Incidence and risk factors for colorectal cancer in Africa: a systematic review and meta-analysis.

INTRODUCTION: Colorectal cancer (CRC) is the second leading cause of cancer-related death worldwide. There is a significant burden of mortality from colorectal cancer in Africa. Due to the heterogeneity of dietary and lifestyle practices throughout Africa, our work sought to define risk factors for the development of CRC in the African continent. METHODS: We systematically searched PubMed, Embase, Global Health, CINAHL, Cochrane CENTRAL, and African Index Medicus for studies written in English, examining the incidence and risk factors of CRC in Africa. A systematic analysis was done to compare different risk factors in constituent studies. A meta-analysis random effects model was fitted to estimate the pooled incidence of CRC. RESULTS: Of 2471 studies screened, 26 were included for the quantitative analysis; 20 in the incidence analysis, and six in the risk factor analysis. The overall ASIR per 100,000 person-years of CRC for males and females was 7.51 and 6.22, respectively. The highest incidence rates were observed between 2012 and 2021. Risk factors for CRC in Africa include tobacco smoking, and consumption of red meat, butter, and alcohol. Protective factors included, regular consumption of fruits and regular physical activity. CONCLUSION: The incidence of CRC in Africa is higher than that suggested by previous studies. Our study shows that nonmodifiable and modifiable factors contribute to CRC in Africa. High-quality studies conducted on generalizable populations that examine risk factors in a comprehensive fashion are required to inform primary and secondary prevention initiatives for CRC in Africa.

Helicobacter pylori Antibiotic Resistance in the United States Between 2011 and 2021: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.

INTRODUCTION: Antimicrobial resistance among Helicobacter pylori strains has been rising globally, leading to declining eradication rates. We performed a systematic review and meta-analysis of the resistance patterns of H. pylori strains in the United States between 2011 and 2021. METHODS: Ovid MEDLINE, Embase, CINAHL, and Cochrane CENTRAL databases were searched for manuscripts and conference abstracts published between 2011 and 2021 reporting H. pylori antibiotic resistance. A mixed-effects model estimated pooled rates of resistance to clarithromycin, amoxicillin, metronidazole, tetracycline, rifabutin, levofloxacin, or a combination of these, with 95% confidence intervals (CIs). RESULTS: A total of 19 studies including 2,660 samples, met inclusion criteria. The pooled rate of resistance to metronidazole was 42.1% (95% CI 27.3%-58.6%), levofloxacin 37.6% (95% CI 26.3%-50.4%), clarithromycin 31.5% (95% CI 23.6%-40.6%), amoxicillin 2.6% (95% CI 1.4%-5.0%), tetracycline 0.87% (95% CI 0.2%-3.8%), rifabutin 0.17% (95% CI 0.00%-10.9%), and dual clarithromycin and metronidazole 11.7% (95% CI 0.1%-94.0%). Considerable data heterogeneity was evident for pooled resistance prevalence rates (I 2 > 50%), with the exception of rifabutin resistance. DISCUSSION: Metronidazole, levofloxacin, and clarithromycin resistance rates each exceed 30%; thus, choosing an empiric antibiotic regimen without knowledge of the likely pattern of antibiotic resistance is not appropriate. Resistance to tetracycline, rifabutin, and amoxicillin remains low. Given the scarcity of available data with considerable heterogeneity among studies, continued surveillance, ideally with a more systematic approach to data collection, is an increasingly important goal in H. pylori management.

Association Between Low-Dose Aspirin and Development of Gestational Diabetes: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the association between the use of low-dose aspirin for preeclampsia prophylaxis and risks of gestational diabetes (primary outcome), neonatal hypoglycemia, macrosomia, large for gestational age, birth trauma, and shoulder dystocia (secondary outcomes). DATA SOURCES: We searched Ovid MEDLINE, Embase, CINAHL, and Cochrane/CENTRAL for studies published between January 1, 1989, and April 24, 2021. STUDY SELECTION: Randomized controlled trials (RCTs) or cohort studies of any size conducted in any setting were included. DATA EXTRACTION AND SYNTHESIS: We assessed risk of bias using the Cochrane Risk of Bias tool 2.0 (for RCTs) and the Newcastle-Ottawa Scale (for cohort studies). We meta-analyzed relative risks (RRs) using random-effects models. CONCLUSIONS: Our search retrieved 4441 records, of which 9 studies (6 RCTs with 1932 patients and 3 cohort studies with 313 837 patients) met inclusion criteria. We rated only 4 of the 6 RCTs and 1 of the 3 cohort studies at low risk of bias. Low-dose aspirin in pregnancy for preeclampsia prophylaxis was not associated with a greater risk of gestational diabetes (RR 1.18; 95% confidence interval 0.80-1.74). No studies reported data for the secondary outcomes. In summary, the use of low-dose aspirin does not appear associated with risk of gestational diabetes. The poor quality and small number of studies limit the interpretation of these results.

What Do You Know About Maryjane? A Systematic Review of the Current Data on the THC:CBD Ratio.

Background: Ratios of delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) and cannabidiol (CBD) impact metabolism and therapeutic effects of cannabis. Currently, no states with legalized medical or recreational cannabis consider ratios THC:CBD in regulations. Objective: Determine what THC:CBD ratios are selected for use in clinical cannabis trials and what is the rationale. Methods: This is a systematic literature review of Central, CINAHL, Embase, PsycInfo, and PubMed of the last 10 years of English language medical cannabis publications highlighting THC:CBD ratios. Included were clinical studies of products containing and listing both THC and CBD ratios, percentages, or weighted amounts. Case reports and series, abstracts, reviews, and meta-analysis were excluded. Non-human, non-therapeutic, or studies examining approved cannabis pharmaceuticals were excluded. Results: Four hundred and seventy-nine (479) unique references were found, of which 11 met inclusion criteria. THC:CBD ratios listed and/or calculated: 1:0, 22:1, 2:1, 1:1, 1:2, 1:6, 1:9, 1:20, 1:33, 1:50, and 0:1. Rationale for ratios selected was often not listed, or simply trivialized as the ratios available to patients in the area, or ratios that were pharmaceutically available throughout the study country. One study compared ratios of high and low THC:CBD, but did not specify the ratios. Conclusion: The medical and scientific communities have not drawn substantive conclusions nor thoroughly explored THC:CBD ratios for "best practice" treatment of different disease processes and their sequelae. While there is evidence that cannabis provides medical benefits, research is lacking on standardization of medical cannabis use in modern medical practices.

Persistent peritonitis in peritoneal dialysis: a comphrenesive review of recurrent, relapsing, refractory, and repeat peritonitis.

Peritonitis is a major cause of morbidity and technique failure in patients receiving peritoneal dialysis. Complicated peritonitis that manifests as multiple or unresolving episodes is classified as refractory, recurrent, relapsing, or repeat peritonitis, and often possesses higher risk of technique failure and mortality as well as lower complete cure rates than primary or uncomplicated episodes. While these peritonitis subtypes affect a considerable portion of PD patients, details regarding their epidemiology, pathogenesis, diagnosis, clinical sequelae, and management have not yet been fully elucidated. Improved clinical awareness and understanding of complicated peritonitis subtypes is crucial to ensure optimal management for these patients; thus, we consolidate and report the pertinent findings of recent literature on these four entities.

Mechanisms of Behavior Change in Adolescent Substance Use Treatment: A Systematic Review of Treatment Mediators and Recommendations for Advancing Future Research.

Substance use disorders commonly onset during adolescence, yet the best available treatments yield only modest and transient effects. Elucidating treatment mediators is essential for improving treatment options. This review summarizes over 20 years of research on mediators of adolescent substance use treatment; k = 17 studies assessing both treatment or treatment ingredient to mediator (a path) and mediator to treatment outcome (b path) paths were included. Mediators were categorized using the Science of Behavior Change target class framework. Overall, mediation tests supported four of eight self-regulation, two of 10 stress resilience and reactivity, six of 19 interpersonal and social process, and two of four treatment engagement and adherence mediators. To enhance the capacity of this work to inform clinical practice, we recommend future research examine theoretically informed mechanisms using temporally sequenced data among other methodological guidelines.

Maternal sleep disordered breathing and offspring growth outcome: A systematic review and meta-analysis.

Sleep disordered breathing is extremely common in pregnancy and is a risk factor for maternal complications. Animal models demonstrate that intermittent hypoxia causes abnormal fetal growth. However, there are conflicting data on the association between maternal sleep disordered breathing and offspring growth in humans. We investigated this association by conducting a systematic review and meta-analysis. Sixty-three manuscripts, and total study population of 67, 671, 110 pregnant women were included. Thirty-one studies used subjective methods to define sleep disordered breathing, 24 applied objective methods and eight used international codes. Using a random effects model, habitual snoring, defined by subjective methods, and obstructive sleep apnea, diagnosed by objective methods, were associated with an increased risk for large for gestational age (OR 1.46; 95%CI 1.02-2.09 and OR 2.19; 95%CI 1.63-2.95, respectively), while obstructive sleep apnea, identified by international codes, was associated with an increased risk for small for gestational age newborns (OR 1.28; 95%CI 1.02-1.60). Our results support that maternal sleep disordered breathing is associated with offspring growth, with differences related to the type of disorder and diagnostic methods used. Future studies should investigate underlying mechanisms and whether treatment of sleep disordered breathing ameliorates the neonatal growth.

Evidence-based surgery for cesarean hysterectomy secondary to placenta accreta spectrum: A systematic review.

OBJECTIVE: In this systematic review, we aim to propose evidence-based management for perioperative care to improve outcomes at the time of planned cesarean hysterectomy for placenta accreta spectrum, a procedure associated with significant maternal and neonatal morbidity. DATA SOURCES: We conducted a literature search for studies published in MEDLINE (via Ovid), Embase, CINAHL, and Cochrane/CENTRAL up until February 25, 2022. The search included free-text and controlled-vocabulary terms for cesarean section, cesarean delivery, and hysterectomy. STUDY ELIGIBILITY CRITERIA: We included randomized controlled trials, prospective cohort, retrospective cohort, and case-control studies published in English that reported on a perioperative intervention in the performance of a planned CH for PAS. Studies must have included a comparator group. Of the 8,907 studies screened in this systematic review, 79 met the inclusion criteria. STUDY APPRAISAL AND SYNTHESIS METHODS: Articles examining each step or intervention of the CH were grouped together and reviewed qualitatively as a group. Evidence levels and recommendations were made by consensus of all authors according to the terminology of the United States Preventive Services Task Force (USPSTF). We synthesized the results of 79 articles, and provided 28 recommendations. RESULTS: Based on USPSTF criteria, 21.4 % of the recommendations were level B (n = 6), 39.3 % were C (n = 11), 10.7 % were D (n = 3) and 28.6 % were I (n = 8). The interventions with the highest level of recommendation included delivery at a hospital with high cesarean hysterectomy volume, implementation of a standardized hospital protocol, delivery via a planned procedure, neuraxial anesthesia, and transverse skin incision (all level B recommendations by USPSTF criteria). CONCLUSIONS: Development of a standardized hospital protocol, delivery at a center with high CH surgical volume, and utilization of neuraxial anesthesia garnered B evidence levels. Recommendations were limited due to the lack of prospective trials. Further research into the technical aspects of this high-risk procedure is warranted.

Cognitive performance in functional seizures compared with epilepsy and healthy controls: a systematic review and meta analysis.

BACKGROUND: Cognition is a core component of functional seizures, but the literature on cognition in this disorder has been heterogeneous, with no clear unifying profile emerging from individual studies. The aim of this study was to do a systematic review and meta-analysis of cognitive performance in adults with functional seizures compared with epilepsy (including left temporal lobe epilepsy) and compared with healthy non-seizure cohorts. METHODS: In this systematic review and meta-analysis, starting Feb 6, 2023, replicated and updated on Oct 31, 2023, a medical librarian searched MEDLINE, Embase, PsycINFO, and Web of Science. Inclusion criteria were full reports documenting raw or standardised cognitive test data in adults with functional seizures compared with adults with epilepsy, prospectively recruited healthy comparisons, or published norms. Grey literature was retained and there were no language or date restrictions. We excluded studies only reporting on mixed functional seizures and epilepsy, or mixed functional neurological samples, with no pure functional seizures group. Risk of bias was evaluated using a modified version of the Newcastle-Ottawa Scale. People with lived experiences were not involved in the design or execution of this study. This study is registered as CRD42023392385 in PROSPERO. FINDINGS: Of 3834 records initially identified, 84 articles were retained, including 8654 participants (functional seizures 4193, epilepsy 3638, and healthy comparisons 823). Mean age was 36 years (SD 12) for functional seizures, 36 years (12) for epilepsy, and 34 years (10) for healthy comparisons, and the proportion of women per group was 72% (range 18-100) for functional seizures, 59% (range 15-100) for epilepsy, and 69% (range 34-100) for healthy comparisons. Data on race or ethnicity were rarely reported in the individual studies. Risk of bias was moderate. Cognitive performance was better in people with functional seizures than those with epilepsy (Hedges' g=0·17 [95% CI 0·10-0·25)], p<0·0001), with moderate-to-high heterogeneity (Q[56]=128·91, p=0·0001, I2=57%). The functional seizures group performed better than the epilepsy group on global cognition and intelligence quotient (g=0·15 [0·02-0·28], p=0·022) and language (g=0·28 [0·14-0·43], p=0·0001), but not other cognitive domains. A larger effect was noted in language tests when comparing functional seizures with left temporal lobe epilepsy (k=5; g=0·51 [0·10 to 0·91], p=0·015). The functional seizures group underperformed relative to healthy comparisons (g=-0·61 [-0·78 to -0·44], p<0·0001), with significant differences in all cognitive domains. Meta regressions examining effects of multiple covariates on global cognition were not significant. INTERPRETATION: Patients with functional seizures have widespread cognitive impairments that are likely to be clinically meaningful on the basis of moderate effect sizes in multiple domains. These deficits might be slightly less severe than those seen in many patients with epilepsy but nevertheless argue for consideration of clinical assessment and treatment. FUNDING: Department of Veterans Affairs, Veterans Health Administration.