Fibonacci Sequence and Supramolecular Structure of DNA.

We proposed a new model of supramolecular DNA structure. Similar to the previously developed by us model of primary DNA structure [11-15], 3D structure of DNA molecule is assembled in accordance to a mathematic rule known as Fibonacci sequence. Unlike primary DNA structure, supramolecular 3D structure is assembled from complex moieties including a regular tetrahedron and a regular octahedron consisting of monomers, elements of the primary DNA structure. The moieties of the supramolecular DNA structure forming fragments of regular spatial lattice are bound via linker (joint) sequences of the DNA chain. The lattice perceives and transmits information signals over a considerable distance without acoustic aberrations. Linker sequences expand conformational space between lattice segments allowing their sliding relative to each other under the action of external forces. In this case, sliding is provided by stretching of the stacked linker sequences.

Reparation as a factor contributing to genetic variability of the biological system.

Kinetics of DNA synthesis in mitotic cycle of in mouse corneal epithelial cells after γ-irradiation in different S phase points was studied by the method of autoradiography. Normally, S phase of corneal epithelial cells consists of two phases (S1 and S2) separated by an interval without DNA synthesis. Each phase, in turn, includes two subphases with a pause in DNA synthesis. It was hypothesized that pauses in DNA synthesis, similar to that during presynthetic g1 phase, correspond to periods of cell preparation to the next stage of their development. After irradiation, reparation proceeds during pauses at different phases of the cell cycle. The mechanism of reparation induces cell genome rearrangement.

Dynamics of DNA synthesis disturbance and recovery after fractionated irradiation of S phase cells.

Using the autoradiographic method we studied the kinetics of DNA synthesis during themitotic cycle of mouse corneal epithelial cells after γ-irradiation in a dose of 2 Gy at different S-phase points. Normally, S phase in corneal epitheliocytes includes S1 and S2 phases separated by an interval during which DNA is not synthesized. Double exposure modifies the pattern of DNA synthesis in the cell due to reparation of injuries. The reparative processes in the cell are realized during the interval between the S1 and S2 phases and at the expense of g1 period of the mitotic cycle. If the cell has no time for reparation, the injuries are transferred into the class of "latent" injuries.

Comparative analysis of the kinetics of DNA synthesis after exposure during different phases of the cell cycle S period.

The kinetics of DNA synthesis in the mitotic cycle of mouse corneal epithelial cells was studied after a single γ-irradiation of cells in a dose of 4 Gy at different S-phase points. Normally, corneal epitheliocyte S phase consists of S1 and S2 phases separated by an interval during which no DNA is synthesized. The duration of each phase was lengthened after single irradiation due to reparation of injuries in the cells at the expense of the time normally occupied by g1 period of the mitotic cycle. The first event during reparation is excision of damaged complex from the DNA molecule; this complex consists of labeled daughter fragment and matrix site of DNA chain that was used for the synthesis of the daughter fragment. Presumably, the entire reparation process in the cell consists of two stages: "reparative" synthesis and "additional" synthesis. The reparative synthesis, in turn, includes two stages: de novo synthesis of matrix fragment in the DNA chain at the site of the gap formation and de novo synthesis of the daughter fragment after the synthesis of the new matrix fragment is over.

Compaction principle and approaches to biopolymer structure deciphering.

On the basis of a principle of maximum compaction of biopolymer structure in a limited space derived from the concept about the existence of three different types of dimers in the studied structure, we propose a hypothesis according to which side groups in macromolecules (nitrogenous bases in nucleic acids or R-groups in proteins) are specifically distributed in different points depending on geometrical shape of dimer bending in the biopolymer chain backbone. The latter provides the possibility of complete deciphering of biopolymer structure.

New molecular systems. Regularities of supramolecular biopolymer structure formation.

A new model of supramolecular structure of DNA is proposed, according to which the processes caused by the monomer rearrangements in the carcass of the molecule underlie DNA compactization. Rearrangement in the DNA chain can result in the appearance of dimers of three types with different bending angles. The dimer geometry corresponds to geometrical figures (correct tetrahedron and octahedron) conforming to the volume-surface economy rule. These figures serve as the unit of a correct crystal lattice. The formation of a DNA supramolecular unit (nucleosome) is realized in accordance with the "golden ratio" rule. The minimum fragment used in assembly of the nucleosome core consists of two mini-segments: large (containing 8 monomers) and small (5 monomers). This model suggests the conformations of functional proteins, that is, the DNA matrix determines the amino acid sequence in the protein polymer chain.

[Characteristics of the morphofunctional condition of cell populations by the modal cell class in response to transplantation of lymphocytic leukemia p-388].

On the model of transplanted leukemia p-388, cytophotometry has shown that tumors' impact on the body includes two stages: direct affection of the target organ, indirect affection through changes in functional relations with cell populations of other organs due to the impact of transformed cells of the damaged target organ. Moreover, the progress of tumor growth alters functional relations between the organs.

[Quantity of functionally changed cells as an identificator of the moment of the organizmus transfer to the next period of development].

As "the threshold gears are peculiar to all processes which are flowing past in the world", the problem of looking up of quantitative criterion determining transition of a biological system from one condition to another, is one of the main problems of natural sciences. For analysis of the given problem we investigated some stages of forwardness of marine aster Asterias rubens (mean and late blastula, early and late gastrula, early larva), dis- tinguishing among themselves by morphological characters. Change of structure of cell populations at each stage of development A. rubens analyzed with the help of method of quantitative assessment of functional condition of cells genome. The method is based on cytophotometryc analysis of cell populations coloured by Feulgen (quantifying of DNA in cell) and Naftol yellow S (quantifying of histones in a cell). As the criterion of estimation of functional condition of the cell was used the parameter CFAGEN, coefficient of functional activity of cell genome deduced from histone/DNA ratio after estimation of the absorbency of the nucleus coloured by two chromophores. The data obtained showed that at the moment of organism transition from one stage of development (late blastula) to another (early gastrula) the difference in CFAGEN values between these stages was statistically authentic. Thus comparison of cell distribution histograms has show that cell population conforming to the early gastrula contains 33 % cells with the level of genome functional activity that differs from this one in the cell population conforming to the late blastula. Just in the same moment, the transition of an organism from the stage of late gastrula to the stage of larva is accompanied by statistically authentic distinction in CFAGEN between these stages and availability of more than 1/3 cells (34 %) of the population at the larva stage showing genome functional activity different from that at the late gastrula stage. Thus, it is established, that the biological system passes to qualitatively new condition, if quantity of members of this system changes (increaser or decreases comparatively to a standard point of reference: the norm, previous system status and etc.) not less than on 1/3.

[Quantitative aspects of an analysis of the multicomponent system during its transition to a qualitatively new condition]. / Kolichestvennye aspekty analiza mnogokomponentnoi sistemy pri perekhode ee v kachestvenno novoe sostoianie.

The paper shows that any system acquires a qualitatively new state if the elements of this system change in number (increase or decrease relative to the standard reference point, i.e. normalcy, the prior status of the system, etc. by less than one third).

New molecular systems. Peculiarities of structural organization of biopolymers.

We proposed a new model of DNA structure, which allows rearrangement of monomers in the polymer chain backbone according to mathematical laws. On the basis of the analysis of structural organization of DNA we concluded that rearrangements of monomers should also occur during the formation of the molecular structure of other polymers (RNA and proteins).

Experimental approaches to evaluating the point of biological system bifurcation.

Any system transforms into a qualitatively new state if the number of its elements changes (increases or decreases in comparison with the standard checkpoint: norm, previous status of the system, etc.) by at least 1/3.