[Development of sanitary microbiology researches at the A. N. Marzeyev Institute for Hygiene and Medical Ecology, Academy of Medical Sciences of Ukraine (Kiev)].

The paper describes the main stages of development of sanitary bacteriological studies at the leading hygiene research institute of Ukraine--the A. N Marzeyev Institute for Hygiene and Medical Ecology. These researches have made a substantial contribution to the formation and development of hygiene science in the former Soviet Union. The current and promising areas in sanitary microbiology in Ukraine are considered.

EXPOSURE LEVELS OF UKRAINIAN POPULATION IN THE CONTEXT OF AN ACTION PLAN TO REDUCE INDOOR RADON LEVELS. / RIVNI OPROMINENNIa NASELENNIa UKRAÏNY V KONTEKSTI PLANU DII ShchODO ZMENShENNIa RIVNIV RADONU V POVITRI PRYMIShchEN'.

OBJECTIVE: To analyze and evaluate the available information to indoor radon concentration in the context of theimplementation of the radon action plan. OBJECT OF STUDY: indoor radon-222 in dwellings by area and corresponding radiation risks of the population. Measurements were performed using passive track radonometry. The exposure time of the radonometers is atleast 30 days during heating season. Radiation risk calculations were performed according to the dose coefficientsand mathematical models of the ICRP. RESULTS: It was found that for the whole country, reference level 300 Bq/m3 (radon gas) is exceeded in 16 % ofcases. It was found that geometric mean of radon gas levels was 120 Bq/m3 and varies from 35 to 265 Bq/m3 bydifferent area, namely the difference between radon levels in different territories of the country can be up to 7.5times. Variability of radon levels at the district level is also significant. It was found, radon activity concentrationdiffering by almost 10 times by districts with lognormal distribution and a geometric mean of 75 Bq/m3. The analy-sis of radiation risks of the population has established that estimated annual number of lung cancer deaths due toradon in Ukraine is almost 8,900 cases; and а direct economic loss for the country are estimated at more than $450 million a year. CONCLUSIONS: Surveys of radon levels demonstrated significant variation in radon concentrations between different regions. For the whole country, reference level (300 Bq/m3) is exceeded on above 16 % of the dwellings, butpercentage of exceeding varies from 0.1 to 43.0 % by different area. Information on indoor radon concentrationsin almost a third of the country is non-available. For an effective implementation of the Action plan, it makes sense to introduce radon risk mapping.

[The system of the integration of man with the environment]. / Systema tsilisnist' liudyny z navkolyshnim seredovyshchem.

Systemic integrity of man consists not only in comprehensive evaluation from the medical-biological and social standpoints-nothing can be said against that-but also in systemic approach to the environment he lives and acts in, -and not from the point of view of its investigation, which is in itself indisputable, but mainly in a final goal-control of the quality of the external environment through influence on economic structures and their functioning. It is a matter of ecological-hygienic optimization of economic structure according to toxicometric criteria. In view of the aforestated, it is suggested that a uniform regional ecologic-and-hygienic rating (standardization) of environmental factors be developed.

[Environmental factors as risk factors for the health of the population: the results of epidemiological research and the means for its extension and deepening]. / Faktory okruzhaiushchei sredy kak faktory riska dlia zdorov'ia naseleniia: rezul'taty épidemiologicheskikh issledovanii. puti ikh rasshireniia i uglubleniia.

On the basis of the assessment of noncancer risk, main approaches were developed and approved to identifying the effects of the environmental factors on the health of the population, with special reference to nonspecificity of the action of the factors in question, polymorphism of the organism's responses, estimation of the threshold of the pollutants actions, specificities of the combined effects of environmental factors. The data obtained serve as a basis for identifying the extent of risk for exposure of the population to different factors, and it is on this foundation that priorities are to be established in designing health promotion measures, and the risk is to be correlated with the amounts of the necessary measures designed to provide an adequate social protection of the population.

[The concept of constructing a uniform state information system on transplantation in Ukraine]. / Kontseptsiia postroeniia edinoi gosudarstvennoi informatsionnoi sistemy transplantatsii v Ukraine.

A conception is submitted of setting-up a state information system of transplantation in Ukraine (Ukrtransplant) integrated into systems of transplantation of other countries (the European Bank of Transplants-Eurotransplant-included). The information system Ukrtransplant is designed for automatization of processes of taking, genetic and tissue typing, reliable and safe preservation of organs and tissues, delivery of data from the State Register (the bank of data on graft donors and recipients), processing of information about availability of and demand for organs and transplantations performed, and for speedy providing all forms and activities of the state system Ukrtransplant with valid information incident to managerial/administrative matters.

[The status and developmental outlook of the priority scientific trend in environmental protection]. / Stan ta perspektyvi rozvytku priorytetnoho naukovoho napriamu "Okhorona navkolyshn'oho seredovyshcha".

Scientific researches carried out in the area of environmental sanitation are closely related to the principal lines of activity in industry and farming of Ukraine. The main task of research work is establishing principles, criteria and methods of comprehensive assessment of injury to health secondary to environmental contamination. With the purpose of identification of the real physical and chemical environmental factors load that human body experiences, an inventory has been made at the Ukrainian Scientific Research Centre for Hygiene of carcinogen sources, with the concept having been worked out of creation of the integrated system for control of safe NPS operation, and a concept proposed of genetic monitoring, and of state genetic load surveillance service in different regions of Ukraine, taking account of the degree of environmental pollution.

[The ecological and hygienic aspects of the use of surface-active substances in oil-producing regions of Ukraine]. / Ekologicheskie i gigienicheskie aspekty ispol'zovaniia poverkhnostno-aktivnykh veshchestv v nekotorykh neftedobyvaiushchikh regionakh Ukrainy.

Use of surface-active substances (SAS) in the oil-extracting regions of the Ukraine should consider the fact that this is a rather small territory, densely populated, with environmental water and soil problems, significant contamination of several areas by pesticides, mineral fertilizers and complicated by the Chernobyl accidents sequels. SAS may influence the ecological-hygienic balance of the environment, they may enhance migration of many ingredients, increase their toxicity. The authors propose several measures aimed at improving the quality of preventive and actual state inspection over the oil enterprises.

[Surface-active substances in the environment of the 30-kilometer area around the Chernobyl Atomic Electric Power Station (the ecological aspects)]. / Poverkhnostno-aktivnye veshchestva v okruzhaiushchei srede tridtsatikilometrovoi zony Chernobyl'skoi AES (ékologicheskie aspekty).

Results of determination of surface-active substances (SAS) in the soil and water from 30-km Chernobyl zone are presented. The data evidence degrees of soil pollution with anionic SAS which may influence migration and translocations of radionuclides, salts of heavy metals and other compounds. There were found bottom deposits of anionic detergents in the river of Prypyat as well as pollution of well water in a number of villages.

[The epidemiological problems of hereditary diseases and congenital developmental defects in Ukraine]. / Problemy epidemiolohiï spadkovykh khvorob ta pryrodzhenykh vad v razvytku v Ukraïni.

A description is provided of significance of epidemiological investigations designed to study hereditary pathology to be able to assess health status of the population. The state-in-the-art in this branch of medical science in Ukraine is reviewed. It is shown that the is a problem in this country of hypodiagnosis and inadequate recording of hereditary diseases and congenital developmental anomalies. The contributors to this article submit a system of registration of hereditary pathology, worked out on the basis of a medicogenetical service that starts functioning in Ukraine.

[The use of surface-active substances in a 30-kilometer area of the Chernobyl Atomic Electric Power Station]. / Primenenie poverkhnostno-aktivnykh veshchestv v 30-kilometrovoi zone Chernobyl'skoi AES.

A study of dining enterprises and laundry shift-workers of the 30-km Chernobyl accident zone revealed that surface-active substances extensively used in the zone produced a negative effect on the body (irritation of the upper respiratory tract, skin, allergic reactions). Prophylactic measures and treatment of this category of workers are discussed.

[The status and outlook for research in the system of the sociomedical expertise and rehabilitation of the disabled in Ukraine]. / Stan ta perspektyvy naukovykh doslidzhen' u systemi medyko-sotsial'noï ekspertyzy ta reabilitatsiï invalidiv v Ukraïni.

Modern and worth-while trends of scientific research in the system of expert medical and social evaluation and rehabilitation of invalids are connected with problems of invalidism of the population of Ukraine, formation of state social policy in respect to invalids, requirements in the field of the expert medical care delivery during the period of the public health services reformation. Theoretical and scientific investigations in the fields of applied sciences, designed to study problems of invalidism, of medicosocial expertise and rehabilitation of the disabled, are aimed at: ascertaining reasons and factors causing invalidism of the population, designing measures for its prevention and reduction; providing a scientific substantiation of criteria of expert medical-and-social evaluation, individualized programmes and systems of medical-and-social rehabilitation in different illnesses incapacitating people from working, causing them to have a disability; identifying the rehabilitative potential of invalids and ways for delivering expert social services to and rehabilitation of invalids.