Sarcopenia phenotype and impaired muscle function in male mice with fast-twitch muscle-specific knockout of the androgen receptor.

Sarcopenia is distinct from normal muscle atrophy in that it is closely related to a shift in the muscle fiber type. Deficiency of the anabolic action of androgen on skeletal muscles is associated with sarcopenia; however, the function of the androgen receptor (AR) pathway in sarcopenia remains poorly understood. We generated a mouse model (fast-twitch muscle-specific AR knockout [fmARKO] mice) in which the AR was selectively deleted in the fast-twitch muscle fibers. In young male mice, the deletion caused no change in muscle mass, but it reduced muscle strength and fatigue resistance and induced a shift in the soleus muscles from fast-twitch fibers to slow-twitch fibers (14% increase, P = 0.02). After middle age, with the control mice, the male fmARKO mice showed much less muscle function, accompanied by lower hindlimb muscle mass; this phenotype was similar to the progression of sarcopenia. The bone mineral density of the femur was significantly reduced in the fmARKO mice, indicating possible osteosarcopenia. Microarray and gene ontology analyses revealed that in male fmARKO mice, there was downregulation of polyamine biosynthesis-related geneswhich was confirmed by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry assay and the primary cultured myofibers. None of the AR deletion-related phenotypes were observed in female fmARKO mice. Our findings showed that the AR pathway had essential muscle type- and sex-specific roles in the differentiation toward fast-twitch fibers and in the maintenance of muscle composition and function. The AR in fast-twitch muscles was the dominant regulator of muscle fiber-type composition and muscle function, including the muscle-bone relationship.

Development of Purkinje cell degeneration in a knockin mouse model reveals lysosomal involvement in the pathogenesis of SCA6.

Spinocerebellar ataxia type 6 (SCA6) is a neurodegenerative disease caused by the expansion of a polyglutamine tract in the Ca(v)2.1 voltage-gated calcium channel. To elucidate how the expanded polyglutamine tract in this plasma membrane protein causes the disease, we created a unique knockin mouse model that modestly overexpressed the mutant transcripts under the control of an endogenous promoter (MPI-118Q). MPI-118Q mice faithfully recapitulated many features of SCA6, including selective Purkinje cell degeneration. Surprisingly, analysis of inclusion formation in the mutant Purkinje cells indicated the lysosomal localization of accumulated mutant Ca(v)2.1 channels in the absence of autophagic response. The lack of cathepsin B, a major lysosomal cysteine proteinase, exacerbated the loss of Purkinje cells and was accompanied by an acceleration of inclusion formation in this model. Thus, the pathogenic mechanism of SCA6 involves the endolysosomal degradation pathway, and unique pathological features of this model further illustrate the pivotal role of protein context in the pathogenesis of polyglutamine diseases.

Kampo formula hochu-ekki-to (Bu-Zhong-Yi-Qi-Tang, TJ-41) ameliorates muscle atrophy by modulating atrogenes and AMPK in vivo and in vitro.

BACKGROUND: Muscle disuse results in loss of skeletal muscle mass and function. Hochu-ekki-to (TJ-41; Bu-Zhong-Yi-Qi-Tang in Chinese) is an herbal medicinal formulation used to treat patients with frailty, fatigue and appetite loss. It has been suggested that two atrogenes, atrogin-1 and muscle Ring finger 1 (MuRF1), are ubiquitin ligases involved in disuse-induced muscle atrophy and that 5' adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase (AMPK) is involved in skeletal muscle metabolism. Effects of TJ-41 on disuse-induced muscle atrophy are unclear. METHODS: We subjected differentiated C2C12 myotubes to serum starvation, then examined the effects of TJ-41 on atrogenes expression, AMPK activity and the morphology of the myotubes. Male C57BL/6J mice were subjected to tail-suspension to induce hindlimb atrophy. We administered TJ-41 by gavage to the control group and the tail-suspended group, then examined the effects of TJ-41 on atrogene expression, AMPK activity, and the muscle weight. RESULTS: Serum starvation induced the expression of atrogin-1 and MuRF1 in C2C12 myotubes, and TJ-41 significantly downregulated the expression of atrogin-1. Tail-suspension of the mice induced the expression of atrogin-1 and MuRF1 in skeletal muscle as well as its muscle atrophy, whereas TJ-41 treatment significantly downregulated the expression of atrogin-1 and ameliorated the loss of the muscle weight. In addition, TJ-41 also activated AMPK and inactivated Akt and mTOR in skeletal muscle in vivo. CONCLUSION: TJ-41 inhibited atrogenes in an Akt-independent manner as well as activating AMPK in skeletal muscles in vivo, further implying the therapeutic potential of TJ-41 against disuse-induced muscle atrophy and other atrogenes-dependent atrophic conditions.