RESUMO
PURPOSE: Multiple myeloma (MM) is often associated with osteolytic bone disease and anemia, resulting in skeletal fragility and persistent fatigue, pain, and reduced quality of life. Exercise is considered safe and beneficial for this population. Our objectives were to evaluate the extent to which MM patients undergoing chemotherapy complied with exercise recommendations and to identify factors associated with noncompliance. METHODS: This retrospective study included 41 MM patients referred to a hospital-based rehabilitation program while undergoing chemotherapy. Variables collected at baseline (T1) and follow-up (T2) included: (a) demographics and medical history, (b) exercise levels (MET-hours/week), preferences and barriers, and (c) fatigue severity scores (0-10). Statistical analyses included logistic regression to identify factors associated with exercise noncompliance and t-tests and chi-squared tests to compare outcomes between the groups according to compliance. RESULTS: The mean age of the participants was 61 years; 73 % were male and 81 % had bone lesions. Overall exercise compliance at T2 was 71 %, with an observed increase in exercise levels (mean group difference: 6.5 MET-hours/week; p < 0.001) and decrease in fatigue severity scores (mean group difference -1.2; p = 0.003). Factors associated with exercise noncompliance included history of pathological fracture (odds ratio [OR] 4.7; p = 0.049), spinal cord compression (SCC) (OR 14.1; p = 0.023), and radiation (OR 28.0; p < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: In this sample of MM patients, high compliance with exercise and associated improvements in fatigue were observed. However, participants with a history of pathological fracture, SCC, or radiation are at increased risk of noncompliance and may require additional supervision to improve exercise compliance.
Assuntos
Terapia por Exercício/métodos , Mieloma Múltiplo/tratamento farmacológico , Mieloma Múltiplo/terapia , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Qualidade de Vida , Estudos RetrospectivosRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Current US military clinical practice guidelines permit emergency transfusions of non-Food and Drug Administration (FDA)-compliant freshly collected blood products in theaters of war. This investigation aimed to characterize the risks of transfusion-transmitted infections (TTIs) associated with battlefield transfusions of non-FDA-compliant blood products. STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS: US Service members who received emergency transfusion products in Iraq and Afghanistan (March 1, 2002-September 30, 2007) were tested for hepatitis C virus (HCV), human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), and hepatitis B virus (HBV) infections using reposed pre- and posttransfusion sera. Selected regions of viral genomes from epidemiologically linked infected recipients and their donors were sequenced and compared. RESULTS: Of 761 US Service members who received emergency transfusion products, 475 were tested for HCV, 472 for HIV, and 469 for HBV. One transfusion-transmitted HCV infection (incidence rate of 2.1/1000 persons) was identified. The pretransfusion numbers (prevalence per 1000 persons) were HCV-four (8/1000), HIV-zero (0/1000), chronic HBV-two (4 /1000), and naturally immune (antibody to HBV core antigen)-nine (19/1000). CONCLUSION: One HCV TTI was determined to be associated with emergency blood product use. The pretransfusion HCV and HBV prevalence in transfusion recipients, themselves members of the potential donor population, indicates better characterization of the deployed force's actual donor population, and further investigations of the TTI prevalence in these donors are needed. These data will inform countermeasure development and clinical decision making.
Assuntos
Guerra do Iraque 2003-2011 , Militares , Transfusão de Plaquetas/efeitos adversos , Reação Transfusional , Viroses/transmissão , Adulto , Idoso , Sequência de Bases , Feminino , Infecções por HIV/epidemiologia , Infecções por HIV/transmissão , Hepatite B/epidemiologia , Hepatite B/transmissão , Hepatite C/epidemiologia , Hepatite C/transmissão , Humanos , Iraque/epidemiologia , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Dados de Sequência Molecular , Viroses/epidemiologiaRESUMO
We assessed the geographic distribution of HIV infection among civilian applicants for US military service. High smoothed HIV prevalences were observed among white applicants in California, Texas, Florida, New York, and New Jersey, and among African-American applicants in New York, New Jersey, Connecticut, Massachusetts, Washington DC, North and South Carolina, Florida, and California. Three HIV spatial clusters were found among whites: New York/New Jersey, southern California, and in south and central Texas. Among African-Americans, three HIV spatial clusters were found: New York/New Jersey, Washington DC/Virginia, and south and central California. The South accounted for a significant proportion of HIV-infected African-American applicants.
Assuntos
Negro ou Afro-Americano , Sistemas de Informação Geográfica , Infecções por HIV/epidemiologia , Militares , Seleção de Pessoal/estatística & dados numéricos , População Branca , Adulto , Infecções por HIV/diagnóstico , Humanos , Seleção de Pessoal/métodos , Seleção de Pessoal/normas , Prevalência , Estados Unidos/epidemiologiaRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Historically, sexually transmitted infections have affected the health of the U.S. military. To determine whether gonorrhea, bacterial vaginosis, genital herpes, and trichomoniasis are predictors of repeat chlamydia diagnoses among U.S. Army women, medical data reported into the Defense Medical Surveillance System during the 2006-2012 period were analyzed. METHODS: For all inpatient and outpatient medical records, the first and second International Classification of Diseases, version 9 (ICD-9) diagnostic positions were reviewed for each chlamydia case to determine the occurrence of repeat diagnoses. The Andersen-Gill regression model, an extension of the Cox model for multiple failure-time data, was used to study associations between predictors and repeat chlamydia diagnoses. RESULTS: Among 28,201 women with a first chlamydia diagnosis, 5145 (18.2%), 1163 (4.1%), 267 (0.9%), and 88 (0.3%) had one, two, three, and four or more repeat diagnoses, respectively. Overall, the incidence of repeat chlamydia was 8.31 cases per 100 person-years, with a median follow-up time of 3.39 years. Gonorrhea (hazard ratio (HR) = 1.58, 95% CI: 1.44-1.73) and bacterial vaginosis (HR = 1.40, 95% CI: 1.09-1.79) were significant predictors for repeat chlamydia. These estimated hazard ratios were attenuated, but remained significant, after controlling for age, race/ethnicity, marital status, and military rank. No significant association was found for genital herpes (HR = 1.13, 95% CI: 0.55-2.29) and trichomoniasis (HR = 1.43, 95% CI: 0.43-4.68). CONCLUSIONS: This large cohort study suggests that gonorrhea and bacterial vaginosis were associated with repeat chlamydia diagnoses among U.S. Army women. These findings can be used in formulating new interventions to prevent repeat chlamydia diagnoses.
Assuntos
Infecções por Chlamydia/diagnóstico , Infecções por Chlamydia/epidemiologia , Gonorreia/complicações , Vaginose Bacteriana/complicações , Adolescente , Adulto , Chlamydia , Feminino , Herpes Genital/complicações , Humanos , Incidência , Estudos Longitudinais , Militares , Modelos de Riscos Proporcionais , Recidiva , Estudos Retrospectivos , Tricomoníase/complicações , Estados Unidos/epidemiologia , Adulto JovemRESUMO
BACKGROUND: The diagnosis of breast cancer in young women (aged 18-45 years) has been increasing. Women are commonly left coping with treatment-related disabilities of the upper limb that can persist for > 2 years postoperatively. PATIENTS AND METHODS: A total of 59 young breast cancer patients (29 in the intervention group and 30 in the control group) participated in a pilot prospective randomized controlled trial to determine whether a 12-week postradiation exercise program would improve long-term arm mobility, pain, and handgrip strength. During an 18-month period, range of motion, handgrip strength, and pain with shoulder movements were evaluated at 6 points. RESULTS: Although the differences were not statistically significant, external rotation and horizontal abduction of the shoulder improved in the intervention group immediately after the exercise intervention (3 months) and showed a trend toward less pain on movement. However, at 18 months after radiation the control and intervention groups both retained a residual loss of range and persistent pain with movement. Radiation to the axilla and/or chest wall yielded long-term (18 months) limitations in flexion and horizontal abduction compared with hypofractionation, which resulted in greater flexion and external rotation at 18 months. The median grip strength of the study participants corresponded to the 10th percentile of healthy aged-matched white women. CONCLUSION: The exercise intervention timed shortly after radiation improved short-term shoulder mobility and pain; however, these gains were not sustained at 18 months after radiation.
Assuntos
Neoplasias da Mama/terapia , Terapia por Exercício/métodos , Força da Mão/fisiologia , Amplitude de Movimento Articular , Articulação do Ombro/fisiologia , Dor de Ombro/reabilitação , Adulto , Axila , Mama/cirurgia , Feminino , Humanos , Mastectomia/efeitos adversos , Projetos Piloto , Estudos Prospectivos , Radioterapia Adjuvante/efeitos adversos , Radioterapia Adjuvante/métodos , Dor de Ombro/etiologia , Resultado do Tratamento , Adulto JovemRESUMO
Little information is known on the rate of repeat gonorrhea infection among U.S. military personnel. We analyzed all gonorrhea cases reported to the Defense Medical Surveillance System during 2006-2012 to determine the rate of repeat infection. During the seven-year study period, 17,602 active duty U.S. Army personnel with a first incident gonorrhea infection were reported. Among the 4987 women with a first gonorrhea infection, 14.4% had at least one repeat infection. Among the 12,615 men with a first gonorrhea infection, 13.7% had at least one repeat infection. Overall, the rate of repeat gonorrhea infection was 44.5 and 48.9 per 1000 person-years for women and men, respectively. Service members aged 17-19 years (hazard ratio [HR] for women = 1.51; HR for men = 1.71), African-American personnel (HR for women = 1.26; HR for men = 2.17), junior enlisted personnel (HR for women = 2.64; HR for men = 1.37), and those with one year or less of service (HR for women = 1.23; HR for men = 1.37) were at higher risk of repeat infection. The findings from this study highlight the need to develop targeted prevention initiatives including education, counseling, and retesting to prevent gonorrhea reinfections among U.S. Army personnel.
Assuntos
Gonorreia/diagnóstico , Militares , Neisseria gonorrhoeae , Adolescente , Adulto , Feminino , Gonorreia/epidemiologia , Humanos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Vigilância da População , Recidiva , Fatores Socioeconômicos , Estados Unidos/epidemiologia , Adulto JovemRESUMO
INTRODUCTION: Bacterial vaginosis (BV) is a common vaginal condition in women of reproductive age, which has been associated with Chlamydia trachomatis and Neisseria gonorrhoeae among commercial sex workers and women attending sexually transmitted infection clinics. Pathogen-specific associations between BV and other sexually transmitted infections among U.S. military women have not been investigated. METHODS: A population-based, nested case-control study was conducted of all incident chlamydia and gonorrhea cases reported to the Defense Medical Surveillance System during 2006-2012. Using a density sampling approach, for each chlamydia or gonorrhea case, 10 age-matched (±1 year) controls were randomly selected from those women who were never diagnosed with these infections. Incidence rate ratios were estimated using conditional logistic regression. Statistical analysis was carried out in December 2015. RESULTS: A total of 37,149 chlamydia cases and 4,987 gonorrhea cases were identified during the study period. Antecedent BV was associated with an increased risk of subsequent chlamydia (adjusted incidence rate ratio=1.51; 95% CI=1.47, 1.55) and gonorrhea (adjusted incidence rate ratio=2.42; 95% CI=2.27, 2.57) infections. For every one additional episode of BV, the risk of acquiring chlamydia and gonorrhea infections increased by 13% and 26%, respectively. A monotonic dose-response relationship was also noted between antecedent BV and subsequent chlamydia and gonorrhea infection. In addition, an effect modification on the additive scale was found between BV and African-American race for gonorrhea, but not for chlamydia. CONCLUSIONS: Among U.S. Army women, antecedent BV is associated with an increased risk of subsequent chlamydia and gonorrhea infection.
Assuntos
Infecções por Chlamydia/epidemiologia , Gonorreia/epidemiologia , Infecções Sexualmente Transmissíveis/epidemiologia , Vaginose Bacteriana/epidemiologia , Adulto , Distribuição por Idade , Estudos de Casos e Controles , Infecções por Chlamydia/diagnóstico , Comorbidade , Intervalos de Confiança , Feminino , Gonorreia/diagnóstico , Humanos , Modelos Logísticos , Militares , Prevalência , Estudos Retrospectivos , Medição de Risco , Infecções Sexualmente Transmissíveis/microbiologia , Infecções Sexualmente Transmissíveis/prevenção & controle , Estados Unidos/epidemiologia , Vaginose Bacteriana/microbiologia , Adulto JovemRESUMO
PURPOSE: Breast cancer (BC) diagnosis in young adults (YA) is rising, and both disease and treatments are aggressive in this population. Evidence supports the use of physical activity in reducing shoulder dysfunction, which is common among BC survivors. A pilot randomized clinical trial was performed to determine the effectiveness of a 12-week post-radiation exercise program in minimizing upper extremity dysfunction in YA with BC. METHODS: Participants were randomized to either an exercise arm or a control arm receiving standard care. Data was collected over six time points using: the Disability of Arm, Shoulder, and Hand (DASH); the Metabolic Equivalent of Task-hours per week (MET-hours/week), and a post hoc questionnaire on return to work. RESULTS: In total, 59 young women participated in the study (n = 29 exercise; n = 30 control). No statistically significant differences were found in overall DASH results between groups; however, those who underwent total mastectomy had residual upper limb dysfunction (p < 0.05). Both groups returned to pre-diagnosis activity levels by 18 months. Final evaluation showed that 86% of the women returned to work, and 89% resumed prior work activities with a decrease of 8.5 h/week. CONCLUSION: Although the short-term targeted exercise program had no effect on long-term upper limb function post-radiation, timing and program specificity may require consideration of tissue healing post-radiation and surgery type. The majority of participants returned to work, however not returning to pre-diagnosis work hours. IMPLICATIONS FOR CANCER SURVIVORS: Exercise interventions alone may not reverse the long-term sequelae of breast cancer treatment and allow young adult patients to return to work.
Assuntos
Neoplasias da Mama/reabilitação , Terapia por Exercício/métodos , Retorno ao Trabalho/tendências , Extremidade Superior/fisiopatologia , Adolescente , Adulto , Neoplasias da Mama/mortalidade , Neoplasias da Mama/radioterapia , Feminino , Humanos , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Projetos Piloto , Estudos Prospectivos , Inquéritos e Questionários , Sobreviventes , Adulto JovemRESUMO
To study the molecular epidemiology of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) strains among men who have sex with men (MSM), the main high-risk group for HIV infection in Colombia, 113 HIV-positive MSM subjects recruited in Bogotá during the year 2002 were genotyped. By heteroduplex mobility assay (env HMA) all samples were classified as subtype B. Partial sequencing of the protease and the reverse transcriptase (Pro/RT) regions performed on a random subset of 10 samples revealed that nine were classified as subtype B, and one sample was subtype F. The specimen that is subtype F in pol and subtype B in env is likely to be is either a recombinant or a dual infection. In this study, we identify the HIV F subtype for the first time in Colombia.
Assuntos
Genes pol/genética , Infecções por HIV/genética , HIV-1/genética , Homossexualidade Masculina , Adolescente , Adulto , Colômbia/epidemiologia , Infecções por HIV/epidemiologia , Humanos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Filogenia , Especificidade da EspécieRESUMO
To study the molecular epidemiology of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) strains in Medellín, Colombia, 115 HIV-1-positive individuals who were recruited from an HIV outpatient hospital (Universitario San Vicente de Paul) during the period from July 2001 to January 2002 were genotyped. All samples were analyzed by envelope heteroduplex mobility assay and found to be subtype B. Twenty-four samples were randomly selected for sequencing of the protease and the reverse transcriptase regions; all isolates were found to be subtype B. Phylogenetic analysis of seven nearly full-length genomes showed that all samples were subtype B. This study shows that the HIV epidemic in Colombia continues to be dominated by the subtype B virus. The predominance of subtype B genotypes of HIV-1 strains in Medellín resembles what is seen in the nearby countries of Peru, Ecuador, and Venezuela.
Assuntos
Infecções por HIV/epidemiologia , HIV-1/classificação , Adolescente , Adulto , Colômbia/epidemiologia , Primers do DNA , DNA Viral/análise , Feminino , Genótipo , Infecções por HIV/etiologia , HIV-1/genética , Humanos , Masculino , Reação em Cadeia da PolimeraseRESUMO
Bacterial vaginosis (BV) is a common vaginal disorder in women of reproductive age. Since the initial work of Leopoldo in 1953 and Gardner and Dukes in 1955, researchers have not been able to identify the causative etiologic agent of BV. There is increasing evidence, however, that BV occurs when Lactobacillus spp., the predominant species in healthy vaginal flora, are replaced by anaerobic bacteria, such as Gardenella vaginalis, Mobiluncus curtisii, M. mulieris, other anaerobic bacteria and/or Mycoplasma hominis. Worldwide, it estimated that 20-30 % of women of reproductive age attending sexually transmitted infection (STI) clinics suffer from BV, and that its prevalence can be as high as 50-60 % in high-risk populations (e.g., those who practice commercial sex work (CSW). Epidemiological data show that women are more likely to report BV if they: 1) have had a higher number of lifetime sexual partners; 2) are unmarried; 3) have engaged in their first intercourse at a younger age; 4) have engaged in CSW, and 5) practice regular douching. In the past decade, several studies have provided evidence on the contribution of sexual activity to BV. However, it is difficult to state that BV is a STI without being able to identify the etiologic agent. BV has also emerged as a public health problem due to its association with other STIs, including: human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), herpes simplex virus type 2 (HSV-2), Chlamydia trachomatis (CT) and Neisseria gonorrhoeae (NG). The most recent evidence on the association between BV and CT/NG infection comes from two secondary analyses of cohort data conducted among women attending STI clinics. Based on these studies, women with BV had a 1.8 and 1.9-fold increased risk for NG and CT infection, respectively. Taken together, BV is likely a risk factor or at least an important contributor to subsequent NG or CT infection in high-risk women. Additional research is required to determine whether this association is also present in other low-risk sexually active populations, such as among women in the US military. It is essential to conduct large scale cross-sectional or population-based case-control studies to investigate the role of BV as a risk factor for CT/NG infections. These studies could lead to the development of interventions aimed at reducing the burden associated with bacterial STIs worldwide.
RESUMO
OBJECTIVE: To characterize HIV-1 strains in a potential vaccine trial cohort (CODE) in the Mbeya region of southwest Tanzania. DESIGN: Study volunteers (n = 3096) were recruited from urban areas in Mbeya Town, using two different recruitment strategies, and in a nearby rural village. METHODS: Cryopreserved plasma from 507 HIV-1 prevalent cases was the source of viral RNA for HIV-1 genotyping by the Multi-region Hybridization Assay, the MHA(acd), and selected strains were confirmed by complete genome sequencing. RESULTS: The overall HIV-1 prevalence was 16.6% [95% confidence interval (CI), 15.3-17.9] within the cohort. HIV-1 prevalence was higher among women, and in urban areas. Recruitment through advertisement targeted a high-risk urban male population for HIV-1 infection [adjusted odds ratio (adj. OR), 1.68; 95% CI, 1.13-2.51] when compared with men recruited door-to-door. The complexity of the HIV-1 epidemic was also higher in urban areas evidenced by the high-risk of HIV-1 infection with a recombinant strain (adj. OR, 2.69; 95% CI, 1.08-6.69) and HIV-1 dual infection (adj. OR, 5.16; 95% CI, 1.07-24.9), mainly driven by urban men recruited through advertisement. CONCLUSIONS: Overall the urban epidemic was more genetically complex, with higher prevalence and more recombinants and dual infections. Vaccine trials in Mbeya region can assess a complex HIV-1 population dynamic and determine vaccine efficacy in relationship to the genetic diversity of HIV-1 strains that challenge vaccines.
Assuntos
Infecções por HIV/epidemiologia , HIV-1/classificação , Adolescente , Adulto , Feminino , Infecções por HIV/classificação , Humanos , Masculino , Razão de Chances , Prevalência , Saúde da População Rural , Tanzânia/epidemiologia , Saúde da População UrbanaRESUMO
PURPOSE: We chose to examine the impact of socioeconomic factors on accrual to National Cancer Institute (NCI)-sponsored cancer treatment trials. PATIENTS AND METHODS: We estimated the geographic and demographic cancer burden in the United States and then identified 24,332 patients accrued to NCI-sponsored cancer treatment trials during a 12-month period. Next, we examined accrual by age, sex, geographic residence, health insurance status, health maintenance organization market penetration, several proxy measures of socioeconomic status, the availability of an oncologist, and the presence of a hospital with an approved multidisciplinary cancer program. RESULTS: Pediatric patients were accrued to clinical trials at high levels, whereas after adolescence, only a small percentage of cancer patients were enrolled onto clinical trials. There were few differences by sex. Black males as well as Asian-American and Hispanic adults were accrued to clinical trials at lower rates than white cancer patients of the same age. Overall, the highest observed accrual was in suburban counties. Compared with the United States population, patients enrolled onto clinical trials were significantly less likely to be uninsured and more like to have Medicare health insurance. Geographic areas with higher socioeconomic levels had higher levels of clinical trial accruals. The number of oncologists and the presence of approved cancer programs both were significantly associated with increased accrual to clinical trials. CONCLUSION: We must work to increase the number of adults who enroll onto trials, especially among the elderly. Ongoing partnership with professional societies may be an effective approach to strengthen accrual to clinical trials.
Assuntos
Ensaios Clínicos como Assunto/estatística & dados numéricos , Neoplasias/terapia , Adolescente , Adulto , Distribuição por Idade , Idoso , Institutos de Câncer , Criança , Etnicidade , Feminino , Humanos , Seguro Saúde , Masculino , Oncologia , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Análise Multivariada , National Institutes of Health (U.S.) , Participação do Paciente , Seleção de Pacientes , Distribuição por Sexo , Fatores Socioeconômicos , Estados UnidosRESUMO
The U.S. Army initiated an investigation in response to observations of a possible increase in HIV incidence among soldiers deployed to combat. Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected U.S. Army soldiers are not eligible to deploy. Combat presents a health hazard to HIV-infected soldiers and they pose a threat to the safety of the battlefield blood supply and their contacts. All soldiers are routinely screened for HIV every 2 years and those who deploy are also screened both prior to and after deployment. Seroconversion rates were estimated for all soldiers who deployed to Afghanistan or Iraq in the period 2001-2007 and all active duty soldiers who did not. Seroconverters with an estimated date of infection, based on calculation of the midpoint between the last seronegative and first seropositive test date, that was either before or during deployment were eligible for inclusion. Confidential interviews and medical record reviews were conducted to determine the most likely time, geographic location, and mode of infection. Reposed predeployment samples were tested for HIV ribonucleic acid. The HIV seroconversion rate among all soldiers who deployed was less than the rate among those who did not deploy: 1.04 and 1.42 per 10,000 person-years, respectively. Among 48 cases, most were determined to have been infected in the United States or Germany and prior to deployment (n=20, 42%) or during rest and relaxation leave (n=13, 27%). Seven seronegative acute infections were identified in the predeployment period. Subtype was determined for 40 individuals; all were subtype B infections. All were acquired through sexual contact. These findings can inform development of preventive interventions and refinement of existing screening policy to further reduce HIV-infected deployed soldier person time.
Assuntos
Soropositividade para HIV/epidemiologia , HIV-1/isolamento & purificação , Militares/estatística & dados numéricos , Adulto , Campanha Afegã de 2001- , Feminino , Soropositividade para HIV/transmissão , Humanos , Incidência , Guerra do Iraque 2003-2011 , Masculino , Programas de Rastreamento , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Fatores de Tempo , Estados Unidos/epidemiologia , Adulto JovemRESUMO
BACKGROUND AND METHODS: Active duty US Army and Air Force military personnel undergo mandatory biennial HIV antibody screening. We compared pre- and post-HIV seroconversion health status by conducting a case-control study, which evaluated all medical encounters and sociodemographic factors among incident HIV seroconverters and HIV-negative controls from June 2000 through February 2004. RESULTS: A total of 274 HIV seroconverters and 6205 HIV-negative personnel were included. In multivariate analysis restricted to male personnel (cases = 261, controls = 5801), single marital status (adjusted odds ratio [AOR] = 14.37), clinical indicators or symptoms within four years of HIV diagnosis (AOR = 6.22), black race (AOR = 5.88), nonindicator clinical syndromes within 2 years of HIV diagnosis (AOR = 3.31), any mental disorder within 4 years of HIV diagnosis (AOR = 3.04), increasing service-connected time (AOR = 1.69), and older age (AOR = 1.12) were associated with HIV diagnosis among males. A prior history of a sexually transmitted infection (STI) was associated with post-HIV seroconversion STI (OR(M-H) = 4.10). Similarly, a prior history of mental disorder was associated with post-HIV seroconversion mental disorder (OR(M-H) = 4.98). Forty-seven (18%) male cases were hospitalized at least once after HIV diagnosis; infectious diseases, and mental disorders made up 53% of initial admissions. CONCLUSIONS: HIV seroconversion was associated with increased health care-seeking behavior, STIs, and mental disorders, some of which may be amenable to screening. The higher STI rate after HIV diagnosis may partially be a consequence of monitoring, but secondary transmission of STI and possibly HIV require further definition and subsequent tailored preventive interventions.
Assuntos
Infecções por HIV/epidemiologia , Infecções por HIV/patologia , Serviços de Saúde/estatística & dados numéricos , Militares , Aceitação pelo Paciente de Cuidados de Saúde/estatística & dados numéricos , Adolescente , Adulto , Estudos de Casos e Controles , Feminino , Infecções por HIV/diagnóstico , Humanos , Masculino , Fatores de Risco , Estados Unidos , Adulto JovemRESUMO
Since 1985, the U.S. Department of Defense has periodically screened all military personnel for HIV allowing for the monitoring of the infection in this dynamic cohort population. A nested case-control study was performed to study sociodemographics, overseas assignment, and molecular analysis of HIV. Cases were newly identified HIV infections among U.S. Army and Air Force military personnel from 2000 to 2004. Controls were frequency matched to cases by gender and date of case first positive HIV screening test. Genotyping analysis was performed using high-throughput screening assays and partial genome sequencing. HIV was significantly associated with black race [odds ratio (OR) = 6.65], single marital status (OR = 4.45), and age (OR per year = 1.07). Ninety-seven percent were subtype B and 3% were non-B subtypes (A3, CRF01_AE, A/C recombinant, G, CRF02_AG). Among cases, overseas assignment in the period at risk prior to their first HIV-positive test was associated with non-B HIV subtype infection (OR = 8.44). Black and single military personnel remain disproportionately affected by HIV infection. Most non-B HIV subtypes were associated with overseas assignment. Given the increased frequency and length of assignments, and the expanding HIV genetic diversity observed in this population, there is a need for active HIV genotyping surveillance and a need to reinforce primary HIV prevention efforts.
Assuntos
Demografia , Infecções por HIV/epidemiologia , HIV-1/genética , Militares , Adulto , Estudos de Casos e Controles , Estudos de Coortes , Feminino , Genótipo , Humanos , Masculino , Epidemiologia Molecular , Análise de Sequência de DNA , Adulto JovemRESUMO
OBJECTIVE: To study socio-demographics, sexual practices, drug use behaviors, and prevalences of HIV, syphilis, hepatitis B and C, HTLV-1 and HTLV-2 in immigrant (foreigner) and non-immigrant (local/native) female sex workers (FSW). DESIGN: This was a cross-sectional study in immigrant and non-immigrant FSW living in Buenos Aires, Argentina. Participants were interviewed using a standardized questionnaire. RESULTS: A total of 625 FSW were enrolled, of whom 169 (27%) were immigrant FSW from Paraguay, the Dominican Republic, Brazil, Peru, and Uruguay. The prevalence of syphilis and hepatitis C was significantly higher among Argentinean FSW than among immigrant FSW. However, hepatitis B prevalence was higher among immigrant FSW. Adjusted risk factor analysis comparing immigrant FSW with Argentinean FSW indicated that marital status (single), occupation (none), fee per sex act (Assuntos
Trabalho Sexual
, Transtornos Relacionados ao Uso de Substâncias/epidemiologia
, Viroses/epidemiologia
, Adolescente
, Argentina/epidemiologia
, Estudos Transversais
, Emigrantes e Imigrantes
, Feminino
, Humanos
, Prevalência
, Comportamento Sexual
, Adulto Jovem
RESUMO
In preparation for HIV-1 vaccine trials in Kenya, 2801 study volunteers, from a tea plantation in Kericho, were recruited as part of a prospective vaccine cohort development study. Cryopreserved plasma was available from 401 HIV-positive volunteers, and was the source of viral RNA for genotyping by the multiregion hybridization assay (MHA). Logistic regression was performed to determine association of risk factors and HIV-1 recombinant and dual infections. At baseline, HIV-1 subtype A was the dominant circulating pure subtype (56%), followed by subtype D (10%) and C (5%). Recombinant HIV-1 strains accounted for almost one-third of all infections (29%), with 7% infected with a dual strain of the HIV-1 variants described. A higher number of HIV-1 recombinant and dual infections was observed among volunteers who were 18-24 and 25-29 years of age, affiliated with the Luo tribe, had been married two or more times, reported not being circumcised, and had STI symptoms in the past 6 months. Adjusted odds ratios (AOR) significantly associated with HIV-1 recombinant and dual infection were age difference from current spouse (5-9 years; AOR = 2.5, 95% CI = 1.2-5.3 and > or = 10 years; AOR = 3.1, 95% CI = 1.5-6.4) and reported STI symptoms in the past 6 months (AOR = 4.8, 95% CI = 2.0-11.6), respectively. In conclusion, our results suggest that there is considerable heterogeneity with respect to HIV-1 subtype diversity in this population that should be considered in the planning for future vaccine trials in the region.
Assuntos
Variação Genética , Infecções por HIV , HIV-1/genética , População Rural , Vacinas contra a AIDS/genética , Adolescente , Adulto , Etnicidade , Feminino , Infecções por HIV/epidemiologia , Infecções por HIV/etnologia , Infecções por HIV/virologia , HIV-1/classificação , Humanos , Quênia/epidemiologia , Quênia/etnologia , Masculino , Epidemiologia Molecular , Mutação , Prevalência , Recombinação Genética , Fatores de Risco , Adulto JovemRESUMO
The conduct of Phase I/II HIV vaccine trials internationally necessitates the development of region-specific clinical reference ranges for trial enrollment and participant monitoring. A population based cohort of adults in Kericho, Kenya, a potential vaccine trial site, allowed development of clinical laboratory reference ranges. Lymphocyte immunophenotyping was performed on 1293 HIV seronegative study participants. Hematology and clinical chemistry were performed on up to 1541 cohort enrollees. The ratio of males to females was 1.9:1. Means, medians and 95% reference ranges were calculated and compared with those from other nations. The median CD4+ T cell count for the group was 810 cells/microl. There were significant gender differences for both red and white blood cell parameters. Kenyan subjects had lower median hemoglobin concentrations (9.5 g/dL; range 6.7-11.1) and neutrophil counts (1850 cells/microl; range 914-4715) compared to North Americans. Kenyan clinical chemistry reference ranges were comparable to those from the USA, with the exception of the upper limits for bilirubin and blood urea nitrogen, which were 2.3-fold higher and 1.5-fold lower, respectively. This study is the first to assess clinical reference ranges for a highland community in Kenya and highlights the need to define clinical laboratory ranges from the national community not only for clinical research but also care and treatment.
Assuntos
Laboratórios , Valores de Referência , População Rural , Sorodiagnóstico da AIDS , Adolescente , Adulto , Análise Química do Sangue , Estudos de Coortes , Feminino , Testes Hematológicos , Humanos , Quênia , Malária/diagnóstico , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Controle de Qualidade , Sorodiagnóstico da SífilisRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Clinical trials are increasingly being conducted internationally. In order to ensure enrollment of healthy participants and proper safety evaluation of vaccine candidates, established reference intervals for clinical tests are required in the target population. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS: We report a reference range study conducted in Ugandan adult blood bank donors establishing reference intervals for hematology and clinical chemistry parameters. Several differences were observed when compared to previously established values from the United States, most notably in neutrophils and eosinophils. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE: In a recently conducted vaccine trial in Uganda, 31 percent (n = 69) of volunteers screened (n = 223) were excluded due to hematologic abnormalities. If local reference ranges had been employed, 83% of those screened out due to these abnormalities could have been included in the study, drastically reducing workload and cost associated with the screening process. In addition, toxicity tables used in vaccine and drug trial safety evaluations may need adjustment as some clinical reference ranges determined in this study overlap with grade 1 and grade 2 adverse events.