an established value of 0.78. Results: 15 specialists participated, with experience in educational technologies and/or violence against women, most of them have doctorates and nursing degrees. Regarding structure and presentation, objectives and relevance, all items were considered validated by experts. The global Content Validity Index of the educational technology was 0.93. Conclusion: The serial album has been validated for content and appearance, suggesting that this educational technology enables health education actions performed by nurses of Basic Care.

Assistência dos profissionais da Estratégia Saúde da Família na atenção à mulher vítima de violência / Assistance from Strategy professionals Family Health Care for the female victim of violence

O objetivo do estudo foi analisar a assistência dos profissionais de saúde da Estratégia Saúde da Família na atenção à mulher vítima de violência. Realizou-se um estudo qualitativo, com 12 profissionais de saúde que compõem as equipes de saúde de três Unidades Básicas de Saúde. A coleta de dados foi realizada por meio de entrevistas semiestruturadas e os dados foram analisados de acordo com a análise de conteúdo temática proposta por Bardin. Emergiram as seguintes categorias: Formação e capacitação dos profissionais de saúde; Assistência a casos de violência contra a mulher; Dificuldades na atenção à mulher vítima de violência; Demanda de casos de violência contra a mulher na Estratégia Saúde da Família e Políticas públicas no combate à violência contra a mulher. Considera-se fundamental que essa temática seja mais explorada, pelo fato desse fenômeno se constituir demanda diária nas instituições de saúde e sua produção científica ainda ser relativamente carente frente ao avanço da mesma no contexto geral da saúde.

The aim of the study was to analyze the assistance of health professionals of the Family Health Strategy in the care of women victims of violence. A qualitative study was carried out with 12 health professionals that compose the health teams of three Basic Health Units. Data collection was performed through semi-structured interviews and the data were analyzed according to the analysis of content proposed by Bardin. The following categories emerged: Training and qualification of health professionals; Assistance to cases of violence against women; Difficulties in attention to women victims of violence; Demand for cases of violence against women in the Family Health Strategy and Public Policies in the fight against violence against women. It is considered fundamental that this theme is more explored, because this phenomenon constitutes a daily demand in health institutions and its scientific production still be relatively lacking in the face of its progress in the general context of health.

El objetivo del estudio fue analizar la asistencia de los profesionales de salud de la Estrategia Salud de la Familia en la atención a la mujer víctima de violencia. Se realizó un estudio cualitativo, realizado con 12 profesionales de salud que componen los equipos de salud de tres Unidades Básicas de Salud. La recolección de datos fue realizada por medio de entrevistas semiestructuradas y los datos fueron analizados de acuerdo con el análisis de datos contenido temático propuesto por Bardin. Se plantearon las siguientes categorías: Formación y capacitación de los profesionales de la salud; Asistencia a casos de violencia contra la mujer; Dificultades en la atención a la mujer víctima de violencia; Demanda de casos de violencia contra la mujer en la Estrategia Salud de la Familia y Políticas públicas en el combate a la violencia contra la mujer. Se considera fundamental que esta temática sea más explotada, por el hecho de que este fenómeno se constituya demanda diaria en las instituciones de salud y su producción científica sigue siendo relativamente carente frente al avance de la misma en el contexto general de la salud.

Relaxant effect of Ent-7α-hydroxytrachyloban-18-oic acid, a trachylobane diterpene from Xylopia langsdorfiana A. St-Hil. & Tul., on tracheal smooth muscle.

Ent-7α-hydroxytrachyloban-18-oic acid, a trachylobane diterpene from Xylopia langsdorfiana, has previously been shown to relax the guinea-pig trachea in a concentration-dependent manner. In this study we aimed to elucidate the mechanisms underlying this action and so contribute to the discovery of natural products with therapeutic potential. A possible interaction between diterpene and the Ca(2+)-calmodulin complex was eliminated as chlorpromazine (10(-6) M), a calmodulin inhibitor, did not significantly alter the diterpene-induced relaxation (pD2 = 4.38 ± 0.07 and 4.25 ± 0.07; mean ± S.E.M., n=5). Trachylobane-318 showed a higher relaxant potency when the trachea was contracted by 18 mM KCl than it did with 60 mM KCl (pD2 = 4.90 ± 0.25 and 3.88 ± 0.01, n=5), suggesting the possible activation of K(+) channels. This was confirmed, as in the presence of 10 mM TEA(+) (a non-selective K(+) channel blocker), diterpene relaxation potency was significantly reduced (pD2 = 4.38 ± 0.07 to 4.01 ± 0.06, n=5). Furthermore, K(+) channel subtypes KATP, KV, SKCa and BKCa seem to be modulated positively by trachylobane-318 (pD2 = 3.91 ± 0.003, 4.00 ± 0.06, 3.45 ± 0.14 and 3.80 ± 0.05, n=5) but not the Kir subtype channel (pD2 = 4.15 ± 0.10, n=5). Cyclic nucleotides were not involved as the relaxation due to aminophylline (pD2 = 4.27 ± 0.09, n=5) was not altered in the presence of 3 × 10(-5) M trachylobane-318 (pD2 = 4.46 ± 0.08, n=5). Thus, at a functional level, trachylobane-318 seems to relax the guinea-pig trachea by positive modulation of K(+) channels, particularly the KATP, KV, SKCa and BKCa subtypes.

Apoio matricial e ações na atenção primária: experiência de profissionais de ESF e Nasf / Matrix support and actions on primary care: experience of professionals at ESF and Nasf

RESUMO O artigo relata pesquisa descritiva, com abordagem quantitativa, cujo objetivo é caracterizar o modo como as ações de apoio matricial estão inseridas no cotidiano; e as ferramentas privilegiadas por médicos e enfermeiros da Estratégia Saúde da Família (ESF) e por especialistas do Núcleo de Apoio à Saúde da Família (Nasf) de distrito localizado na região Sul de São Paulo. 78 profissionais (ESF=44, Nasf=34) responderam a um questionário sobre agenda, atividades, ferramentas e saberes. Os resultados indicam que as equipes têm dificuldade em executar ações compartilhadas de apoio matricial.

ABSTRACT The article reports a descriptive research, under a quantitative approach, aimed at characterizing the way actions of matrix support are inserted into daily life; and the tools privileged by physicians and nurses of the Family's Health Strategy (Estratégia Saúde da Família - ESF) and specialists of the Nucleus for Supporting the Family´s Health (Núcleo de Apoio à Saúde da Família - Nasf) in a district at the South Region of São Paulo. Seventy-eight professionals (ESF=44, Nasf=34) have filled in a questionnaire about agenda, activities, tools and knowledge. Results indicate that teams face difficulties while performing shared actions of matrix support.

Spasmolytic activity of trachylobanes ent-7α-acetoxytrachyloban-18-oic acid and ent-7α-hydroxytrachyloban-18-oic acid isolated from Xylopia langsdorfiana A. St-Hil. & Tul. (Annonaceae).

We aimed to investigate the possible spasmolytic activity of ent-7α-acetoxytrachyloban-18-oic acid (1) and ent-7α-hydroxytrachyloban-18-oic acid (2) on smooth muscle models. In male rat aorta and rat uterus, both diterpenes were unable to trigger spasmolytic action. However, 2 relaxed guinea-pig trachea: Compounds 1 and 2 antagonised, significantly and concentration-dependently, carbachol- and histamine-induced phasic contractions in guinea-pig ileum. Moreover, they induced a significant and concentration-dependent relaxation in pre-contracted (KCl, carbachol or histamine) guinea-pig ileum, with 2 being 15 times more potent than 1 in histamine-contracted ileum. These dissimilar results may be due to chemical differences between them. Thus, we demonstrated that 1 and 2 seem to be promising spasmolytic agents, although further studies are required to elucidate the spasmolytic action mechanism.

Ent-7α-acetoxytrachyloban-18-oic acid and ent-7α-hydroxytrachyloban-18-oic acid from Xylopia langsdorfiana A. St-Hil. & Tul. modulate K(+) and Ca(2+) channels to reduce cytosolic calcium concentration on guinea pig ileum.

In this study we investigated the mechanism underlying the spasmolytic action of ent-7α-acetoxytrachyloban-18-oic acid (trachylobane-360) and ent-7α-hydroxytrachyloban-18-oic acid (trachylobane-318), diterpenes obtained from Xylopia langsdorfiana, on guinea pig ileum. Both compounds inhibited histamine-induced cumulative contractions (slope=3.5±0.9 and 4.4±0.7) that suggests a noncompetitive antagonism to histaminergic receptors. CaCl(2)-induced contractions were nonparallelly and concentration-dependently reduced by both diterpenes, indicating blockade of calcium influx through voltage-dependent calcium channels (Ca(v)). The Ca(v) participation was confirmed since both trachylobanes equipotently relaxed ileum pre-contracted with S-(-)-Bay K8644 (EC(50)=3.5±0.7×10-(5) and 1.1±0.2×10-(5)M) and KCl (EC(50)=5.5±0.3×10-(5) and 1.4±0.2×10-(5)M). K(+) channels participation was confirmed since diterpene-induced relaxation curves were significantly shifted to right in the presence of 5mM tetraethylammonium (TEA(+)) (EC(50)=0.5±0.04×10-(4) and 2.0±0.5×10-(5)M). ATP-sensitive K(+) channel (K(ATP)), voltage activated K(+) channels (K(V)), small conductance calcium-activated K(+) channels (SK(Ca)) or big conductance calcium-activated K(+) channels (BK(Ca)) did not seem to participate of trachylobane-360 spasmolytic action. However trachylobane-318 modulated positively K(ATP), K(V) and SK(Ca) (EC(50)=1.1±0.3×10-(5), 0.7±0.2×10-(5) and 0.7±0.2×10-(5)M), but not BK(Ca). A fluorescence analysis technique confirmed the decrease of cytosolic calcium concentration ([Ca(2+)](c)) induced by both trachylobanes in ileal myocytes. In conclusion, trachylobane-360 and trachylobane-318 induced spasmolytic activity by K(+) channel positive modulation and Ca(2+) channel blockade, which results in [Ca(2+)](c) reduction at cellular level leading to smooth muscle relaxation.

Avaliação da toxicidade aguda, efeitos citotóxico e espasmolítico de Pomacea lineata (Spix, 1827) (Mollusca, Caenogastropoda) / Evaluation of the acute toxicity, cytotoxic and spasmolytic effects of Pomacea lineata (Spix, 1827) (Mollusca, Caenogastropoda)

Pomacea sp. e sua desova têm uso popular para tratar diarréia e doenças respiratórias. Este trabalho objetivou avaliar a toxicidade aguda e os efeitos citotóxico e espasmolítico dos liófilos de Pomacea lineata e de sua desova. Os liófilos não apresentaram toxicidade aguda (até 2 g/kg v.o.) ou efeito citotóxico (até 1 mg/mL). P. lineata relaxou a traquéia pré-contraída com CCh na presença (Emax = 48,8 ± 6,4 por cento) e na ausência (Emax = 47,3 ± 9,1 por cento) de epitélio, já a desova relaxou apenas na presença (Emax = 36,3 ± 2,5 por cento) de epitélio. Os liófilos foram ineficazes sobre o tônus espontâneo da traquéia. P. lineata foi mais potente em inibir as contrações do íleo induzidas por ACh (logCI50 = 2,5 ± 0,04 µg/mL) que por hist. (logCI50 = 2,7 ± 0,04 µg/mL). A desova inibiu igualmente as contrações induzidas por ACh (logCI50 = 2,5 ± 0,02 µg/mL) e hist. (logCI50 = 2,5 ± 0,06 µg/mL). P. lineata foi mais potente em relaxar o íleo pré-contraído com ACh (logCE50 = 1,7 ± 0,12 µg/mL) do que com KCl (logCE50 = 2,4 ± 0,06 µg/mL) ou hist. (logCE50 = 2,2 ± 0,18 µg/mL). A desova relaxou equipotentemente o íleo pré-contraído com KCl (logCE50 = 2,3 ± 0,15 µg/mL), ACh (logCE50 = 1,9 ± 0,14 µg/mL) ou hist. (logCE50 = 2,2 ± 0,16 µg/mL), sugerindo um bloqueio dos CaV. P. lineata e sua desova apresentam efeito espasmolítico justificando a sua utilização no tratamento de diarréia e de doenças respiratórias.

Pomacea sp. and its eggs are used against diarrhea and respiratory diseases in folk medicine. The aim of this study was to investigate acute toxicity, cytotoxic and spasmolytic activity of lyophilized Pomacea lineata and its eggs. P. lineata and its eggs present no acute toxicity (until 2 g/kg p.o.) or cytotoxic effect (until 1 mg/mL). P. lineata and its eggs have no effect on guinea-pig trachea spontaneous tonus. P. lineata relaxed trachea pre-contracted with CCh in the presence (Emax = 48.8 ± 6,4 percent) and absence (Emax = 47.3 ± 9,1 percent) of epithelium, the eggs relaxed only in the presence (Emax = 36.3 ± 2.5 percent) P. lineata was more potent to inhibit contractions induced by ACh (logIC50 = 2.5 ± 0.04 µg/mL) than histamine (logIC50 = 2.7 ± 0.04 µg/mL). The eggs inhibited contractions induced by ACh (logIC50 = 2.5 ± 0.02 µg/mL) and histamine (logIC50 = 2.5 ± 0.06 µg/mL) in a non-selective manner. P. lineata was more potent in relax ileum pre-contracted with ACh (logEC50 = 1.7 ± 0.12 µg/mL) than KCl (logEC50 = 2.4 ± 0.06 µg/mL) or histamine (logEC50 = 2.2 ± 0.18 µg/mL). The eggs were equipotent in relax ileum pre-contracted with of KCl (logEC50 = 2.3 ± 0.15 µg/mL), ACh (logEC50 = 1.9 ± 0.14 µg/mL) or histamine (logEC50 = 2.2 ± 0.16 µg/mL), that is suggestive of the blockade of the voltage-operated calcium channels. Collectively, the results validate folk use of P. lineata and its eggs to treat diarrhea and respiratory diseases.