Analysis Of Two Years Cases Of Ectopic Pregnancy.

BACKGROUND: Ectopic pregnancy is the leading cause of pregnancy related deaths in the first trimester. The aim of this study was to evaluate the frequency of risk factors, clinical presentation, diagnostic methods and site of ectopic pregnancy. METHODS: This descriptive cross sectional study was conducted in Gynaecology and Obstetrical Unit-A of Ayub Teaching Hospital Abbottabad from 1st October 2013 to 31st October 2015. All women diagnosed with ectopic pregnancy were included in the study. A predesigned proforma was used to record the details about demographic features, risk factors, clinical features at presentation, diagnostic methods and site of ectopic pregnancy. RESULTS: Out of total 6675 patients admitted during the study period, 45 cases of ectopic pregnancy were diagnosed with frequency of ectopic pregnancy to be 0.65%. Mean age of the patients was 28.98±5.525. Majority of patients were primigravida14 (31.3%), 9 (20.0%) gravida 2, 5 (11.1%) gravida 3, 4 (8.8%) gravida 4, 7 (15.5%) gravida 5, 6 (13.3%) found grand multi out of total 45 ectopic pregnancies, 45% of the patients had no identifiable risk factors, however history of infertility 20 (22.22%), history of Pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) 10 (22.22%), previous ectopic 2 (4.44%) and previous abdominal pelvic surgery 3 (6.67%) were identified as common risk factors of 45 ectopic pregnancies. Out of total 45 sufferers 23 (51.11%) were clinically diagnosed, 20 (44.44%) through abdominal ultrasound and 2 (4.44%) through transvaginal ultrasound. The most frequent clinical presentation was amenorrhea 30 (66.67%) followed by abdominal pain 28 (62.22%), irregular vaginal bleeding 18 (40.00%), asymptomatic patients with routine ultrasound 18 (40.0%) and 10 (22.22%) presented in shock. Twenty-eight (62.2%) of the ectopic pregnancies were found in right sided fallopian tube and 17(37.8%) were found in left sided fallopian tube. The commonest site of ectopic pregnancy was ampulla 29 (64.44%) followed by 11 (24.44%) Isthmus, 4 (8.89%) fimbrial end and 1 (2.22%) were rudimentary horn of uterus out of total 45 ectopic pregnancies. Evidence of 32 (71.1%) patients with ruptured ectopic was recorded. Thirteen (28.9%) were unruptured ectopic. CONCLUSIONS: Amenorrhea and abdominal pain are the most consistent features of ectopic pregnancy.

Feto-Maternal Outcomes Of Maternal Sepsis: A Snapshot Of The Illness.

BACKGROUND: Maternal sepsis is a life-threatening condition with serious adverse feto-maternal outcomes. This descriptive cross-sectional study aimed to study the incidence of common feto-maternal outcomes of maternal sepsis in our hospital. METHODS: Pregnant females with singleton pregnancy as per inclusion/exclusion criteria were enrolled in the study. A detailed medical history was taken and physical and obstetrical examination was done. They were investigated for the cause of their febrile illness and managed as per department protocols. Data was recorded in a pre-designed pro forma. RESULTS: The most common cause of infection was UTI (32; 42.6%) followed by genital infections (20; 26.7%) and respiratory tract infections (15; 20%). In 8 (10.7%) patients, the cause couldn't be found. Only one patient developed sepsis and was admitted to the medical ICU. That pregnancy resulted in PROM and an infant with low birth weight was delivered. Both the mother and the child survived and were discharged from the hospital. There was no mortality in our study group. CONCLUSIONS: Though sepsis was associated with adverse feto-maternal outcomes in our study, the study design prevents us from drawing any conclusions from this study concerning maternal sepsis in our region. Further research is needed to determine the true magnitude of the problem.

Clinical audit of foetomaternal outcome in pregnancies with fibroid uterus.

BACKGROUND: Leiomyoma, myoma, leiomyoma or fibroids are synonymous terms. They may be present in as many as 1 in 5 women over age 35 years. If pregnancy is associated with fibroids, it leads to multiple complications. Objectives of this study were to evaluate the maternal and foetal outcome in women having pregnancy with fibroids in uterus and the complications associated with fibroids during the pregnancy. METHODS: This descriptive study was conducted in the Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Ayub Teaching Hospital Abbottabad from March 2009 to March 2010. Data were collected on performa regarding demographic variables, obstetrical history, mode of delivery, maternal outcome, maternal complications, and foetal outcome. Mean and standard deviation was calculated for age, period of gestation, and obstetrical history. Frequency and percentages was calculated for booking status, maternal outcome, maternal complications and foetal outcome. RESULTS: Thirty patients were included in this study who had pregnancy with fibroid. Normal delivery was achieved in 14 (46.66%) patients. Eight (26.67%) patients had caesarean section and eight (26.67%) had miscarriages. Seven (23.33%) patients had no complications while 8 (26.67%) had miscarriages, 8 (26.67%) had postpartum haemorrhage, 10 (33.33%) had preterm delivery, and 3 patients had ante-partum haemorrhage. Two (10%) patients had premature rupture off membranes and 1 patient (3.33%) had pain abdomen and technical difficulty during caesarean section. There were 12 (40%) healthy babies. Five (16.67%) babies delivered with morbidity but recovered. There were 4 (13.33%) intrauterine deaths and one early neonatal death. CONCLUSION: Fibroid in pregnancy, especially multiple intramural fibroids and fibroids larger than 10 Cm, cause miscarriage and preterm labour.

Assessment of iron deficiency in pregnant women by determining iron status.

BACKGROUND: Pregnant women constitute a high risk group for iron deficiency. Maternal iron deficiency and particularly iron deficiency anaemia may be associated with detrimental effects on maternal and infant function and particularly with a higher risk of preterm delivery and delivery of low birth weight neonates. Objective of this study was to assess and compare the iron status of normal healthy non-pregnant women with that of pregnant women of Hazara Division. METHODS: This study was conducted at Faculty of Health Sciences, Hazara University, and Ayub Medical College, Abbottabad from 1st March to 31st August 2006. Altogether 120 women, 90 pregnant at various stages of pregnancy and 30 non-pregnant women as control group were included in this study by convenience sampling. Their iron status was assessed by determination of haemoglobin (Hb), Serum ferritin, Serum-iron, Total Iron Binding Capacity (TIBC), Unsaturated Iron Binding Capacity (UIBC), and Percentage saturation of transferrin. Data generated on these variables were subjected to ANOVA and correlation analysis. RESULTS: The salient finding of this study is a significant decrease in Hb, Serum ferritin, Serum iron, percentage saturation of transferrin and a significant increase in values of TIBC and a pronounced increase in UIBC in 2nd and 3rd trimester compared to 1st trimester in iron deficient pregnant women. The mean values of Hb, SF, and Fe/TIBC% were significantly lower in the cases than in the control and significantly higher values of TIBC and UIBC were observed in the cases compared to controls. Significant correlations were observed for TIBC, UIBC and Fe/TIBC% against serum iron in different trimesters of pregnancy. CONCLUSION: A high percentage of the pregnant women are iron deficient due to factors such as high parity, poor dietary habits and socioeconomic status.

Vaginoplasty by using amnion graft in patients of vaginal agenesis associated with Mayor-Rokitansky-Kuster-Hauser syndrome.

BACKGROUND: Vaginal agenesis is congenital anomaly of the female genital tract and may occur as isolated developmental defect or as part of a complex of anomalies. The aim of this study was to determine the effectiveness of vaginoplasty by using amnion as graft in the creation of neovagina for patients with Mayor-Rokitansky-Kuster-Hauser Syndrome. METHODS: this is a retrospective study of 28 cases of vaginal agenesis associated with Mayor-Rokitansky-Kuster-Hauser Syndrome, over the period of 20 years, in which vaginoplasty was done by modified McIndoe procedure by using amnion as graft. RESULTS: vaginoplasty using amnion graft was successfully performed in all except one case in which rectum got opened and procedure was abandoned after the repair of rectum. The functional results were quite satisfactory. Except one case none had any significant peri-operative complication. Post surgical results were acceptable to the patients sexually and aesthetically. CONCLUSION: Although new techniques of vaginoplasty have evolved over the years using laparoscopic approach and by use of different materials as graft, vaginoplasty with amnion graft is still a safe and effective procedure to treat patients of vaginal agenesis. The technique is simple and safe and provides a satisfactory and functional vagina in majority of the patients.

Major Depressive Disorder: An Alarming Stigma Of Pregnant Women.

BACKGROUND: Major depressive disorder is the most common psychiatric disease affecting women. Pregnancy significantly increases its prevalence, especially in developing countries. Antenatal major depression is an alarming condition for the mother and the growing foetus. This study aimed to find the frequency of antenatal depression and its relation with obstetric predictors. METHODS: This crosssectional study was conducted during Jan-March of 2014, in Benazir Bhutto women and children, Hospital, Abbottabad. By non- probability consecutive sampling techniques, total 96 pregnant women in third trimester were included during outpatient visiting hours. After inclusion and exclusion criteria, they were diagnosed for low back pain and major depressive disorder. All the data and questions were recorded in a pre-tested questionnaire. Verbal informed consents were obtained. SPSS software (version 21) was used for statistical analysis. RESULTS: The sample included 96 participants with a mean age of 24.56±4.24 years, and mean duration of pregnancy 35.06±3.80 weeks. Forty-one women (42.7%) had high school education level, women from urban areas were 50 (52.1), 54 (56.3%) were from age group, 21-25 years, and 54 (56.3%) had first pregnancy. Among the total, 68 (70.8%) were depressed and 42 (43.8%) were of mild severity. Two third, i.e., 66 (68.8%) had low back pain. None of the results were statistically significant. CONCLUSIONS: Major depressive disorder (of mild severity) is quite high in 3rd-trimester pregnant population of Abbottabad. Frequency was more in uneducated younger age group women, resident of remote areas with first conception were more depressed.

Validity Of Transabdominal Ultrasound Scan In The Prediction Of Uterine Scar Thickness.

BACKGROUND: Caesarean section rate is increasing throughout the world, which increases the risk of complications in subsequent pregnancy with increased maternal and foetal morbidity and mortality. There is risk of uterine rupture in subsequent pregnancy with trial of labour after caesarean section (TOLAC). Therefore, accurate prediction of uterine rupture can be of significant value during the management of subsequent pregnancies after previous caesarean delivery. The aim of this study was to evaluate the accuracy of prenatal transabdominal sonography in determining the lower uterine segment thickness in women with previous caesarean section, to document relevant risk factors in the obstetric history of subjects predisposing to uterine scar rupture and to define a cut-off value of uterine thickness for prediction of uterine rupture. METHODS: This cross-sectional validation study was conducted in the Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Ayub Teaching Hospital, Abbottabad from May to October 2017.Transabdominal ultrasound was carried out in all patients before labour for the measurement of uterine scar thickness. Patients were followed till caesarean section and intraoperative findings were recorded. RESULTS: A total of 117 patients were enrolled. Out of these 33% had thin or dehiscence/rupture scar. At the cut-off value of ≤5 mm the sensitivity was 76.9%, specificity 48.7% and accuracy was 58.12%. No significant association was found between clinical features and scar dehiscence/rupture. CONCLUSIONS: No definite USG cut-off limit could be established to provide guidance regarding the clinical decision of opting for VBAC or repeat caesarean/section; scar thicknesses ≤5.0 mm should be judged cautiously.

Aetiological considerations of acquired aplastic anaemia.

BACKGROUND: Acquired aplastic anaemia is one of the important causes of pancytopenia. This study was conducted to observe the mode of presentation of acquired aplastic anaemia and to find out its possible etiological factors. METHODS: It is a hospital based descriptive study of 100 patients of acquired aplastic anaemia. RESULTS: Out of 100 patients 60 were male and 40 female. Majority (44%) of the patients were between 12-20 years of age. Patient presented with variable symptoms majority (40%) with fever. Most of the patients had haemoglobin levels between 4-6 gm/dl. (53%). Seventy percent of the cases had no obvious cause, while in 30% some known causative factors were found. Chloramphenicol was found to be the most common causative drug. Mortality was 35%. Thirty patients were partially treated and 15 were lost to follow up. Twenty patients showed improvement with treatment. CONCLUSIONS: Acquired aplastic anaemia is common among males and more prevalent in younger age group. It is idiopathic in 70% cases while 30% had some cause. It has very high mortality. Doctors need to keep in mind this fatal condition in patients presenting with anaemia and should properly investigate before prescribing antibiotics and haematinics.

Maternal morbidity and mortality due to primary PPH--experience at Ayub Teaching Hospital Abbottabad.

BACKGROUND: Postpartum Haemorrhage (PPH) remains a significant cause of maternal mortality and morbidity like hypovolemic shock, anaemia, multi organ failure, consumptive coagulopathy, disseminated intra vascular coagulation (DIC), blood transfusion related complications and hysterectomy leading to loss of childbearing potential. The present study was conducted to determine the frequency of PPH and the associated maternal morbidity at the Department of Gynaecology Unit 'B', Ayub Teaching Hospital Abbottabad. METHODS: The study was carried out in the Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology Unit B of the Ayub teaching Hospital Abbottabad from 18th April 2006 to 17 July 2006. The study population included all cases admitted with primary PPH during the study period. For calculation of frequencies, the total number of deliveries in the setting during the study period was used. All subjects underwent a complete obstetrical clinical workup comprising of history, general physical examination, abdominal and pelvic examination, relevant laboratory investigations. The maternal condition was assessed and managed according to established hospital protocols which included both pharmacological and surgical intervention. All maternal complications were noted and recorded on pre-designed proformas. Data was entered and analyzed by computer. RESULTS: A total of 50 cases of primary PPH were recorded during the study period. The frequency of PPH was calculated as 7.1%. The major cause of PPH was uterine atony found in 29 (58%) cases, followed by cervical, vaginal and perineal tears in 12 (24%) cases. Initially all patients were managed pharmacologically followed by surgical intervention. Subtotal (haemostatic) hysterectomy was performed in 10 (20%) cases. Maternal morbidity was detected in 31 (62%) of cases; the major morbidities were DIC in 3 (6%) cases, Acute renal failure in 3 (6%) patients and shock in 2 (9.9%) cases and anaemia in 20 (90.1%) cases. CONCLUSION: The study concludes that the frequency of primary PPH in this setting is in keeping with globally cited frequencies. Other findings such as causes of primary PPH and maternal morbidity data also agree with most national and international studies on this topic.

Seroprevalence Of Brucellosis Among Patients Presenting With Non - Specific Symptoms At Ayub Teaching Hospital Abbottabad.

BACKGROUND: Brucellosis is one of the prevalent zoonotic diseases worldwide. It not only adds to the global burden of disease but also has huge economic impact. Clinical features of human brucellosis are usually vague. This study was carried out to find out the frequency of brucellosis among patients presenting with nonspecific symptoms in hospital setting and to find out risk factors. METHODS: Study was carried out in outpatient Medicine Department of Ayub Teaching Hospital Abbottabad for the period of 3 months. Patients presenting with nonspecific symptoms of fever, body aches, myalgias, arthralgia, headache, backache, malaise and insomnia of either gender between the ages of 18-60 years were included in the study through consecutive sampling technique. Blood Samples from patients were sent for screening Brucella antibodies by serum agglutination method. Antibodies were checked for both Brucella abortus and mellitensis. RESULTS: total 70 patients were recruited in the study. Out of these 49 (70%) were found positive for Brucella. These positive Brucella patients were mostly 42 (85.71%) female and majority 35 (71.4%) were in the age group of 21-40 years. In both male and female patients' majority were positive for both species of Brucella. Nonspecific symptoms included Aches, Pains and Myalgia in all the patients with additional symptoms of Malaise in 13 (18.6%), headache 10 (14.3%) and insomnia and fever in 9 (12.9%) each. Majority of the enrolled patients 53 (75.71) gave negative history of using boiled/pasteurized milk in their daily consumption while 17 (24.3%) patients suggested use of boiled/pasteurized milk. CONCLUSIONS: A high frequency of human brucellosis was found among patients presenting with nonspecific symptoms, therefore it is recommended that such patients should be screened for brucellosis.

Abruptio placentae and its complications at Ayub Teaching Hospital Abbottabad.

BACKGROUND: Abruptio placentae remains a major cause of perinatal morbidity and mortality globally, though of most serious concern in the developing world. As most known causes of abruptio placentae are either preventable or treatable, an increased frequency of the condition remains a source of medical concern. METHODS: The present study was undertaken at the Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Unit B, of the Ayub Teaching Hospital, Abbottabad, Pakistan, from July 2003 to June 2004. Patients of abruptio placentae were selected from all cases of 28 weeks or greater gestation, presenting with ante partum haemorrhage during the study period. Patients underwent a complete obstetrical clinical workup including history, general physical examination, abdominal and pelvic examination. Relevant investigations such as laboratory tests and imaging were performed. Patients were managed according to maternal and fetal condition. Any maternal and/or fetal complications were noted and recorded. All data were collected on predesigned proformas and analyzed by computer. RESULTS: A total of 53 cases of abruptio placentae were recorded out of 1194 cases (4.4%) admitted for delivery during the study period, giving a rate of 44 cases of abruptio placentae per 1000 deliveries. Induction of labour was required in 27 (50.9%) cases, while caesarean section was performed in 16 (30.2%) cases. Major complications were intra uterine fetal demise (31/53, 58.5%), fetal distress (8/22 live births, 36.4%) and post partum haemorrhage, which occurred in 10 (18.9%) cases. CONCLUSIONS: A higher than expected frequency of abruptio placentae exists in our setting and the consequences of abruptio placentae for neonatal mortality outcome are alarmingly high. The majority of patients presented with intra uterine death so that any management protocol directed at abruptio placentae or its consequences is of little help in preventing perinatal mortality.

Use of Foley's catheter and prostaglandin F-2 alpha in second trimester termination of pregnancy.

BACKGROUND: Termination of pregnancy (TOP) in the second trimester is associated with three to five times higher risk of maternal morbidity and mortality than termination during first trimester. The main concern of obstetrician is to provide the most effective and safest regimen which combines the shortest expulsion interval with least side effects. This study was undertaken to compare the use of Foley's catheter with extra-amniotic instillation of PGF2 alpha for second trimester TOP so that a choice of the safer and cost-effective method could be available. METHODOLOGY: The study was conducted in Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology Unit 'B' at Ayub Teaching Hospital Abbottabad between August 2003 and July 2004. Sixty patients recommended for TOP (missed abortion or anencephalic fetus confirmed on ultrasonography) were randomly allocated into two groups. In group 'A', Foley's catheter alone was used while in group 'B' extra amniotic instillation of Prostaglandin F-2 alpha (PGF2 alpha) was done via a Foley's catheter. After expulsion of catheters in both cases oxytocin infusion containing 30 units were started till the expulsion of fetus, placenta and membranes. The mean induction to expulsion time and the mean induction to delivery time for both groups were noted as well as total cost of treatment. RESULTS: Difference in time interval with regard to induction to expulsion time of catheter and induction to delivery time between the two groups was significant being 3 hours and 5 hours respectively less in group 'B' (p < 0.001); however only 25% of patients in group 'B' had a significant short induction to delivery time as compared to group 'A'. The difference in costs of treatment between the groups was also significant (p < 0.001). CONCLUSION: Use of PGF2 alpha is preferred, though for poor patients Foley's catheter may be used, but only in a tertiary care setting.