Human TUBB3 mutations perturb microtubule dynamics, kinesin interactions, and axon guidance.

We report that eight heterozygous missense mutations in TUBB3, encoding the neuron-specific beta-tubulin isotype III, result in a spectrum of human nervous system disorders that we now call the TUBB3 syndromes. Each mutation causes the ocular motility disorder CFEOM3, whereas some also result in intellectual and behavioral impairments, facial paralysis, and/or later-onset axonal sensorimotor polyneuropathy. Neuroimaging reveals a spectrum of abnormalities including hypoplasia of oculomotor nerves and dysgenesis of the corpus callosum, anterior commissure, and corticospinal tracts. A knock-in disease mouse model reveals axon guidance defects without evidence of cortical cell migration abnormalities. We show that the disease-associated mutations can impair tubulin heterodimer formation in vitro, although folded mutant heterodimers can still polymerize into microtubules. Modeling each mutation in yeast tubulin demonstrates that all alter dynamic instability whereas a subset disrupts the interaction of microtubules with kinesin motors. These findings demonstrate that normal TUBB3 is required for axon guidance and maintenance in mammals.

In vivo assessment of the ocular biomechanical properties in patients with idiopathic normal pressure hydrocephalus.

PURPOSE: Idiopathic normal pressure hydrocephalus (iNPH) is associated with an increased prevalence of open-angle glaucoma, attributed to variations of the pressure gradient between intraocular and intracranial compartments at the level of the lamina cribrosa (LC). As ocular biomechanics influence the behavior of the LC, and a lower corneal hysteresis (CH) has been associated to a higher risk of glaucomatous optic nerve damage, in this study we compared ocular biomechanics of iNPH patients with healthy subjects. METHODS:  Twenty-four eyes of 24 non-shunted iNPH patients were prospectively recruited. Ocular biomechanical properties were investigated using the ocular response analyzer (Reichert Instruments) for the calculation of the CH, corneal resistance factor (CRF), Goldmann-correlated intraocular pressure (IOPg), and corneal-compensated intraocular pressure (IOPcc). Results were compared with those of 25 eyes of 25 healthy subjects. RESULTS:  In iNPH eyes, the median CH value and interquartile range (IQR) were 9.7 mmHg (7.8-10) and 10.6 mmHg (9.3-11.3) in healthy controls (p = 0.015). No significant differences were found in IOPcc [18.1 mmHg (14.72-19.92) vs. 16.4 mmHg (13.05-19.6)], IOPg [15.4 mmHg (12.82-19.7) vs. 15.3 mmHg (12.55-17.35)], and CRF [9.65 mmHg (8.07-11.65) vs. 10.3 mmHg (9.3-11.5)] between iNPH patients and controls. CONCLUSIONS:  In iNPH patients, the CH was significantly lower compared to healthy subjects. This result suggests that ocular biomechanical properties may potentially contribute to the risk of development of glaucomatous optic nerve damage in iNPH patients.

Evaluation of peripapillary vascular flow in patients with Thyroid-Associated Ophthalmopathy (TAO) by OCT Angiography.

PURPOSE: To evaluate changes in peripapillary vascular blood flow indices (PVBFI) in patients with thyroid-associated ophthalmopathy (TAO) using OCT angiography (OCTA) technology. METHODS: Patients with TAO and control subjects matched for age and sex were included in the study. Eye examination, Clinical Activity Score (CAS) evaluation and OCTA scan analysis (Topcon ImageNet 6; DRI OCT Triton, Topcon Corporation) were performed. In particular, PVBFI of the superficial capillary plexus (SCP), deep capillary plexus (DCP), outer retina (OR) and choriocapillaris (CC) layers were obtained by OCTA and extracted from 8-bit greyscale OCT images using the ImageJ software package. RESULTS: Twenty-six patients with TAO (19 females, mean age 54.7 ± 5.2 and 7 males, mean age 51.4 ± 16.3) were compared with 26 healthy subjects (15 females, mean age 48.2 ± 14.1 and 11 males, mean age 53.1 ± 15.2). Both DCP-PVBF and CC-PVBFI were significantly reduced in TAO patients compared to control eyes (28.6 ± 2.1 vs. 29.7 ± 0.93, p = 0.002; 46.5 ± 1.72 vs. 47.2 ± 1.2, p = 0.019 respectively); on the other hand, no statistically significant differences were found in SCP-PVBFI and OR-PVBFI in TAO patients compared to healthy subjects (p > 0.05). Also, CC-PVBFI was associated with elevated values of CAS (p = 0.018) and ROC curve showed that patients with elevated CC-PVBFI were correlated with active TAO (CAS > 3) (p = 0.012). CONCLUSIONS: TAO disease may be associated with changes in DCP-PVBFI and CC-PVBFI; also, CC-PVBFI seems to correlate with disease activity.

Basal cell carcinoma of the eyelid margin: Dermoscopic clues in a case series.

Basal cell carcinoma (BCC) can sometimes affect the eyelids and in particular the eyelid margin, where it can often be misdiagnosed, mimicking other benign, more common diseases. Dermoscopy may provide additional diagnostic criteria for an earlier diagnosis of eyelid margin BCC, although the dermoscopic features of BCC affecting this anatomical site have seldom been reported. We highlight the peculiar presence of linear vessels perpendicular to the eyelid margin in BCCs of the eyelid margin. Our article represents the first report of these dermoscopic findings in a series of BCCs of the eyelid margin.

Acute acquired concomitant esotropia associated with myopia: is the condition related to any binocular function failure?

PURPOSE: To evaluate the sensory motor state, accommodation, and accommodative convergence to accommodation ratio (AC/A) in a cohort of non-amblyopic myopes with acquired concomitant esotropia (Bielschowsky esotropia (BE)). METHODS: Refraction, near and far deviation, fusional amplitude (FA), near point of accommodation (NPA), AC/A (gradient method), and stereopsis were measured in a cohort of 26 patients (25 phakic and 1 pseudophakic, age: 14-60 years) with BE, prospectively recruited from January to September 2019 at St. Orsola-Malpighi Hospital, Bologna, Italy. The Pearson's correlation coefficient was used to correlate distance with near deviation, distance with near divergence FA and angle of deviation with FA (statistical significance: p values < 0.05). RESULTS: Myopia range was 0-17.5 diopters (D) spherical equivalent (mean: 4.4 D). A positive correlation resulted between distance (mean: 23.7 prism diopters/PD, range: 4-40 PD) and near (mean: 23.7 PD, range: 2-45 PD) deviation (p < 0.00001) and between distance (mean: 12.6 PD, range 0-34 PD) and near (mean: 17.0 PD, range 3-36 PD) divergence FA (p < 0.00001). A non-significant correlation resulted between angle of deviation and divergent FA at near (p = 0.07) and distance (p = 0.13) fixation. NPA was within normal limits for age. AC/C ratio range was 0-8 (mean: 3). Twenty-three patients showed Randot stereopsis. CONCLUSIONS: BE shows high variability in the age of onset, degree of associated myopia, AC/A, and divergent FA. A little stronger near divergent FA can justify the better compensation at near fixation. These results show that uncorrected myopia, accommodation, and divergence paralysis do not concur with the genesis of BE.

Impact of cataract surgery on depression and cognitive function: Systematic review and meta-analysis.

IMPORTANCE: In elderly people, visual impairment is associated with depressive symptoms and cognitive decline. However, the impact of cataract surgery on depression and cognitive impairment is still controversial. BACKGROUND: To evaluate the effect of cataract surgery on depression and cognitive status in the elderly. DESIGN: This study was a meta-analysis. PARTICIPANTS: Patients with age-related cataract who underwent cataract surgery were recruited for this study. METHODS: A literature search was performed on PubMed, Scopus and Web of Science. Data were extracted from selected studies by two independent reviewers. The pooled standardized mean difference (SDM) was estimated using a random-effects model. Heterogeneity was evaluated using the Q and I2 tests. Multiple sensitivity analyses and assessment of publication bias were performed. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: The main outcome was a report of a measure of depression or cognitive impairment before and after surgery. RESULTS: Sixteen studies were included: 14 of them reported data on depression and 9 of them on cognitive function. Depression significantly decreased after surgery (SDM = 0.460; 95% CI: 0.223-0.697; P < .001). In six controlled studies, the reduction of depression was higher in the surgery group than in the control group (SDM = 0.161; 95% CI: 0.027-0.295; P = .019). Cognitive function significantly improved after surgery (SDM = 0.254; 95% CI: 0.120-0.388; P < .001). In four controlled studies, the improvement of cognitive function was higher in the surgery group than in the control group (SDM = 0.188; 95% CI: 0.002-0.374; P = .048). Results were stable after sensitivity analyses. CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE: This meta-analysis provides evidence that cataract surgery has a positive effect on depression and cognitive function in the elderly.

Long-term surgical outcome and impact on daily life activities of strabismus surgery in thyroid-associated ophthalmopathy with and without previous orbital decompression.

BACKGROUNDS: To report the long-term surgical outcomes and the impact on daily life activities of strabismus surgery in patients with Thyroid Associated Orbitopathy (TAO) with and without previous orbital decompression. METHODS: Patients who underwent strabismus surgery for TAO were retrospectively reviewed. The primary outcome was to evaluate the influence of orbital decompression on the outcomes of TAO related strabismus surgery. Surgical success was defined by the resolution of diplopia and a post-operative deviation < 10 prism diopters (PD). The secondary outcomes were the clinical features, surgical approaches, and impact on daily life activities. RESULTS: A total of 45 patients were included in the study. The decompression surgery group (DS) included 21 patients (46.7%), whereas the non-decompression surgery group (NDS) patients were 24 (53.3%). The mean follow-up time from the last strabismus surgery was 2,8 years (range 8-200 months). Successful surgical outcome was achieved in 57,1% of patients in the DS, and 75% of patients in the NDS (p = 0,226). DS patients required almost twice the number of surgical interventions for strabismus compared to the NDS (1,95 vs. 1,16 respectively, p = 0,006), a higher number of extraocular muscles recessed in the first surgery (2,67 vs. 1,08 respectively, p < 0.001), and a lower rate of unidirectional surgery compared to NDS (23% vs. 95%, p < 0,001). At the pre-operative assessment, 71.4% of DS patients had eso-hypotropia, while no patients had this type of strabismus in the NDS group (p < 0.001). On the other hand, the hypotropia rate was 79.2% in NDS patients and only 4.8% in DS patients (p < 0.001). Moreover, 21,8% of NDS patients used prism lenses in daily life activities, compared to 42.9% of patients that used prism lenses to reduce the impairment in their daily life activities (p = 0.016). CONCLUSIONS: The results of our study showed that DS patients required almost twice the number of strabismus surgical procedures, a higher number of extraocular muscles recessed in the first surgery, and an increased need for prism lenses to correct the residual deviation compared to the NDS, but with similar long-term surgical outcomes.

AFG3L2 and ACO2-Linked Dominant Optic Atrophy: Genotype-Phenotype Characterization Compared to OPA1 Patients.

PURPOSE: Heterozygous mutations in the AFG3L2 gene (encoding a mitochondrial protease indirectly reflecting on OPA1 cleavage) and ACO2 gene (encoding the mitochondrial enzyme aconitase) are associated with isolated forms of Dominant Optic Atrophy (DOA). We aimed at describing their neuro-ophthalmological phenotype as compared with classic OPA1-related DOA. DESIGN: Cross-sectional study. METHODS: The following neuro-ophthalmological parameters were collected: logMAR visual acuity (VA), color vision, mean deviation and foveal threshold at visual fields, average and sectorial retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL), and ganglion cell layer (GCL) thickness on optical coherence tomography. ACO2 and AFG3L2 patients were compared with an age- and sex-matched group of OPA1 patients with a 1:2 ratio. All eyes were analyzed using a clustered Wilcoxon rank sum test with the Rosner-Glynn-Lee method. RESULTS: A total of 44 eyes from 23 ACO2 patients and 26 eyes from 13 AFG3L2 patients were compared with 143 eyes from 72 OPA1 patients. All cases presented with bilateral temporal-predominant optic atrophy with various degree of visual impairment. Comparison between AFG3L2 and OPA1 failed to reveal any significant difference. ACO2 patients compared to both AFG3L2 and OPA1 presented overall higher values of nasal RNFL thickness (P = .029, P = .023), average thickness (P = .012, P = .0007), and sectorial GCL thickness. These results were confirmed also comparing separately affected and subclinical patients. CONCLUSIONS: Clinically, DOA remains a fairly homogeneous entity despite the growing genetic heterogeneity. ACO2 seems to be associated with an overall better preservation of retinal ganglion cells, probably depending on the different pathogenic mechanism involving mtDNA maintenance, as opposed to AFG3L2, which is involved in OPA1 processing and is virtually indistinguishable from classic OPA1-DOA.

AAPOS Adult Strabismus Committee's Report on the Status of Adult Strabismus Telemedicine.

PURPOSE: To evaluate the utility of telemedicine in the treatment of adult patients with strabismus. METHODS: A 27-question online survey was sent to ophthalmologists of the American Association for Pediatric Ophthalmology and Strabismus (AAPOS) Adult Strabismus Committee. The questionnaire focused on the frequency of telemedicine utilization, the benefits in the diagnosis, follow-up, and treatment of adult strabismus, and barriers of current forms of remote patient visits. RESULTS: The survey was completed by 16 of 19 members of the committee. Most respondents (93.8%) reported 0 to 2 years of experience with telemedicine. Telemedicine was found to be useful for initial screening and follow-up of established patients with adult strabismus, mainly to reduce wait time for a subspecialist visit (46.7%). A successful telemedicine visit could be completed with a basic laptop (73.3%) or a camera (26.7%) or could be assisted by an orthoptist. Most participants agreed that common forms of adult strabismus (cranial nerve palsies, sagging eye syndrome, myogenic strabismus, and thyroid ophthalmopathy) could be examined via webcam. It was easier to analyze horizontal than vertical strabismus. Among the paralytic forms, sixth nerve palsy was the easiest one to assess. Latent forms of strabismus can be partially diagnosed and evaluated using telemedicine, but half of the respondents underlined the importance of in-person examinations in these cases. Sixty-nine percent believed that telemedicine could be a low-cost and time-efficient health service solution. CONCLUSIONS: Most members of the AAPOS Adult Strabismus Committee consider telemedicine to be a useful supplement to the current adult strabismus practice. [J Pediatr Ophthalmol Strabismus. 2023;60(6):386-389.].

Epidemiology, clinical features, and surgical outcomes of acute acquired concomitant esotropia associated with myopia.

PURPOSE: To analyze epidemiology, clinical features, and surgical outcomes of type III acute acquired concomitant esotropia (Bielschowsky esotropia (BE)). METHODS: The medical charts of patients diagnosed with acquired concomitant esotropia between 2013 and 2021 were reviewed. Assessed data were age, gender, age at diplopia onset, age at the diagnosis, refraction, visual acuity, neuroimaging, diplopia onset, angle of deviation, stereopsis, surgical procedure, amount of surgery, and relapse of diplopia after surgery. Moreover, we investigated the correlation between the use of electronic devices and the onset of diplopia. RESULTS: One hundred seventeen patients (mean age 35.07 ± 15.81 years) were included in the study. The mean delay to the diagnosis was 3.29 ± 3.62 years. Myopia range was 0 to 17 diopters spherical equivalent. 66,3% spent more than 4 hours a day using laptops, tablets, or smartphones at the onset of diplopia, and 90,6% presented a subacute onset. None showed neurologic signs or symptoms. Patients who underwent surgery were ninety-three, with a rate of surgical success of 93.6%, and a relapse rate of 17.2%. A negative correlation resulted between pre-operative deviation and age at diagnosis (ρ = -0.261; p<0.05), whereas factors associated with surgical failure were older age at diplopia onset (p = 0.042) and longer delay between onset and diagnosis (p = 0.002). CONCLUSION: We registered an outstanding increase in prevalence of BE, which could be related to the exponential increase in the use of electronic devices for professional, educational, and recreational purposes. A prompt diagnosis and an augmented dose of surgery allows good motor and sensory results.

Choroidal morphology and microvascular structure in eyes of patients with idiopathic normal pressure hydrocephalus before and after ventriculo-peritoneal shunt surgery.

The present study aims to investigate the choroidal morphology and microvascular structure in eyes of patients with idiopathic normal pressure hydrocephalus (iNPH) compared with the eyes of healthy age-matched individuals, and to assess the choroidal structure in eyes of iNPH patients before and after shunt surgery using Optical Coherence Tomography (OCT). The primary objective was to assess the choroidal morphology in eyes of iNPH patients before and after ventriculo-peritoneal (VP) surgery compared to age and sex-matched healthy individuals. The secondary objective was to compare the choroidal morphology of iNPH patients before and after a mean of 56 days from shunt surgery. Eighteen consecutive patients diagnosed with iNPH and 18 healthy controls were prospectively recruited between November 2021 and October 2022. Spectral-domain optical coherence tomography (SD-OCT) with enhanced depth imaging (EDI) was conducted before and within 4 months after shunt surgery. Images were binarized using the ImageJ software, and the choroidal vascular index (CVI) was calculated. Sub-foveal choroidal thickness (SFCT), total choroidal area (TCA), luminal choroidal area (LCA), and stromal choroidal area (SCA) were significantly increased in iNPH patients before surgery compared to the control group (p < 0.05). SFCT, TCA, and SCA were significantly increased in iNPH patients after surgery compared to the control group (p < 0.05). There were no differences in the CVI between iNPH patients and controls. No statistical differences in the choroidal structure were observed before and after VP shunt surgery (p > 0.05). In conclusion, the choroid was thicker in iNPH patients before and after VP shunt compared to age-matched healthy individuals. However, there were no difference in the choroidal microstructure in the eyes of iNPH patients before and after a mean of 3 months from VP shunt surgery.

Augmented bimedial rectus muscles recession in acute acquired concomitant esotropia associated with myopia.

OBJECTIVE: To review the clinical features of acute acquired concomitant esotropia in myopia and the results of augmented bilateral symmetrical medial rectus recession. METHODS: The medical charts of 50 patients diagnosed with acute acquired concomitant esotropia associated with myopia between 2013 and 2018 were reviewed. The dose-response was calculated, and the relationship of sex, age, refraction, best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA), preoperative deviation angle, and stereopsis with surgical results were analysed. RESULTS: Forty-six patients (mean age 40.1 ± 18.1 years) were included in the study. Preoperative esotropia angle at near and distance were, respectively, 26.0 ± 7.5 PD and 25.2 ± 7.9 PD. Surgery amount was 12.1 ± 1.8 mm of recession, and surgical success was achieved in 38 patients (82.6%). No overcorrections were recorded. At 1-year follow-up, the mean deviation angle at distance and at near was 1.9 ± 2.4 and 1.7 ± 2.1 PD, and no recurrences were observed. The average dose-response was 1.8 ± 0.6 PD/mm and was positively correlated with preoperative angle of deviation (R2 = 0.799, p < 0.001) and negatively correlated with age (R2 = -0.365, p = 0.013). Conversely, there were no significant associations between dose-response and sex, refractive error, BCVA, or stereopsis (all p > 0.05). Factors associated with surgical failure were a lower amount of recession and absence of stereopsis. CONCLUSIONS: Augmented bilateral medial rectus recession allows good motor and sensory results in patients with acute acquired concomitant esotropia associated with myopia.

Binocular treatment for amblyopia: A meta-analysis of randomized clinical trials.

BACKGROUND: To date, there is still no consensus regarding the effect of binocular treatment for amblyopia. The purpose of this systematic review and meta-analysis was to summarize the available evidence to determine whether binocular treatment is more effective than patching in children with amblyopia. METHODS: Four electronic databases (PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, and Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials) were searched for studies that compared binocular treatment and patching in children with amblyopia. The outcome measures were visual acuity and stereopsis. Pooled effects sizes were calculated with a random-effect model. The standardized difference in means (SDM) with 95% confidence intervals (CI) was calculated. Sensitivity analysis and assessment of publication bias were performed. RESULTS: Five randomized clinical trials were included. No significant difference in visual acuity between patients treated with binocular treatment and patching was observed (SDM = -0.12; 95% CI: -0.45-0.20; P = 0.464). No significant difference in stereopsis between patients treated with binocular treatment and patching was observed (SDM = -0.07; 95% CI: -0.61-0.48; P = 0.809). For both variables, the between-study heterogeneity was high (respectively, I2 = 61% and I2 = 57%). CONCLUSIONS: This meta-analysis found no convincing evidence supporting the efficacy of binocular treatment as an alternative to conventional patching. Therefore, the binocular treatment cannot fully replace traditional treatment but, to date, it can be considered a valid complementary therapy in peculiar cases. Further studies are required to determine whether more engaging therapies and new treatment protocols are more effective.

Choroidal vascular changes after encircling scleral buckling for rhegmatogenous retinal detachment.

BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES: There is an ongoing debate on whether encircling scleral buckling (SB) procedure for the treatment of rhegmatogenous retinal detachment (RRD) may cause an impairment in choroidal blood flow. The aim of this study was to compare choroidal vascularity index (CVI) and subfoveal choroidal thickness (CT) between eyes that had undergone encircling SB with unoperated fellow eyes (FEs). SUBJECTS/METHODS: Thirty patients treated with encircling SB for unilateral RRD were included. Demographic and clinical characteristics as well as enhanced depth imaging-optical coherence tomography scans were retrospectively collected. Images were binarised using ImageJ software, total choroidal area along with luminal and stromal area (respectively, TCA, LA and SA) were segmented and the CVI was computed as the ratio of LA/TCA. In addition, CT was evaluated. RESULTS: The mean follow-up interval between surgery and examination was 25.5 ± 16.8 months. Choroidal thickness, TCA, LA and SA were significantly increased in the operated eyes compared to FEs (respectively, 271.7 ± 78.0 µm vs. 238.5 ± 83.4, P = 0.001; 1.804 ± 0.491 mm2 vs. 1.616 ± 0.496, P = 0.001; 1.199 ± 0.333 mm2 vs. 1.067 ± 0.337, P < 0.001 and 0.605 ± 0.171 mm2 vs. 0.550 ± 0.171, P = 0.001). Conversely, CVI did not significantly differ between the two groups (66.4 ± 3.6 vs. 65.9 ± 3.2, P = 0.490). CONCLUSIONS: In conclusion, eyes treated with encircling SB for RRD presented increased LA, SA and CT compared with FEs, but showed no difference in CVI.

Do bifocals reduce accommodative amplitude in convergence excess esotropia?

BACKGROUND: As therapy with bifocal lenses can generate a condition of acquired hypo-accommodation, we assessed the results of bifocal therapy in children with non-refractive accommodative esotropia in whom near point of accommodation (NPA) was measured before the prescription of the lenses and at the end of the study. METHODS: We examined 28 consecutive patients orthophoric for far, but with esotropia due to excess convergence for near (group 1), and 28 matched controls, orthophoric for far and near (group 2). The patients were prescribed bifocal lenses between the age of 5 and 8. The NPA was measured at time zero and after 4 years of follow-up in both groups. RESULTS: NPA values, measured at time 0, were lower than average (10 dioptres) in ten of the 28 patients in group 1, and increased over the 4 years of follow-up without exceeding 10 dioptres. Only one of the other 18 patients in group 1, with normal NPA, had a lower value at the end of the study, although the values were still above 10 dioptres. CONCLUSIONS: In several patients, excessive convergence is secondary to the extra accommodative effort required due to the presence of a primitive NPA deficit. In these subjects, the prognosis can be made on the basis of NPA measurement, and treatment with bifocal lenses will always be required to compensate. Furthermore, the parents of these small patients should be informed, even before the prescription of bifocals, that prospective surgery of medial rectus muscles will not eliminate the need for bifocals.

Nutritional Optic Neuropathies: State of the Art and Emerging Evidences.

Nutritional optic neuropathy is a cause of bilateral, symmetrical, and progressive visual impairment with loss of central visual acuity and contrast sensitivity, dyschromatopsia, and a central or centrocecal scotoma. The clinical features are not pathognomonic, since hereditary and toxic forms share similar signs and symptoms. It is becoming increasingly common due to the widespread of bariatric surgery and strict vegetarian or vegan diets, so even the scientific interest has recently increased. In particular, recent studies have focused on possible pathogenetic mechanisms, and on novel diagnostic and therapeutic strategies in order to prevent the onset, make a prompt diagnosis and an accurate nutritional supplementation, and to avoid irreversible optic nerve atrophy. Nowadays, there is clear evidence of the role of cobalamin, folic acid, thiamine, and copper, whereas further studies are needed to define the role of niacin, riboflavin, and pyridoxine. This review aims to summarize the etiology, diagnosis, and treatment of nutritional optic neuropathy, and it is addressed not only to ophthalmologists, but to all physicians who could come in contact with a patient with a possible nutritional optic neuropathy, being a fundamental multidisciplinary approach.

Corneal Biomechanical Response Alteration After Scleral Buckling Surgery for Rhegmatogenous Retinal Detachment.

PURPOSE: To compare the corneal biomechanics of eyes that underwent scleral buckle (SB) for rhegmatogenous retinal detachment (RRD) with those of fellow eyes (fellow eyes) and to further investigate the effects of SB on intraocular pressure (IOP) values. DESIGN: Retrospective, fellow-eye matched cohort study. METHODS: A total of 18 consecutive patients (11 males and 7 females) treated with SB for RRD in 1 eye were enrolled. Goldmann applanation tonometry was used to measure IOP. Biomechanical properties of the cornea were investigated by using the Ocular Response Analyzer (ORA) (Reichert Instruments) for the calculation of corneal resistant factor (CRF), corneal hysteresis, Goldmann-correlated IOP, and corneal-compensated IOP. Customized software was used for analysis of the ORA infrared and pressure signals, and a significance threshold was set to a P value of .05. RESULTS: Operated eyes (OEs) showed significantly lower values of corneal hysteresis and CRF than fellow eyes (9.0 ± 1.8 vs 10.1 ± 1.8 mm Hg, respectively; P < .001; 10.0 ± 2.2 vs 10.9 ± 2.2 mm Hg; P < .001). GAT was significantly lower than corneal-compensated IOP in OEs (18.1 ± 4.9 vs 19.8 ± 4.8 mm Hg, respectively; P = .022) but not in fellow eyes. The second applanation event (A2) took place earlier in time, and the cornea was moving faster during A2 in the OEs than in the fellow eyes. CONCLUSIONS: SB for the treatment of RRD affects corneal biomechanical response, likely due to a less compliant sclera that limits corneal motion and reduces energy dissipation, reflected in a lower corneal hysteresis. This has potentially meaningful clinical implications as the accuracy of the measurement of IOP values may be affected in these eyes.

Role of Statins and Ascorbic Acid in the Natural History of Diabetic Retinopathy: A New, Affordable Therapy?

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: Diabetic retinopathy (DR) is a worldwide health problem, and intravitreal injections of anti-inflammatory and antiangiogenic agents represent the leading therapy to effectively treat DR and its complications. However, they are expensive, invasive, and stressful for patients. This study aims to demonstrate that statins and vitamin C (alone or in combination with statins) as complementary therapy could have an impact on the nonproliferative DR (NPDR) complication rate. PATIENTS AND METHODS: A retrospective review was conducted with 479 patients with NPDR. Statins and vitamin C intake were analyzed, along with the rate of diabetic macular edema (DME), vitreous hemorrhage (VH), circinate maculopathy (CM), and proliferative DR (PDR). RESULTS: Lower DME (P = .07) and VH (P = .018) rates were observed in patients who took statins compared with those who were statin-naïve. This difference was significant after accounting for vitamin C intake, with a lower rate of DME (P = .01) and VH (P = .008) in patients with statin-vitamin C combination therapy. CONCLUSION: Statins, alone or with vitamin C, appear to reduce the complication rate of NPDR. [Ophthalmic Surg Lasers Imaging Retina. 2019;50:S23-S27.].

Steady-State Pattern Electroretinogram and Frequency Doubling Technology in Adult Dyslexic Readers.

PURPOSE: Dyslexia is a reading disorder with neurological deficit of the magnocellular pathway. The aim of our study was to evaluate the functionality of the magnocellular-Y (M-Y) retinal ganglion cells in adult dyslexic subjects using steady-state pattern electroretinogram and frequency doubling perimetry. METHODS: Ten patients with dyslexia (7 females and 3 males), mean age 28.7 ± 5.9 years, and 10 subjects without dyslexia (6 females and 4 males), mean age 27.8 ± 4.1 years, were enrolled in the study and underwent both steady-state pattern-electroretinogram examination and frequency doubling perimetry. RESULTS: There was a significant difference in the amplitude of the steady-state pattern electroretinogram of the dyslexic group and the healthy controls (0.610±0.110 µV vs 1.250±0.296 µV; p=0.0001). Furthermore, in the dyslexic group we found a significant difference between the right eye and the left eye (0.671±0.11 µV vs 0.559±0.15 µV; p=0.001). With frequency doubling perimetry, the pattern standard deviation index increased in dyslexic eyes compared to healthy controls (4.40±0.81 dB vs 2.99±0.35 dB; p=0.0001) and in the left eye versus the right eye of the dyslexic group (4.43±1.10 dB vs 3.66±0.96 dB; p=0.031). There was a correlation between the reduction in the wave amplitude of the pattern electroretinogram and the simultaneous increase in the pattern standard deviation values (r=0.80; p=0.001). This correlation was also found to be present in the left eye (r=0.93; p<0.001) and the right eye (r=0.81; p=0.005) of dyslexic subjects. CONCLUSION: Our study shows that there was an alteration of the activity of M-Y retinal ganglion cells, especially in the left eye. It confirms that in dyslexia there is a deficit of visual attention with damage not only of the magnocellular-dorsal pathway but also of the M-Y retinal ganglion cells.

Choroidal Vascular Changes in Arteritic and Nonarteritic Anterior Ischemic Optic Neuropathy.

PURPOSE: To compare choroidal vascularity index (CVI) in patients with arteritic anterior ischemic optic neuropathy (A-AION), nonarteritic anterior ischemic optic neuropathy (NA-AION), and control subjects. DESIGN: Retrospective cross-sectional study. METHODS: This study was conducted at the Ophthalmology Unit of the S.Orsola-Malpighi University Hospital (Bologna, Italy). Macular and optic nerve head optical coherence tomography (OCT) scans of 20 patients with A-AION secondary to giant cell arteritis (biopsy-proven), 20 patients with NA-AION, and 20 control subjects were acquired with Heidelberg Spectralis (Heidelberg Engineering, Heidelberg, Germany). Images were binarized using ImageJ software, and total choroid area (TCA), luminal area (LA), and stromal area (SA) were segmented. The main outcome measure was CVI, defined as the ratio of LA to TCA. RESULTS: Patients with A-AION showed a significantly lower macular and peripapillary CVI compared to both patients with NA-AION (respectively, 67.17 ± 2.35 vs 69.66 ± 4.18, P = .048; 63.51 ± 3.29 vs 67.67 ± 3.07, P < .001) and control subjects (respectively, 67.17 ± 2.35 vs 70.00 ± 2.95, P = .021; 63.51 ± 3.29 vs 68.69 ± 3.19, P = .002). Conversely, no significant difference in macular and peripapillary CVI was found between patients with NA-AION and controls (respectively, P = .942 and P = .570). After adjustment for age, the difference of peripapillary CVI among groups remained statistically significant (P < .001), while the difference in macular CVI did not (P = .060). CONCLUSIONS: Macular and peripapillary CVI are reduced in patients with A-AION. These parameters may be useful to quantitatively evaluate choroidal vascular dysfunction in A-AION, serving as a new additional diagnostic tool to distinguish A-AION from NA-AION.