International consensus statement on injury surveillance in cricket: a 2016 update.

Cricket was the first sport to publish recommended methods for injury surveillance in 2005. Since then, there have been changes to the nature of both cricket and injury surveillance. Researchers representing the major cricket playing nations met to propose changes to the previous recommendations, with an agreed voting block of 14. It was decided that 10 of 14 votes (70%) were required to add a new definition element and 11 of 14 (80%) were required to amend a previous definition. In addition to the previously agreed 'Match time-loss' injury, definitions of 'General time-loss', 'Medical presentation', 'Player-reported' and 'Imaging-abnormality' injuries are now provided. Further, new injury incidence units of match injuries per 1000 player days, and annual injuries per 100 players per year are recommended. There was a shift towards recommending a greater number of possible definitions, due to differing contexts and foci of cricket research (eg, professional vs amateur; injury surveillance systems vs specific injury category studies). It is recommended that researchers use and report as many of the definitions as possible to assist both comparisons between studies within cricket and with those from other sports.

Is MRI screening for bone marrow oedema useful in predicting lumbar bone stress injuries in adult male professional cricketers? A New Zealand pilot study.

OBJECTIVES: The aims were to (1) prospectively observe the incidence of bone marrow oedema in asymptomatic adult male domestic professional cricketers during a season and evaluate its relationship to the development of lumbar bone stress injury and (2) further understand the practicalities of implementing a Magnetic Resonance Imaging-based screening program to prevent lumbar bone stress injury in New Zealand cricket. DESIGN: Prospective observational cohort. METHODS: Adult male pace bowlers received 6-weekly pre-planned Magnetic Resonance Imaging scans over a single season to determine the presence and intensity of bone marrow oedema in the posterior vertebral arches of the lumbar spine. The participants bowling volume and back pain levels were monitored prospectively. RESULTS: 22 participants (mean age 25.3 years (range 20-32 years)) completed all 4 scans. Ten participants had a prior history of lumbar bone stress injury. Ten participants (45 %, 95 % confidence interval 24-68 %) had bone marrow oedema evident on at least one scan, with 9 (41 %) participants recording a bone marrow oedema intensity ≥ 2 and 5 (23 %) participants demonstrated an intensity ≥ 3. During the study one participant was diagnosed with a lumbar bone stress reaction. No participants developed a lumbar bone stress fracture. CONCLUSIONS: Due to the lower incidence of lumbar bone stress injuries in adult bowlers coupled with uncertainty over appropriate threshold values for bone marrow oedema intensity, implementation of a resource intense screening program aimed at identifying adult domestic cricketers at risk of developing a lumbar bone stress injury is not currently supported.

Surgical repair of lumbar stress fractures in professional cricketers .

BACKGROUND: Professional cricket fast bowlers sustain high rates of lumbar stress fractures (spondylolysis). Limited research exists around the success of surgical repair when these injuries fail conservative treatment. We present an ambispective cohort study of spondylolysis surgical repair in a consecutive group of multi-national professional cricket fast bowler using a technique not previously reported in this unique sporting group. METHODS: Between 2004 and 2019, a consecutive series of male professional fast bowlers with lumbar spondylolysis who had repeatedly failed conservative treatment and subsequently received surgical repair using a cable-screw construct were reviewed. Analysis comprised of ambispective outcome and radiological data collection and a survey at final follow-up. RESULTS: The cohort included 13 elite (7 state and 6 international) cricket fast bowlers from 3 countries (New Zealand, Australian and India) with an average age of 26 years (range, 20.3-29.5 years). All returned to play professional cricket at a median time of 8 months (IQR, 7-11 months) post surgery. All ten players surveyed at final follow-up [median, 38 (IQR, 31-103) months, range, 15-197 months] rated their bowling performance as the 'same or better' compared with prior to surgery. At final follow-up, 10 players continue to play cricket professionally ranging from 15 to 107 months post-surgery [median 35 (IQR, 24-43) months]. CONCLUSIONS: Our cohort demonstrated favorable return to play rates and career longevity following surgical repair of spondylolysis. To our knowledge it is the largest published surgical series of spondylolysis repair in cricketers, and the first to document the success of a cable-screw surgical technique in this sporting group.

Injury incidence within male elite New Zealand cricket from the early T20 era: 2009-2015.

OBJECTIVES: This study aimed to describe the injury epidemiology of domestic and international level male New Zealand cricketers from seasons 2009-2010 to 2014-2015 across all match formats given the increasing popularity of T20 cricket. METHODS: Match exposure and injury surveillance data collected prospectively by New Zealand Cricket was analysed using international consensus recommendations for injury surveillance and reporting in cricket. Relationships between playing level, role and injury were statistically analysed. RESULTS: A total of 268 elite male New Zealand cricketers from seasons 2009-2010 to 2014-2015 were analysed from the New Zealand Cricket injury surveillance system. Total new match injury incidence rates were 37.0 and 58.0 injuries per 10 000 player hours in domestic and international cricket, respectively. Total new and recurrent match injury incidence in international cricket was approximately 1.7 times higher than domestic cricket (277.6 vs 162.8 injuries per 1000 player days). Injury prevalence rates were 7.6% and 10.0% in domestic and international cricket. The hamstring (8.2%) in domestic cricket and the groin (13.5%) in international cricket were the most injured body sites. Most match days lost in domestic cricket were to the lumbar spine (417 days), and groin in international cricket (152 days). There were statistically significant differences in injury between domestic and international level cricketers (χ2=4.39, p=0.036), and playing role (χ2=42.29, p<0.0001). CONCLUSIONS: Total injury incidence rates in elite New Zealand cricket increased in 2009-2015 compared with previous data. International-level players and pace bowlers were the most injured individuals.