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2.
Health Care Women Int ; 30(3): 232, 2009 Mar.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-19191118

RESUMO

HIV and AIDS are a major problem in Botswana. Studies have revealed that they have mostly affected young people, most of whom will have been infected with HIV during their teenage years. The prevalence among young people aged 15-24 is 16.9% and 6.6% among adolescents aged 15-19 years. It is therefore crucial to examine perceived contextual factors that influence adolescents living with HIV and AIDS, the risks that they encounter, and the behaviors that they use to reduce such risks. A qualitative exploratory descriptive design will be used to describe the HIV and AIDS knowledge risk and protective factors in general and sexual factors in particular of adolescents living with HIV and AIDS. Focus group discussions and individual in-depth interviews will be conducted among female and male adolescents aged 13 to 19 years. Content analysis will be utilized.


Assuntos
Síndrome da Imunodeficiência Adquirida/prevenção & controle , Comportamento do Adolescente/psicologia , Conhecimentos, Atitudes e Prática em Saúde , Educação de Pacientes como Assunto/métodos , Educação Sexual/métodos , Síndrome da Imunodeficiência Adquirida/epidemiologia , Adolescente , Botsuana/epidemiologia , Feminino , Grupos Focais , Humanos , Masculino , Psicologia do Adolescente , Assunção de Riscos , Comportamento Sexual/estatística & dados numéricos , Percepção Social , Fatores Socioeconômicos , Inquéritos e Questionários , Adulto Jovem
3.
Health Care Women Int ; 30(3): 233-4, 2009 Mar.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-19191119

RESUMO

HIV-related stigma is a life-altering phenomenon. The consequence of the stigmatization process sets apart stigmatized person(s) as a distinct category, leading to various forms of disapproval, rejection, exclusion, labeling, stereotyping, and discrimination. Stigma of HIV-positive people in Botswana is a complex social phenomenon associated with the disease itself and the behaviors that lead to infection. This is a synthesis paper based on the literature review on HIV- and AIDS-related stigmatization of HIV-positive people in Botswana and in-depth interviews with people living with HIV and AIDS (PLWHAs). I examine the literature on HIV- and AIDS-related stigmatization and subsequent discrimination and the implications for intervention programs for people living with HIV and AIDS. The findings from the literature and in-depth interviews show that HIV-AIDS-related stigma is deeply embedded in societal structures and culture which promote nonacceptance of those branded HIV positive. This often is reinforced at a practical level by pervasive negative attitudes toward PLWHAs. Recommendations argue for the adoption of Healthy Relationship. This intervention seeks to promote and strengthen decision-making skills among PLWHAs and programs that promote destigmatization of, and tolerant attitudes toward, PLWHAs.


Assuntos
Atitude Frente a Saúde/etnologia , Infecções por HIV/etnologia , Preconceito , Alienação Social , Estereotipagem , Botsuana/epidemiologia , Características Culturais , Feminino , Infecções por HIV/epidemiologia , Infecções por HIV/prevenção & controle , Conhecimentos, Atitudes e Prática em Saúde , Humanos , Relações Interpessoais , Masculino , Valores Sociais
4.
J Transcult Nurs ; 19(4): 317-25, 2008 Oct.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-18667628

RESUMO

PURPOSE: Because of the serious threat of HIV/AIDS to students at a university in Botswana, faculty instituted two interventions to change students' HIV/AIDS-related knowledge, attitudes, and behavior: (a) an HIV/AIDS course and (b) the Health and Wellness Centre. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the success of these interventions. METHOD: A four-group comparison design was created for this study as a method for the qualitative formative evaluation. Data collection was done using the rapid assessment method, in which team interviews of 105 students at the university were conducted. The teams used descriptive, interpretive, and explanatory codes to create themes, which were compared to findings in the literature. RESULTS: Although students indicated significant learning and attitude changes, no major changes in sexually risky behavior were reported. DISCUSSION: Substantive, methodological, and theoretical implications are discussed.


Assuntos
Atitude Frente a Saúde , Infecções por HIV/prevenção & controle , Conhecimentos, Atitudes e Prática em Saúde , Educação Sexual/organização & administração , Estudantes/psicologia , Universidades , Adolescente , Atitude Frente a Saúde/etnologia , Tédio , Botsuana/epidemiologia , Feminino , Infecções por HIV/etnologia , Necessidades e Demandas de Serviços de Saúde , Humanos , Relações Interpessoais , Masculino , Pesquisa em Educação em Enfermagem , Pesquisa Metodológica em Enfermagem , Avaliação de Programas e Projetos de Saúde , Pesquisa Qualitativa , Assunção de Riscos , Estudantes/estatística & dados numéricos , Inquéritos e Questionários , Sexo sem Proteção/etnologia , Sexo sem Proteção/prevenção & controle , Sexo sem Proteção/estatística & dados numéricos , Adulto Jovem
5.
J Assoc Nurses AIDS Care ; 18(6): 22-31, 2007.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-17991596

RESUMO

Botswana currently has one of the highest HIV-positive prevalence rates in the world. University students are an important group seriously affected by this pandemic. They represent one of the country's richest resources for the future, and faculty at University of Botswana believe there is a responsibility to educate them in a way that helps them preserve their health and vitality. This article represents a case study of one university faculty's efforts to fight the threat of HIV/AIDS to their student body. This case study reviews the early stages of faculty endeavors beginning with the development of an HIV/AIDS course and continuing through evaluation of the success and failures of the course, as well as current refinements now being made. Because the problem of HIV/AIDS on campus is a common one throughout sub-Saharan Africa, the authors hope that this case study of one faculty's approach may be helpful to those facing the same challenge.


Assuntos
Infecções por HIV/prevenção & controle , Educação em Saúde/organização & administração , Botsuana , Tomada de Decisões , Países em Desenvolvimento , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Avaliação de Programas e Projetos de Saúde , Universidades
6.
J Assoc Nurses AIDS Care ; 18(4): 22-31, 2007.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-17662921

RESUMO

HIV-related fatigue is a debilitating and disabling symptom that persists for months and years. In 743 HIV/AIDS patients from Southern Africa, the authors found ratings of HIV-related fatigue to be highly prevalent. The authors conducted a secondary data analysis within the theoretical context of the University of California, San Francisco Symptom Management Model. The analysis focused on 538 patients who reported fatigue to investigate correlates and predictors of fatigue severity in relationship to demographic and HIV/AIDS illness indicators, as well as HIV-specific physical and psychological symptoms. A hierarchical regression model explored the contributions of those five blocks on fatigue severity. Of the 47% of the total variance in fatigue severity, a combination of variables within the health and illness block (6%), the physical symptoms block (7%) and the psychological symptom block (2%) contributed significantly to the increase in fatigue severity scores. Fatigue severity in Southern Africa was moderate, and the factors contributing to the perceived fatigue were most likely related to symptoms of acute HIV disease (such as fever and gastrointestinal problems). In conclusion, fatigue severity is less impacted by demographic or environmental variables but much more by co-occurring symptoms and HIV disease severity. The results of this study imply the need for more research to understand if improvements in water quality and access to food would prevent infection and diarrhea and whether sufficient access to antiretroviral treatments to manage the HIV infection would improve fatigue and co-occurring symptom profiles.


Assuntos
Atitude Frente a Saúde , Efeitos Psicossociais da Doença , Fadiga , Infecções por HIV/complicações , Homens/psicologia , Mulheres/psicologia , Atividades Cotidianas/psicologia , Adulto , Idoso , Idoso de 80 Anos ou mais , Análise de Variância , Botsuana/epidemiologia , Essuatíni/epidemiologia , Fadiga/epidemiologia , Fadiga/psicologia , Fadiga/virologia , Feminino , Acessibilidade aos Serviços de Saúde , Necessidades e Demandas de Serviços de Saúde , Humanos , Lesoto/epidemiologia , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Pesquisa Metodológica em Enfermagem , Análise de Regressão , Índice de Gravidade de Doença , África do Sul/epidemiologia , Inquéritos e Questionários
7.
Clin Nurs Res ; 26(4): 399-418, 2017 08.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-28707552

RESUMO

There is an ever-growing need for clinically focused, culturally relevant research on which nurses can base their practice. However, there may not be a concurrent rise in efforts to strengthen infrastructure needed to promote research in developing and low-income countries. In such cases, nurse researchers must find innovative ways to address and overcome barriers to research. This article presents five exemplars of nurses conducting high-quality nursing research in resource-poor settings in southern and eastern Africa. Furthermore, it suggests strategies to address these barriers, such as piggybacking on larger studies, interdisciplinary collaboration, and partnership with influential stakeholders. These tactics may be used to increase research productivity elsewhere.


Assuntos
Pesquisa em Enfermagem Clínica/métodos , Recursos em Saúde/economia , Comunicação Interdisciplinar , Pesquisadores/educação , África , Países em Desenvolvimento , Saúde Global , Humanos , Tocologia/educação
9.
J Pain Symptom Manage ; 29(2): 185-92, 2005 Feb.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-15733810

RESUMO

We describe self-reported strategies used by persons living with HIV/AIDS in Botswana, Lesotho, South Africa, and Swaziland to manage common HIV-related symptoms. A questionnaire asked participants to list three to six symptoms they had recently experienced, the care strategies they had used to make them better, where they had learned the strategy, and to rate the perceived effectiveness of the strategy. Data were collected in 2002 from 743 persons. The self-care management strategies were coded into eight categories: medications, complementary treatments, self-comforting, changing diet, seeking help, exercise, spiritual care, and daily thoughts/activities. Overall, participants reported medications as the most frequently occurring management strategy and the most effective. A very small inventory of behavioral strategies was available to participants to help them manage their HIV-related symptoms.


Assuntos
Síndrome da Imunodeficiência Adquirida/epidemiologia , Síndrome da Imunodeficiência Adquirida/terapia , Cuidados Paliativos/métodos , Cuidados Paliativos/estatística & dados numéricos , Autocuidado/métodos , Autocuidado/estatística & dados numéricos , Síndrome da Imunodeficiência Adquirida/diagnóstico , Adolescente , Adulto , África Austral/epidemiologia , Idoso , Idoso de 80 Anos ou mais , Fármacos Anti-HIV/uso terapêutico , Criança , Comorbidade , Terapias Complementares/métodos , Terapias Complementares/estatística & dados numéricos , Coleta de Dados , Dietoterapia/estatística & dados numéricos , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade
10.
J Assoc Nurses AIDS Care ; 16(3): 22-32, 2005.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-16433114

RESUMO

This study describes the symptom experience of 743 men and women living with HIV/AIDS in Botswana, Lesotho, South Africa, and Swaziland. Data were obtained in 2002 by using a cross-sectional design. A survey of participants included 17 sociodemographic items and the 64-item Revised Sign and Symptom Checklist for Persons with HIV Disease. Results indicate a strong correlation between the frequency of reported symptoms and their intensity (r = .84, p < .00). Participants who reported having enough money for daily expenses also reported significantly fewer symptoms. There were no significant differences in symptom frequency between men and women or by location of residence. The study showed a complex picture of HIV-related symptoms in all four countries. Because of the high levels of symptoms reported, the results imply an urgent need for effective home- and community-based symptom management in countries where antiretroviral therapy is unavailable to help patients and their families manage and control AIDS symptoms and improve quality of life.


Assuntos
Infecções por HIV/complicações , Nível de Saúde , Adulto , África Austral/epidemiologia , Estudos Transversais , Feminino , Infecções por HIV/enfermagem , Infecções por HIV/psicologia , Inquéritos Epidemiológicos , Humanos , Masculino , Estatísticas não Paramétricas , Estresse Psicológico/epidemiologia , Estresse Psicológico/etiologia
11.
Issues Ment Health Nurs ; 29(2): 165-77, 2008.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-18293223

RESUMO

Western studies of adolescent development are beginning to corporate not only the traditional ideas of nature and nurture, but also contextual factors such as culture, ecology and historical time. This article explores how adolescent development is influenced by both a specific culture (Botswana) and a specific ecological situation (the rampant HIV pandemic in that country). A case study of late adolescents living in this pandemic in Botswana helps broaden our traditional views of adolescent development.


Assuntos
Comportamento do Adolescente/etnologia , Desenvolvimento do Adolescente , Atitude Frente a Saúde/etnologia , Infecções por HIV/etnologia , Teoria Psicológica , Comportamento Sexual/etnologia , Adolescente , Botsuana/epidemiologia , Comunicação , Doenças Endêmicas/prevenção & controle , Doenças Endêmicas/estatística & dados numéricos , Feminino , Identidade de Gênero , Infecções por HIV/prevenção & controle , Conhecimentos, Atitudes e Prática em Saúde , Humanos , Relação entre Gerações , Masculino , Pesquisa Metodológica em Enfermagem , Grupo Associado , Psicologia do Adolescente , Pesquisa Qualitativa , Assunção de Riscos , Valores Sociais
12.
J Nurs Scholarsh ; 37(2): 120-6, 2005.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-15960055

RESUMO

PURPOSE: To increase understanding of the meaning of quality of life for people living with HIV/AIDS in four countries in sub-Saharan Africa: Botswana, Lesotho, South Africa, and Swaziland. METHODS: Using a cross-sectional design and convenience sample, we administered a survey and collected data on demographic characteristics, measures of severity of illness, and perceptions of quality of life. The purposefully selected sample (N=743) consisted of community-based people living with HIV/AIDS in 2002. Based on the Wilson and Cleary framework for organizing variables related to quality of life, a hierarchical multiple regression was conducted with quality of life as the dependent variable. RESULTS: The sample of 743 persons was 61.2% female with a mean age of 34 years. Approximately 62 % of the sample reported having received an AIDS diagnosis. Ten predictor variables explained 53.2 % of the variance in life satisfaction. Those participants with higher life satisfaction scores were less educated, had worries about disclosure and finances, did not have an AIDS diagnosis or other comorbid conditions, had lower symptom intensity, had greater functioning, and had fewer health worries. None of these participants was taking antiretroviral medications at the time of this study. CONCLUSIONS: Several dimensions of the Wilson and Cleary model of quality of life were significantly related to life satisfaction for people living with HIV/AIDS in sub-Saharan Africa. Quality of life for this sample was primarily defined as overall functional ability and control over symptom intensity. These findings are similar to studies in developed countries that have shown the significant relationships among functional abilities, symptom control, and perceived quality of life. As antiretroviral medications become more available in these areas, community members and care providers can help clients realize the possibility of living well with HIV/AIDS, and can work with clients to improve functional ability and control symptom intensity to make living well a reality.


Assuntos
Adaptação Psicológica , Atitude Frente a Saúde , Infecções por HIV/psicologia , Qualidade de Vida/psicologia , Adulto , Análise de Variância , Botsuana/epidemiologia , Estudos Transversais , Escolaridade , Essuatíni/epidemiologia , Feminino , Infecções por HIV/epidemiologia , Infecções por HIV/prevenção & controle , Conhecimentos, Atitudes e Prática em Saúde , Nível de Saúde , Humanos , Lesoto/epidemiologia , Masculino , Modelos Psicológicos , Papel do Profissional de Enfermagem , Pesquisa Metodológica em Enfermagem , Satisfação Pessoal , Análise de Regressão , Fatores Socioeconômicos , África do Sul/epidemiologia , Inquéritos e Questionários
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