Interplay between plasmacytoid dendritic cells and tumor-specific T cells in peripheral blood influences long-term survival in non-small cell lung carcinoma.

Plasmacytoid dendritic cells (pDCs) represent a subset of antigen-presenting cells that play an ambivalent role in cancer immunity. Here, we investigated the clinical significance of circulating pDCs and their interaction with tumor-specific T cell responses in patients with non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC, n = 126) . The relation between intratumoral pDC signature and immune checkpoint inhibitors efficacy was also evaluated. Patients with NSCLC had low level but activated phenotype pDC compared to healthy donors. In overall population, patients with high level of pDC (pDChigh) had improved overall survival (OS) compared to patients with pDClow, median OS 30.4 versus 20.7 months (P = 0.013). This clinical benefit was only observed in stage I to III patients, but not in metastatic disease. We showed that patients harboring pDChigh profile had high amount of Th1-diffentiation cytokine interleukin-12 (IL-12) in blood and had functional T cells directed against a broad range of tumor antigens. Furthermore, a high pDC signature in the tumor microenvironment was associated with improved clinical outcome in patients treated with anti-PD-(L)1 therapy. Overall, this study showed that circulating pDChigh is associated with long-term OS in NSCLC and highlighted the predictive value of intratumor pDC signature in the efficacy of immune checkpoint inhibitors.

Distinct tumor architectures and microenvironments for the initiation of breast cancer metastasis in the brain.

Brain metastasis, a serious complication of cancer, hinges on the initial survival, microenvironment adaptation, and outgrowth of disseminated cancer cells. To understand the early stages of brain colonization, we investigated two prevalent sources of cerebral relapse, triple-negative (TNBC) and HER2+ (HER2BC) breast cancers. Using mouse models and human tissue samples, we found that these tumor types colonize the brain, with a preference for distinctive tumor architectures, stromal interfaces, and autocrine programs. TNBC models tend to form perivascular sheaths with diffusive contact with astrocytes and microglia. In contrast, HER2BC models tend to form compact spheroids driven by autonomous tenascin C production, segregating stromal cells to the periphery. Single-cell transcriptomics of the tumor microenvironment revealed that these architectures evoke differential Alzheimer's disease-associated microglia (DAM) responses and engagement of the GAS6 receptor AXL. The spatial features of the two modes of brain colonization have relevance for leveraging the stroma to treat brain metastasis.

Impact of scFv on Functionality and Safety of Third-Generation CD123 CAR T Cells.

Chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cells express an extracellular domain consisting of a single-chain fragment variable (scFv) targeting a surface tumor-associated antigen. scFv selection should involve safety profiling with evaluation of the efficacy/toxicity balance, especially when the target antigen also is expressed on healthy cells. Here, to assess differences in terms of efficacy and on-target/off-tumor effects, we generated five different CARs targeting CD123 by substituting only the scFv. In in vitro models, T cells engineered to express three of these five CD123 CARs were effectively cytotoxic on leukemic cells without increasing lysis of monocytes or endothelial cells. Using the IncuCyte system, we confirmed the low cytotoxicity of CD123 CAR T cells on endothelial cells. Hematotoxicity evaluation using progenitor culture and CD34 cell lysis showed that two of the five CD123 CAR T cells were less cytotoxic on hematopoietic stem cells. Using a humanized mouse model, we confirmed that CD123- cells were not eliminated by the CD123 CAR T cells. Two CD123 CAR T cells reduced tumor infiltration and increased the overall survival of mice in three in vivo models of blastic plasmacytoid dendritic cell neoplasm. In an aggressive version of this model, bulk RNA sequencing analysis showed that these CD123 CAR T cells upregulated genes associated with cytotoxicity and activation/exhaustion a few days after the injection. Together, these results emphasize the importance of screening different scFvs for the development of CAR constructs to support selection of cells with the optimal risk-benefit ratio for clinical development.

CAR-T cells targeting IL-1RAP produced in a closed semiautomatic system are ready for the first phase I clinical investigation in humans.

PURPOSE OF THE STUDY: The use of chimeric antigen receptor (CAR)-T cells has demonstrated excellent results in B-lymphoid malignancies. The Advanced Therapy Medicinal Products (ATMP) status and good manufacturing practice (GMP) of CAR-T cells require particular conditions of production performed in a pharmaceutical establishment. Our team developed a new medical drug candidate for acute myeloid leukemia (AML), a CAR targeting interleukin-1 receptor accessory protein (IL-1RAP) expressed by leukemia stem cells, which will need to be evaluated in a phase I-IIa clinical trial. During the preclinical development phase, we produced IL-1RAP CAR-T cells in a semi-automated closed system (CliniMACSࣨ Prodigy) using research grade lentiviral particles. PATIENTS AND THE METHODS: The purpose of this work was to validate our production process and to characterize our preclinical GMP-like medicinal product. IL-1RAP CAR-T cells were produced from healthy donors in 9 days, either in an semi-automated closed system (with GMP-like compliant conditions) or according to another research protocols, which was used as a reference. RESULTS: Based on phenotypic, functional and metabolic analyses, we were able to show that the final product is ready for clinical use. Finally, in a xenograft AML murine model, we demonstrated that the IL-1RAP CAR-T cells generated in a GMP-like environment could eliminate tumor cells and increase overall survival. CONCLUSION: We demonstrated that our IL-1RAP CAR-T cell preclinical GMP-like production process meets standard regulatory requirements in terms of CAR-T cell number, subpopulation phenotype and cytotoxic functionality. Our CAR-T cell production process was validated and can be used to produce medicinal IL-1RAP CAR-T cells for the first phase I clinical trial.

CD8+ CD226high T cells in liver metastases dictate the prognosis of colorectal cancer patients treated with chemotherapy and radical surgery.

CD226 has been reported to participate in the rescue of CD8+ T cell dysfunction. In this study, we aimed to assess the prognostic value of CD226 in tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) derived from colorectal cancer (CRC) liver metastases treated with chemotherapy and radical surgery. TILs from 43 metastases were isolated and analyzed ex vivo using flow cytometry. CD155 and CD3 levels in the tumor microenvironment were assessed by immunohistochemistry. Exploration and validation of biological processes highlighted in this study were performed by bioinformatics analysis of bulk RNA-seq results for 28 CRC liver metastases pretreated with chemotherapy as well as public gene expression datasets. CD226 expression contributes to the definition of the immune context in CRC liver metastases and primary tumors. CD226 on CD8+ T cells was not specifically coexpressed with other immune checkpoints, such as PD1, TIGIT, and TIM3, in liver metastases. Multivariate Cox regression analysis revealed CD226 expression on CD8+ T cells to be an independent prognostic factor (p = 0.003), along with CD3 density at invasion margins (p = 0.003) and TIGIT expression on CD4+ T cells (p = 0.019). CD155 was not associated with the prognostic value of CD226. Gene expression analysis in a validation dataset confirmed the prognostic value of CD226 in CRC liver metastases but not in primary tumors. Downregulation of CD226 on CD8+ TILs in the liver microenvironment was restored by IL15 treatment. Overall, CD226 expression on liver metastasis-infiltrating CD8+ T cells selectively contributes to immune surveillance of CRC liver metastases and has prognostic value for patients undergoing radical surgery.

Distinct tumor architectures for metastatic colonization of the brain.

Brain metastasis is a dismal cancer complication, hinging on the initial survival and outgrowth of disseminated cancer cells. To understand these crucial early stages of colonization, we investigated two prevalent sources of cerebral relapse, triple-negative (TNBC) and HER2+ breast cancer (HER2BC). We show that these tumor types colonize the brain aggressively, yet with distinct tumor architectures, stromal interfaces, and autocrine growth programs. TNBC forms perivascular sheaths with diffusive contact with astrocytes and microglia. In contrast, HER2BC forms compact spheroids prompted by autonomous extracellular matrix components and segregating stromal cells to their periphery. Single-cell transcriptomic dissection reveals canonical Alzheimer's disease-associated microglia (DAM) responses. Differential engagement of tumor-DAM signaling through the receptor AXL suggests specific pro-metastatic functions of the tumor architecture in both TNBC perivascular and HER2BC spheroidal colonies. The distinct spatial features of these two highly efficient modes of brain colonization have relevance for leveraging the stroma to treat brain metastasis.

TIE-2 Signaling Activation by Angiopoietin 2 On Myeloid-Derived Suppressor Cells Promotes Melanoma-Specific T-cell Inhibition.

Myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs) are a heterogeneous group of immune suppressive cells detected in several human cancers. In this study, we investigated the features and immune suppressive function of a novel subset of monocytic MDSC overexpressing TIE-2 (TIE-2+ M-MDSC), the receptor for the pro-angiogenic factor angiopoietin 2 (ANGPT2). We showed that patients with melanoma exhibited a higher circulating rate of TIE-2+ M-MDSCs, especially in advanced stages, as compared to healthy donors. The distribution of the TIE-2+ M-MDSC rate toward the melanoma stage correlated with the serum level of ANGPT2. TIE-2+ M-MDSC from melanoma patients overexpressed immune suppressive molecules such as PD-L1, CD73, TGF-ß, and IL-10, suggesting a highly immunosuppressive phenotype. The exposition of these cells to ANGPT2 increased the expression of most of these molecules, mainly Arginase 1. Hence, we observed a profound impairment of melanoma-specific T-cell responses in patients harboring high levels of TIE-2+ M-MDSC along with ANGPT2. This was confirmed by in vitro experiments indicating that the addition of ANGPT2 increased the ability of TIE-2+ M-MDSC to suppress antitumor T-cell function. Furthermore, by using TIE-2 kinase-specific inhibitors such as regorafenib or rebastinib, we demonstrated that an active TIE-2 signaling was required for optimal suppressive activity of these cells after ANGPT2 exposition. Collectively, these results support that TIE-2+ M-MDSC/ANGPT2 axis represents a potential immune escape mechanism in melanoma.

Chimeric antigen receptor T-cells targeting IL-1RAP: a promising new cellular immunotherapy to treat acute myeloid leukemia.

BACKGROUND: Acute myeloid leukemia (AML) remains a very difficult disease to cure due to the persistence of leukemic stem cells (LSCs), which are resistant to different lines of chemotherapy and are the basis of refractory/relapsed (R/R) disease in 80% of patients with AML not receiving allogeneic transplantation. METHODS: In this study, we showed that the interleukin-1 receptor accessory protein (IL-1RAP) protein is overexpressed on the cell surface of LSCs in all subtypes of AML and confirmed it as an interesting and promising target in AML compared with the most common potential AML targets, since it is not expressed by the normal hematopoietic stem cell. After establishing the proof of concept for the efficacy of chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T-cells targeting IL-1RAP in chronic myeloid leukemia, we hypothesized that third-generation IL-1RAP CAR T-cells could eliminate AML LSCs, where the medical need is not covered. RESULTS: We first demonstrated that IL-1RAP CAR T-cells can be produced from AML T-cells at the time of diagnosis and at relapse. In vitro and in vivo, we showed the effectiveness of IL-1RAP CAR T-cells against AML cell lines expressing different levels of IL-1RAP and the cytotoxicity of autologous IL-1RAP CAR T-cells against primary cells from patients with AML at diagnosis or at relapse. In patient-derived relapsed AML xenograft models, we confirmed that IL-1RAP CAR T-cells are able to circulate in peripheral blood and to migrate in the bone marrow and spleen, are cytotoxic against primary AML cells and increased overall survival. CONCLUSION: In conclusion, our preclinical results suggest that IL-1RAP CAR T-based adoptive therapy could be a promising strategy in AML treatment and it warrants the clinical investigation of this CAR T-cell therapy.