A cross-sectional survey assessing the influence of theoretically informed behavioural factors on hand hygiene across seven countries during the COVID-19 pandemic.

BACKGROUND: Human hygiene behaviours influence the transmission of infectious diseases. Changing maladaptive hygiene habits has the potential to improve public health. Parents and teachers can play an important role in disinfecting surface areas and in helping children develop healthful handwashing habits. The current study aims to inform a future intervention that will help parents and teachers take up this role using a theoretically and empirically informed behaviour change model called the Capabilities-Opportunities-Motivations-Behaviour (COM-B) model. METHODS: A cross-sectional online survey was designed to measure participants' capabilities, opportunities, and motivations to [1] increase their children's handwashing with soap and [2] increase their cleaning of surface areas. Additional items captured how often participants believed their children washed their hands. The final survey was administered early in the coronavirus pandemic (May and June 2020) to 3975 participants from Australia, China, India, Indonesia, Saudi Arabia, South Africa, and the United Kingdom. Participants self-identified as mums, dads, or teachers of children 5 to 10 years old. ANOVAs analyses were used to compare participant capabilities, opportunities, and motivations across countries for handwashing and surface disinfecting. Multiple regressions analyses were conducted for each country to assess the predictive relationship between the COM-B components and children's handwashing. RESULTS: The ANOVA analyses revealed that India had the lowest levels of capability, opportunity, and motivation, for both hand hygiene and surface cleaning. The regression analyses revealed that for Australia, Indonesia, and South Africa, the capability component was the only significant predictor of children's handwashing. For India, capability and opportunity were significant. For the United Kingdom, capability and motivation were significant. Lastly, for Saudi Arabia all components were significant. CONCLUSIONS: The discussion explores how the Behaviour Change Wheel methodology could be used to guide further intervention development with community stakeholders in each country. Of the countries assessed, India offers the greatest room for improvement, and behaviour change techniques that influence people's capability and opportunities should be prioritised there.

An exploratory randomised controlled trial evaluating text prompts in Lebanon to encourage health-seeking behaviour for hypertension.

AIMS OF THE STUDY: The current study evaluates the effectiveness of an opportunistic mobile screening on the percentage of people who are aware of whether they may be hypertensive (in an observational study) and the effectiveness of reminder prompts on the percentage of people who seek further medical attention (in a randomised controlled trial). METHODS USED TO CONDUCT THE STUDY: The screening of 1227 participants (529 female) was conducted during the registration period of the 2018 Beirut International Marathon in Lebanon. Next, 266 participants whose screening indicated hypertension (64 Female) were randomly allocated to a treatment group or a control group in a 1:1 fashion. The treatment group received a reminder prompt to seek further medical attention for their potential hypertension and the control group did not. The overt nature of the text message meant that participants in the treatment group could not be blinded to their group allocation. The primary outcome is participants' self-reports of whether they sought further medical attention. RESULTS OF THE STUDY: For the opportunistic screening, a 25% prevalence rate and a 24% awareness rate of hypertension was indicated. A McNemar analysis suggested that the screening increased participant awareness (X2 (N = 1227) = 72.16, P < .001). For the randomised controlled trial, 219 participants provided follow-up data via a phone call (82% retention). A Chi-squared analysis suggested that the reminder prompt successfully encouraged more participants to seek further medical attention, 45.5% treatment group vs 28.0% control group (X2 (1, N = 219) = 7.19, P = .007, φ = 0.18). CONCLUSIONS DRAWN AND CLINICAL IMPLICATIONS: Extra support in the form of a brief reminder message can increase the percentage of people who seek further medical attention after attending an opportunistic screening at a marathon event. The discussion reviews how the results align with previous research, strengths and limitations of the current study, and implications for future research and practice.

Tracking physical activity using smart phone apps: assessing the ability of a current app and systematically collecting patient recommendations for future development.

BACKGROUND: Within the United Kingdom's National Health System (NHS), patients suffering from obesity may be provided with bariatric surgery. After receiving surgery many of these patients require further support to continue to lose more weight or to maintain a healthy weight. Remotely monitoring such patients' physical activity and other health-related variables could provide healthworkers with a more 'ecologically valid' picture of these patients' behaviours to then provide more personalised support. The current study assesses the feasibility of two smartphone apps to do so. In addition, the study looks at the barriers and facilitators patients experience to using these apps effectively. METHODS: Participants with a BMI > 35 kg/m2 being considered for and who had previously undergone bariatric surgery were recruited. Participants were asked to install two mobile phone apps. The 'Moves' app automatically tracked participants' physical activity and the 'WLCompanion' app prompted participants to set goals and input other health-related information. Then, to learn about participants' facilitators and barriers to using the apps, some participants were asked to complete a survey informed by the Theoretical Domains Framework. The data were analysed using regressions and descriptive statistics. RESULTS: Of the 494 participants originally enrolled, 274 participants data were included in the analyses about their activity pre- and/or post-bariatric surgery (ages 18-65, M = 44.02, SD ± 11.29). Further analyses were performed on those 36 participants whose activity was tracked both pre- and post-surgery. Participants' activity levels pre- and post-surgery did not differ. In addition, 54 participants' survey responses suggested that the main facilitator to their continued use of the Moves app was its automatic nature, and the main barrier was its battery drain. CONCLUSIONS: The current study tracked physical activity in patients considered for and who had previously undergone bariatric surgery. The results should be interpreted with caution because of the small number of participants whose data meet the inclusion criteria and the barriers participants encountered to using the apps. Future studies should take note of the barriers to develop more user-friendly apps. TRIAL REGISTRATION: ClinicalTrials.gov- NCT01365416 on the 3rd of June 2011.

[Social inequality, combined risk factors and self-assessed health status--analyses using the German microcensus 2009]. / Soziale ungleichheit, kombination von risikofaktoren und selbsteingeschätzter gesundheitszustand--analysen auf basis des mikrozensus 2009.

Based on the micro-census 2009 this study investigates the relationship between socio-economic status and a combination of the risk factors smoking behaviour and overweight and furthermore the relation between those risk factor combinations and health status. Based on a multinomial logistic regression it is shown that the combined risk factors are strongly related to socio-economic status. Age standardised conditional means show, furthermore, that the relationship between the combination of smoking behaviour and overweight and health status is moderately negative.

The use of control charts by laypeople and hospital decision-makers for guiding decision making.

Graphs presenting healthcare data are increasingly available to support laypeople and hospital staff's decision making. When making these decisions, hospital staff should consider the role of chance-that is, random variation. Given random variation, decision-makers must distinguish signals (sometimes called special-cause data) from noise (common-cause data). Unfortunately, many graphs do not facilitate the statistical reasoning necessary to make such distinctions. Control charts are a less commonly used type of graph that support statistical thinking by including reference lines that separate data more likely to be signals from those more likely to be noise. The current work demonstrates for whom (laypeople and hospital staff) and when (treatment and investigative decisions) control charts strengthen data-driven decision making. We present two experiments that compare people's use of control and non-control charts to make decisions between hospitals (funnel charts vs. league tables) and to monitor changes across time (run charts with control lines vs. run charts without control lines). As expected, participants more accurately identified the outlying data using a control chart than using a non-control chart, but their ability to then apply that information to more complicated questions (e.g., where should I go for treatment?, and should I investigate?) was limited. The discussion highlights some common concerns about using control charts in hospital settings.

Cognitive frontal lobe dysfunction in obsessive-compulsive disorder.

BACKGROUND: There is evidence that dysfunction within associative frontostriatal circuits represents a feature of obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD). Previous neuropsychologic studies have yielded diverging results, which may in part be explained by differences in the selection of subjects and methods. The present study focused on the question of cognitive frontal lobe performance in OCD. METHODS: Twenty-nine unmedicated OCD patients were compared to a double-size control group of normal subjects matched individually for age, sex, and intelligence. A series of 12 neuropsychologic tests was applied, most of which are thought to be sensitive to different aspects of cognitive frontal lobe function. RESULTS: OCD patients were unimpaired at tests of abstraction, problem solving, set-shifting, response inhibition, active memory search, and choice reaction speed. Deficits of approximately one standard deviation were observed at timed tests of verbal and nonverbal fluency, attentional processing, and weight sorting. CONCLUSIONS: OCD patients exhibited selective deficits in tasks involving controlled attentional processing and self-guided, spontaneous behavior. We discuss a link between this neuropsychologic profile and dysfunctioning within the anterior cingulate, but not the dorsolateral prefrontal circuit.

Retrograde amnesia: a study of its relation to anterograde amnesia and semantic memory deficits.

This group study of 24 amnesic patients and 40 control subjects examined the hypothesis that retrograde memory deficits result from a combination of two impairment mechanisms: (1) a deficit in the retrieval of contents that is related to dysfunctioning of the hippocampal anterograde memory system, and (2) a deficit in the storage and/or retrieval of contents that is related to concomitant neocortical lesions. Retrograde amnesia was evaluated with the use of new Famous Persons and Autobiographical Memory Tests. The postulated components of retrograde memory impairment were assessed using the Wechsler Memory Scale and a new Semantic Memory Test, respectively. Regression analyses showed that recent episodic autobiography was exclusively related to the hippocampal component, while memory for famous persons and childhood autobiography was related to the neocortical component. In the case of details concerning people of recent fame, both components were identified as independent determinants. The temporal gradient of patients' impairment at the Famous Persons Test was marked for detailed knowledge, but small for overlearned knowledge. The present results thus support the combination hypothesis. They conform to the view that the transition from a hippocampus-dependent to a neocortex-dependent mnemonic representation of new contents is mediated by reiteration, and occurs within 5-10 years.

Cerebral perfusion during transient global amnesia: findings with HMPAO SPECT.

UNLABELLED: The aim of this study was to investigate the pattern of regional cerebral blood flow changes associated with transient global amnesia (TGA). METHODS: HMPAO SPECT was performed in six consecutive patients during the acute phase of TGA. A follow-up SPECT was performed 3-20 wk later in four of the six patients. Semiquantitative analysis of 14 regions of interest, including the basal ganglia and the basal section of the temporal lobes, was performed by comparing patient data with control data obtained from a matched group of healthy subjects. RESULTS: During TGA, unilateral or bilateral hypoperfusion of the temporo-basal region was observed in four patients. Variable hypoperfusion of further cortical areas was observed in five patients. Two patients who exhibited the most marked cortical hypoperfusion also showed striatal and thalamic hypoperfusion. These changes were normalized in the control studies obtained in four patients. CONCLUSION: It remains unclear whether hypoperfusion during TGA represents a primary feature or a sequel of regional brain hypometabolism. Because hypoperfusion is not confined to the temporo-basal region or to the territory of the posterior cerebral artery, it is suggested that the origin of TGA-related changes lies at the level of subcortical structures that project diffusely to the cerebral cortex.

Changes in cortical activation during mirror reading before and after training: an fMRI study of procedural learning.

The neural correlates of procedural learning were studied using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) and the mirror reading paradigm. The aim of the study was to investigate a presumed learning-related change of activation in cortical areas that are involved in the performance of a nonmotor skill. Changes in cortical blood oxygenation contrast were recorded in 10 healthy subjects while they alternatively read visually presented single mirror script words and normal script words. Responses in naive subjects were compared to those acquired after training of mirror script reading. The acquisition volume included the motor and premotor cortex, the parietal lobe and the occipital lobe including its inferior aspects. Striate and extrastriate visual areas, associative parietal cortex and the premotor cortex were bilaterally active during normal and mirror script reading. Significantly stronger activation during mirror reading was seen in BA7 and 40 (parietal associative cortex) and in BA6 (corresponding to the frontal eye fields). Simultaneous eye movement recordings indicated that activation in BA6 was related to processing components other than saccade frequency. After training, BA6 and BA7 exhibited a decrease of activation during mirror reading that significantly exceeded nonspecific changes observed in the normal script control condition. The present findings confirm the hypothesis of practice-related decrease of activation in task-related cortical areas during nonmotor procedural learning.

Characterization and chromosomal assignment of yeast artificial chromosomes containing human 3p13-p21-specific sequence tagged sites.

Human chromosomal region 3p12-p23 is proposed to harbor at least three tumor suppressor genes involved in the development of lung cancer, renal cell carcinoma, and other neoplasias. In order to identify one of these genes we defined sequence tagged sites (STSs) specific for 3p13-p24.2 by analyzing a chromosome 3p14 microdissection library. STSs were used for isolating yeast artificial chromosome (YAC) clones from the Centre d'Etude du Polymorphisme Humain (CEPH) YAC libraries. Thirty-eight YACs were assembled into a contig approximately 2.5 Mb in size spanning the t(3;8) and t(3;6) translocation breakpoints associated with hereditary renal cell carcinoma and hematologic malignancies, respectively. Chromosomal localization and chimeric status of 126 YACs was analyzed by fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH). The order of 17 YACs determined by double-color FISH was in agreement with the STS-based arrangement of the YAC-contig.

Expression of MUPP1 protein in mouse brain.

Localizing cell surface receptors to specific subcellular sites can be crucial for proper functioning. PDZ proteins apparently play central roles in such protein localizations. 5-HT(2C) receptors have previously been shown to interact with MUPP1, a multi PDZ domain protein, in heterologous systems and in rat choroid plexus. We now report the generation and characterization of two independent MUPP1 antisera, which recognise distinct areas of the mouse brain in agreement with previous in-situ hybridization studies. Our results indicate that MUPP1 immunoreactivity co-localizes with 5-HT(2A) or 5-HT(2C) receptor expression in all regions of the mouse brain, including the choroid plexus where 5-HT(2C) receptors are highly enriched.

Sarcoidosis of the spinal cord and medulla oblongata. A pathological and neuroradiological case report.

A case of 68-year-old woman with symptoms of slowly progressive diffuse myelopathy, is presented, which could only temporally be reversed by immunosuppression. Contrast enhanced magnetic resonance (MR) scan demonstrated multifocal patchy enhancing lesions from cervical to mild thoracic segment and a circumscribed lesion of the whole medulla oblongata. Postmorten examination disclosed a histological confirmed, multifocal sarcoidosis of the spinal cord and medulla oblongata, with few sarcoid granulomas in one hilar lymph node and skeletal muscle of the upper extremities. Only nine similar cases of intramedullary sarcoidosis confirmed by autopsy with symptoms solely attributable to the spinal cord have been reported. A review of the pathological manifestations, diagnostic and treatment of intramedullary sarcoidosis is given.

Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome following attempted hanging.

The case of an alcoholic man is reported who survived a suicidal hanging attempt, and subsequently suffered of amnesia, dementia, apathy and behavioural abnormalities. A clinical diagnosis of hypoxic brain damage was made, but upon autopsy six years later, extensive pseudosystematic thalamic degeneration and mammillary body atrophy were found, indicating a status post Wernicke encephalopathy. Precipitation of the disease is attributed to the synergetic effect of cerebral hypoxia/ischemia and thiamine deficiency.

Cell groups of the medial longitudinal fasciculus and paramedian tracts.

The aim of this article is to introduce the reader to a continuum of cell clusters which may play an important role in the maintenance of eye position. They lie interspersed between the fascicles of the medial longitudinal fasciculus (MLF) and paramedian tracts in the caudal pons and medulla, and they also constitute the rostral part of the classical abducens nucleus. Previous workers showed that these 'cell groups of the paramedian tracts' (pmt cell groups) project to the flocculus, and receive afferents from several horizontal premotor cell groups. Results of neuroanatomical tracer experiments reported here demonstrate that they also receive a direct input from the vertical premotor gaze neurons in the mesencephalon (rostral iMLF and the interstitial nucleus of Cajal), as well as from some groups of oculomotor internuclear neurons. The projecting fibres descend to the cell groups of the paramedian tracts in the MLF. It is suggested that deficits in gaze-holding seen in internuclear ophthalmoplegia, for example, may result from damage to afferents of this paramedian cell continuum.

[Striato-nigral degeneration (SND): a multisystem atrophy?]. / Striato-nigrale Degeneration (SND): eine Multisystematrophie?

Two cases of striato-nigral degeneration are reported. In case 1 the female patient showed a Parkinson syndrome, cardiac arrhythmias and vasomotor disturbances. Morphologically mainly the putamen and substantia nigra revealed severe atrophic changes according to the restricted form of striato-nigral degeneration (SND). In case 2 there was a disorder of the upper and lower motor neuron in a female patient. Morphologically this case was an example of a multisystem atrophy with changes in the striato-nigral, olivo-ponto-cerebellar systems and spinal motor and autonomic neurons. These cases demonstrate the variability of the striato-nigral degenerations which are met with in two forms: a "pure" form as in case one and as a part of multisystem atrophies. This is underlined in a review of 69 literature cases, which also shows that SND, Shy-Drager syndrome and olivo-ponto-cerebellar atrophy represent very probably different varieties of one and the same degenerative process.

Cognitive interventions in mild Alzheimer's disease: a therapy-evaluation study on the interaction of medication and cognitive treatment.

BACKGROUND/AIMS: Many studies have shown that not only pharmacological treatment but also cognitive stimulation in the early stages of Alzheimer's disease (AD) improves language processing and (other) cognitive functions, stabilizes Activities of Daily Living (ADL) and Instrumental Activities of Daily Living (IADL) functions and increases the subjective quality of life (wherein a combination of pharmacological intervention and cognitive stimulation could provide greater relief of clinical symptoms than either intervention given alone). Today, it is no longer the question of whether cognitive stimulation helps but rather what kind of stimulation helps more than others. METHODS: A sample of 42 subjects with mild AD (all medicated with an acetylcholinesterase inhibitor and well adjusted) underwent clinical and cognitive evaluation and participated in a 6-month study with 2 experimental groups (i.e. 'client-centered' global stimulation vs. cognitive training) and a control group. Since the test performance also depends on the individual test, we used a wide variety of tests; we z-transformed the results and then calculated the mean value for the global cognitive status (using the Mini-Mental State Examination) as well as for the single functional areas. RESULTS: Between-group differences were found, they were overall in favor of the experimental groups. Different functional areas led to different treatment and test patterns. Client-centered, global, cognitive therapy stimulated many cognitive functions and thus led to a better performance in language processing and ADL/IADL. The subjective quality of life increased as well. The cognitive training (of working memory) improved only the ADL/IADL performance (more, however, than client-centered, global, cognitive stimulation) and stabilized the level of performance in the other three functional areas. © 2013 S. Karger AG, Basel.

A combination of galantamine and memantine modifies cognitive function in subjects with amnestic MCI.

OBJECTIVES: Mild cognitive impairment (MCI) is etiologically heterogeneous, and a substantial proportion of MCI subjects will develop different dementia disorders. One subtype of this syndrome, amnestic MCI, occurs preferentially but not exclusively in prodromal AD and is characterized by defined deficits of episodic memory. DESIGN, SETTING AND PARTICIPANTS: For a 2-year, double-blinded, placebo-controlled study MCI patients, presenting with an amnestic syndrome but not necessarily based on presumed prodromal AD were randomized. INTERVENTION: Patients received (a) a combination of 16 mg galantamine plus 20 mg memantine, or (b) 16 mg galantamine alone or (c) placebo. MEASUREMENTS: The primary objective was to explore the differential impact of these interventions on the progression to dementia and on cognitive changes as measured by the ADAScog. RESULTS: After recruitment of 232 subjects, the trial was halted before reaching the planned sample size, because safety concerns arose in other studies with galantamine in MCI. This resulted in a variable treatment duration of 2-52 weeks. The statistical analysis plan was amended for studying cognitive effects of discontinuing the study medication, which was done separately for galantamine and memantine, and under double-blind conditions. There was one death, no unexpected severe adverse events, and no differences of severe adverse events between the treatment arms. The cognitive changes on the ADAScog were not different among the groups. Only for the subgroup of amnestic MCI with presumed AD etiology, a significant improvement of ADAScog score over placebo before the discontinuation of medication was observed, while amnestic MCI presumably due to other etiologies showed no cognitive changes with broad variation. Cognitive improvement was numerically larger in the combination treatment group than under galantamine alone. Patients who received placebo declined as expected. Discontinuation of galantamine, either as part of the combination regimen or as mono treatment, resulted in a transient decline of the ADAScog score in amnestic MCI of presumed AD etiology, while discontinuation of Memantine did not change the cognitive status. CONCLUSION: In an interrupted trial with amnestic MCI subjects the combination of galantamine plus memantine were generally well tolerated. In the subgroup of MCI subjects with presumed AD etiology, a cognitive benefit of a short-term combination treatment of galantamine plus memantine was observed, and cognitive decline occurred after discontinuation of galantamine.

Amyloid beta peptides in plasma in early diagnosis of Alzheimer's disease: A multicenter study with multiplexing.

We measured concentrations of Abeta peptides 1-42 and 1-40, and their ratio in plasma of patients carefully categorized clinically and neurochemically as having AD or other dementias with a newly commercially available multiplexing assay, characterized by reasonable laboratory performance (intra-assay imprecision in the range of 1.3-3.8% for Abeta1-42, and 1.8-4.1% for Abeta1-40, inter-assay imprecision for Abeta1-42, Abeta1-40, and Abeta1-42/Abeta1-40 concentration ratio in the range of 2.3-11.5%, 2.2-10.4% and 4.2-9.7%, respectively). Patients with AD or mild cognitive impairment of AD type (MCI-AD) whose clinical diagnosis was supported with CSF biomarkers (n=193) had significantly lower Abeta1-42 plasma concentrations (p<0.007), and Abeta1-42/1-40 ratios (p<0.003) compared to patients with other dementias and MCI of other types (n=64). No significant differences between persons with MCI of AD type and patients with early AD were observed, or between MCI of other types versus patients with early dementia of other types. Our findings reconfirm the hypothesis that alterations of biomarker concentrations occur early in a preclinical AD stage and that these alterations are also reflected in plasma.

[Functional memory disorders. A study of 25 patients]. / Funktionelle Gedächtnisstörungen. Eine Untersuchung an 25 Patienten.

Twenty-five patients without relevant organic disease were examined who complained of long-standing memory disturbance, but were free of relevant organic disease and exhibited a test performance that was normal, or reduced by not more than two standard deviations. Cases of amnesia in the context of dissociative reactions were not considered. Symptoms attributed to memory disturbance were differentiated into deficits of new learning, retrograde memory and attention. Typical complaints were forgetting plans on the way to executing them and temporary blockage of material that had been committed to memory. While sex and age were evenly distributed, there was a clear predominance of professionals compared to manual workers. Relevant psychiatric findings or psychiatric diagnoses were present in all cases. The most frequent diagnoses were chronic stress disorder and depressive syndromes. Accompanying psychosomatic symptoms were present in about half of the cases. Wordlist learning scores were in the normal range in the majority of cases, and psychomotor speed scores were in the normal range in nearly all cases. The discussion addresses symptoms, diagnosis, etiology and therapy of functional memory disturbances and examines the relationship to the syndrome of pseudodementia.