Prognostic factors in the treatment of carpal scaphoid non-unions.

In this literature review, the authors analyse the prognostic factors in the curative treatment of scaphoid non-unions. The main negative prognostic factors are smoking, the time elapsed since the fracture, and avascular necrosis of the proximal fragment. If the latter is present, the revascularization by a pedicle or microsurgical bone autograft is probably the treatment of choice. In non-unions without evidence of osteonecrosis, vascularized bone grafts are probably not superior to conventional bone grafts, which can presently be performed under arthroscopic control, with minimal morbidity.

[Mono-arthritis of the hand: case report of osteoid osteoma]. / Mono-arthrite de la main: un cas rapporté d'ostéome ostéïode.

Osteoid osteoma is a rare occurrence at the hand. There is often a long delay before the diagnosis because the clinical signs mimic other frequent affections of the hand. We report the case of a 24-year old female patient suffering from an osteoid osteoma in the first phalanx of a finger. The diagnosis was made four years after the first symptoms. We started by a curettage-biopsy, followed in a second operative step by cauterization and filling up the defect by a bone autograft. Six months after the surgery, the patient was no longer experiencing any symptom. This rare case demonstrates that osteoid osteoma remains a possible diagnosis in chronic pain affecting the hand.

[Over thirty years of experience with Hoffmann external fixation in paediatric orthopaedics and traumatology]. / Plus de trente ans d'utilisation du fixateur externe de Hoffmann en Orthopédie-Traumatologie pédiatrique.

The development at the Erasme University Hospital of external fixation in paediatric traumatology is presented following a diachronic order. External fixation is particularly indicated in the polytraumatized child, and/or in the case of an open fracture or of a fracture with associated neuro-vascular lesion. The indications of external fixation have been broadened to diaphyseal femoral fractures occurring at school age. The obtained osteosynthesis is stable and--in the case of an adapted mounting--elastic enough to allow the rapid constitution of a periosteal callus, which is mechanically favourable. The supra-condylar fractures of the elbow of the child may be treated by humero-ulnar distraction external fixation, following the principle of ligamentotaxis.

[Nerve transfers]. / Les transferts nerveux.

Nerve transfers are recent surgical techniques where an unaffected nerve or part of its fascicules is transferred onto another nerve and co-apted end-to-end, or sometimes end-to-side, in order to "reanimate", sensitive or motor deficits. The technique is indicated when the proximal nerve stump has been destroyed or is of bad histological quality (brachial plexus root avulsion, or stump hidden in an extended scar), far from the target (important loss of substance), or difficult to access. Nerve transfers may be indicated for the microsurgical repair of brachial or lumbo-sacral plexus lesions, and in specific upper and lower limb peripheral nerve injuries : rupture of the axillary nerve in the quadrilateral space, irreversible lesion of the upper trunk of the brachial plexus, and in facial nerve surgery.

[The Orthopaedic and Traumatology Research Laboratory]. / Le Laboratoire de Recherche en Orthopédie Traumatologie - LROT.

The history of the Orthopaedics and Traumatology Research Laboratory (LROT) is summarized during the last thirty years. The approach, initially focused on bone biomechanics and strength of materials, underwent a rapid diversification as expressed by the list of research topics: monitoring of bone healing; bone strains measurements for different level of activities including microgravity and prevention of disuse osteoporosis; biological effects of electromagnetic fields; evolution of the viscoelastic properties of the callus during bone healing; improvement of the osteoinductive properties of bone substitutes produced by the Tissues Bank of the University Hospital Erasme; Kashin-Beck disease; SICOT telediagnostic, and biomechanics of threaded implants. Those topics, event the most fundamental ones, have immediate significant clinical applications allowing a decrease of the morbidity and an acceleration of the rehabilitation of the patients. The results show the need of multidisciplinary collaborations coordinated around one autonomous laboratory, able to handle specific protocols requiring a dedicate environment.

[Original developments of navigation techniques in traumatology]. / Développements originaux des techniques de navigation en traumatologie.

This article presents an original method for long objects modeling and two navigation applications in trauma surgery. Both concern long bone fracture treatment. Our modeling method requires only two x-ray views. The projection cones of the object are determined and their intersection is computed, providing an approached 30 model, which can be improved by adding a priori knowledge or other information. The first application concerns the control of diaphyseal fracture reduction treated by external fixation. Reference frames are fixed to the bone fragments and tracked by a 3D optical localizer, allowing the computation of their relative position. Approached 3D models of the fragments are displayed in real time according to the manipulation effected by the surgeon. The principal axes of the fragments, very useful for the fracture reduction, are also displayed. The alignment of the bone fragments is quantified by parameters provided in real time during the reduction. The second application concerns the distal locking of intra-medullary nails. A 3D model of the nail and its locking holes is built from two calibrated fluoroscopic views. The nail and the surgical tool are tracked thanks to reference frames fixed to each of them. A 3D view of these two elements is displayed in real time, guiding the surgeon in the difficult task of distal targeting. Experiments and results are presented for both applications. These techniques provide real 3D models to the surgeon during the operation, allowing precise guidance of the surgical gesture and considerable reduction of the irradiation to the patient and the surgical team.

[External fixation at the wrist and hand]. / Fixation externe au poignet et à la main.

Distraction radio-metacarpal external fixation is an excellent technique for the osteosynthesis of distal radius fractures, in particular of comminuted articular fractures. The alternative is the locked palmar plate, a more demanding technique. The published literature does not allow concluding if one method is better than the other. The other main possible indications of external fixation at the wrist are comminuted fractures of the base of the thumb metacarpal, distal radius osteotomies, and wrist arthrodeses. At the hand, external minifixation is an excellent technique of osteosynthesis. Stable bone fixation is obtained, allowing early active mobilization of the fingers. The technique is especially indicated to treat open lesions or to perform lengthening, but we use also external minifixation to treat closed fractures, to perform arthrodesis or to cure non-unions, and to maintain the length of the thumb after trapeziectomy for osteoarthrosis.

[Treatment of severe proximal humeral fractures by proximal nailing (Telegraph). A prospective preliminary study]. / Traitement des fractures complexes de l'humérus proximal par enclouage verrouillé (Telegraph). Résultats d'une étude prospective préliminaire.

Treatment of complex fractures of the proximal humerus is still controversial. This prospective study was designed to evaluate the results of open reduction and proximal nailing in complex fractures of the proximal humerus. Fifteen patients aged 39 to 83 years (average: 59 years) presenting severely displaced fractures of the proximal humerus were observed after open reduction and fixation by proximal nailing (Telegraph) combined with screwing and/or osteosuture of the tuberosities. The patients were evaluated at one year clinically and radiologically. The Constant score, DASH score and Simple Shoulder Test were calculated. Complementarily, patients were submitted to an isokinetic test. At one year follow-up, the average range of motion was 85 degrees (40 degrees-170 degrees) for elevation, 82 degrees (40 degrees-170 degrees) for abduction, L3 for internal rotation and 34 degrees (10-60 degrees) for external rotation. The average visual analog score was 3 points (0-8 points). The Constant score varied from 17 to 92 points (average: 48 points). Isokinetic evaluation showed mostly a strength deficit in abduction even for patients presenting an excellent result. Functional results were related to the quality of the surgical reduction but also to patients' collaboration. Various treatment methods for complex fracture of the proximal humerus are reported in the literature. When a nearly anatomical reduction is achieved, the here-described method of open reduction and proximal nailing permits to obtain good functional results in most patients. This option should be considered for young patients and even in the elderly where results are comparable to that obtained with hemiarthroplasty in the same condition.

[The Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology of the University Clinics of Brussels, Erasme Hospital]. / Le Service d'Orthopédie-Traumatologie des Cliniques Universitaires de Bruxelles, hôpital Erasme.

On the occasion of the thirty years since its inauguration, the Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology of the University Hospital Erasme reviews the milestones of its development. Various original new techniques have been implemented: monitoring of implants using strain gauges, external fixation of the limbs, external minifixation, miniinvasive anterior approach in hip arthroplasty, knee ligamentoplasties, orthopaedic microsurgery and composite tissue allotransplantation. The care of aged patients takes place in close collaboration with the Department of Geriatrics. Two new clinical units have been created, the Unit of Hand and Peripheral Nerve Surgery, and the Centre for Sports. The Department has organized an efficient Bone Bank. The new day care hospital improves the possibilities of ambulatory surgery. The article details as well the activities of teaching and research of the members of the Department.

[The first Belgian hand transplantation case. Nine years follow-up]. / Le premier cas belge de transplantation de main. Résultat à neuf ans.

The authors report the clinical result at 9 years followup of a unilateral hand transplantation performed on the dominant side after traumatic forearm amputation. The patient is back to work and sporting activities. The allograft has been fully incorporated into his self-image. The satisfaction index is 10/10, the DASH 5/100, and the 400-points score 68.1 %. The Lanzetta HTSS score is 91 (excellent). Good function of extrinsic and intrinsic muscles is observed. The grasping strength is markedly decreased (7.4 % as compared to the normal non-dominant side). The patient has experienced several rejection episodes, controlled by the immunosuppressant drugs.

Normative values of the DASH questionnaire in healthy individuals over 50 years of age.

This study aimed to define the normative values of the DASH score in healthy individuals over 50 years of age. One hundred and twenty subjects equally representing both genders and six age categories (50-54, 55-59, 60-64, 65-69, 70-74 and 75-80 years), with no past medical history affecting the upper limb, were asked to complete the DASH questionnaire. A visual analogue scale for pain and an HAQ-DI questionnaire were also completed to confirm the absence of symptomatic untreated upper limb pathologies. In this series of a priori normal subjects, most had a DASH score greater than 0. Moreover, the DASH score was found to rise with age, with a statistically significant difference between women and men. The DASH questionnaire is widely accepted in the everyday medical practice as a tool to evaluate upper limb function. However, age adjustment of the DASH questionnaire is necessary to correctly evaluate the clinical status and progression of individuals over the age of 50.

Lunate biomechanics: application to Kienböck's disease and its treatment.

Kienböck's disease was initially considered as lunate osteomalacia due to lesions of its nutrient arteries during carpal ligament tears. It has also been suggested following primary fractures, or because of repeated microtrauma. It is only in the past 20 or 30 years that it has appeared as aseptic necrosis. Based on Hultén's hypothesis that a negative radioulnar index was the cause of Kienböck's disease, equalization osteotomies (shortening of the radius or lengthening of the ulna) were developed. The observation of Kienböck's disease in subjects with a positive index and the risk of ulnar abutment after osteotomy led to the introduction of new osteotomies to get around these difficulties, still in the hope of treating the cause of Kienböck's disease. While it has been confirmed that a negative radioulnar index promotes lunate fracture, it clearly does not induce the pathology in the form of necrosis. In this scenario, perilunar osteotomies produce durable decompression, limiting the risk of lunate fracture in case of necrosis by removing the compressive constraints. After comparing the different osteotomies used to treat Kienböck's disease, it seems that the Camembert osteotomy for radius shortening, combined with selective shortening of the ulnar head as described by Sennwald, decompresses the lunate maximally, and protects it long enough for potential natural revascularization to occur.

Correlations between clinical presentations of adult trigger digits and histologic aspects of the A1 pulley.

PURPOSE: We aimed to report by light microscopy the normal histology of the A1 pulley, describe the histologic abnormalities of A1 pulleys in trigger digits, and look for possible correlations between these findings and the severity of the disease. METHODS: In a series of 104 trigger digits operated on in 80 adult patients, the A1 pulleys were removed and histologically studied. The findings were compared with 55 normal A1 pulleys obtained from fresh-frozen cadaveric specimens. RESULTS: The normal A1 pulley was composed of 3 layers: layer I, an inner, avascular, concave unicellular or bicellular gliding layer containing cartilage-like cells; layer II, a middle layer, also avascular, characterized by spindle-shaped fibroblasts; and layer III, an outer, richly vascularized layer, continuous with the membranous tendons sheath. We used a 3-grade classification, increasing in severity, to describe the histologic abnormalities observed in trigger digit A1 pulleys. Mild abnormalities (grade 1) were those with a fibrocartilaginous gliding surface almost intact. The margin between the fibrocartilaginous and membranous portions of the pulley was well delineated. In moderate abnormalities (grade 2), the avascular fibrocartilaginous gliding surface appeared fissured and thinner. The inner layer (I) was interrupted and replaced by fibrous tissue, with fissures that did not cross through the middle layer (II). A mild vascular network hyperplasia was observed in the outer layer (III), which began to invade the fibrocartilage. In severe abnormalities (grade 3), the fibrocartilaginous gliding surface was thin, discontinuous, or even completely destroyed. The vascular network hyperplasia became excessive and reached the synovial space of the flexor tendon sheath. The histologic features were correlated with the severity of the clinical symptoms (p < .001). CONCLUSIONS: The histologic abnormalities observed in the A1 pulley of trigger digits are characteristic and not related to inflammation. As the trigger digit worsens, the gliding surface begins to wear and is gradually replaced by a secondary invasive hyperplasia from the outer layer. These abnormalities could be caused by a modification or an increase of the mechanical stresses along the flexor tendons.

Tobacco and bone fractures: A review of the facts and issues that every orthopaedic surgeon should know.

OBJECTIVES: The aim of this study was to review the impact of smoking tobacco on the musculoskeletal system, and on bone fractures in particular. METHODS: English-language publications of human and animal studies categorizing subjects into smokers and nonsmokers were sourced from MEDLINE, The Cochrane Library, and SCOPUS. This review specifically focused on the risk, surgical treatment, and prevention of fracture complications in smokers. RESULTS: Smokers have an increased risk of fracture and experience more complications with delayed bone healing, even if they have already stopped smoking, because some adverse effects persist for a prolonged period. Some risks can be reduced during and after surgery by local and general prevention, and smoking cessation is an important factor in lessening this risk. However, if a patient wants to stop smoking at the time of a fracture, the cessation strategies in reducing tobacco use are not easy to implement. The patient should also be warned that using e-cigarettes or other tobaccos does not appear to reduce adverse effects on health. CONCLUSION: The evidence reviewed in this study shows that smoking has a negative effect in terms of the risk and treatment of fractures.Cite this article: J. Hernigou, F. Schuind. Tobacco and bone fractures: A review of the facts and issues that every orthopaedic surgeon should know. Bone Joint Res 2019;8:255-265. DOI: 10.1302/2046-3758.86.BJR-2018-0344.R1.

Microvascular reconstructive techniques in orthopaedic traumatology.

Great evolution has taken place in Orthopaedic Traumatology, regarding techniques, surgical means and equipment. However, we still encounter complicated cases of limb trauma that necessitate microvascular reconstruction. Through three different illustrative cases (one emergency foot revascularization by a free flap, covering an ankle arthrodesis and bridging the anterior tibial artery, one cure of a complex infected tibial non-union with extensive skeletal defect by double barrel fibular transfer and one osteo-chondral reconstruction of the scaphoid proximal pole using a vascularized graft harvested from the femoral medial condyle), the authors remind the Orthopaedic community about the benefits of microsurgery, especially if used in proper indication and timing. This article is a plea to preserve the knowledge and develop the technical abilities of microvascular techniques in the departments of Orthopaedics and Traumatology.

CD8+ T-Cell depletion and rapamycin synergize with combined coreceptor/stimulation blockade to induce robust limb allograft tolerance in mice.

The growing development of composite tissue allografts (CTA) highlights the need for tolerance induction protocols. Herein, we developed a mouse model of heterotopic limb allograft in a stringent strain combination in which potentially tolerogenic strategies were tested taking advantage of donor stem cells in the grafted limb. BALB/c allografts were transplanted into C57BL/6 mice treated with anti-CD154 mAb, nondepleting anti-CD4 combined to either depleting or nondepleting anti-CD8 mAbs. Some groups received additional rapamycin. Both depleting and nondepleting mAb combinations without rapamycin only delayed limb allograft rejection, whereas the addition of rapamycin induced long-term allograft survival in both combinations. Nevertheless, robust donor-specific tolerance, defined by the acceptance of a fresh donor-type skin allograft and simultaneous rejection of third-party grafts, required initial CD8(+) T-cell depletion. Mixed donor-recipient chimerism was observed in lymphoid organs and recipient bone marrow of tolerant but not rejecting animals. Tolerance specificity was confirmed by the inability to produce IL-2, IFN-gamma and TNF-alpha in MLC with donor antigen while significant alloreactivity persisted against third- party alloantigens. Collectively, these results show that robust CTA tolerance and mixed donor-recipient chimerism can be achieved in response to the synergizing combination of rapamycin, transient CD8(+) T-cell depletion and costimulation/coreceptor blockade.

Atypical acute rejection after hand transplantation.

Skin rejection after hand transplantation is characterized by a maculopapular erythematous rash that may be diffuse, patchy or focal, and distributed over forearms and dorsum of the hands. This 'classical' pattern of rejection usually spares the skin of the palm and does not affect the nails. Herein, we report the experience on four cases presenting with an 'atypical' pattern of rejection that is novel in involving the palmar skin and the nails. All patients were young and exposed to repetitive and persistent mechanical stress of the palm. Characteristic features of rejection included a desquamative rash associated with dry skin, red papules, scaling and lichenification localized to the palm. Skin lesions were associated with nail dystrophy, degeneration, deformation or loss. Histology of the skin and nail bed revealed a lymphocytic infiltrate with predominance of T cells (CD3+, CD4+ and CD8+), with small numbers of B cells (CD20+ and CD79a+) and a low number of Forkhead transcription factor 3 (FOXP3)-positive cells in one patient. The lesions persisted over weeks to months, responded poorly to steroid treatment and were managed with antithymocyte globulin (ATG; Thymoglobulin, Genzyme, Cambridge, MA), alemtuzumab and/or intensified maintenance immunosuppression.

[When a multiple trauma complains about abdominal pains six weeks after the fall. . ]. / Quand un polytrauma se plaint de douleurs abdominales six semaines après la chute. . .

A 18-year old patient presents abdominal pains associated with nausea and vomiting six weeks after a multiple trauma leading to paraplegia. Esophagitis, urolithiasis, and acalculous cholecystitis were diagnosed. This report illustrates two rare abdominal complications of a multiple trauma with immobilisation: acalculous cholecystitis, hypercalcaemia, coralliform urolithiasis following urinary infection and bacteriurie with Enterobacter Cloacae. The interpretation of the abdominal semiology of a multiple trauma's patient presenting long-term immobilization may be misleading.

Direct Nerve Sutures in (Extended) Upper Obstetric Brachial Plexus Repair.

Background In rare, selected cases of severe (extended) upper obstetric brachial plexus palsy (OBPP), after supraclavicular exposure and distal mobilization of the traumatized trunks and careful neuroma excision, we decided to perform direct nerve coaptation with tolerable tension and immobilized the affected arm positioned in adduction and 90-degree elbow flexion for three weeks. Objectives We present our surgical technique and preliminary results in a prospective open patient series, including 22 patients (14 right and 8 left side affected) between 2009 and 2016, operated at a mean age of 8.4 months. Methods Analysis of functional results after a minimum of 18 months was conducted using the British Medical Research Council (BMRC) scale. Results All children reached 60-90° of elbow flexion and 75° of shoulder abduction at already six months after surgery. For those patients having already passed one year post surgery, the mean active shoulder abduction reached 92°, and for those who past the 18 months 124°. We discuss the actual knowledge about nerve coaptation under "reasonable" tension including its advantages and drawbacks. Conclusion This technique may be indicated in preoperatively selected cases of (extended) upper OBPP and may give good functional results.

The first Belgian hand transplantation--37 month term results.

The first Belgian hand transplant was a 22 year-old man with a traumatic amputation of his dominant hand at the junction of the middle and distal thirds of the forearm. The donor and recipient had three HLA mismatches. The cross-match was negative. The total ischaemic time was slightly over 6 hours. Immunosuppression included antithymocyte globulins at induction and tacrolimus, mycophenolate mofetil and prednisolone as induction and maintenance therapy. There has been no episode of rejection. The only significant complications, except for transient hyperglycaemia, were psychological. At 37 months post-transplantation, the patient has fully incorporated his transplant into his self-image and is back at work. He has good sensibility (two-point discrimination of 6mm at the thumb and index finger pulps), acceptable wrist and finger motion with functioning intrinsic muscles. According to Chen's criteria, the result is good to excellent.