The effects of medicinal herbs and marine natural products on wound healing of cutaneous leishmaniasis: A systematic review.

This study aimed to investigate the effects of medicinal herbs and marine natural products on wound healing of cutaneous leishmaniasis. To carry out this literature review, the PRISMA (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses) instructions were used. Articles on the potential of medicinal plants and natural substances of marine origin against wound healing of cutaneous leishmaniasis were explored. The scientific databases considered were PubMed, Science Direct, Google Scholar, Web of Science, Scopus, and SpringerLink. The scientific documents collected were mainly scientific articles, books, book chapters, and doctoral thesis. The research considered 73 manuscripts published in the period from 1990 to 2020. From all the data collected, it appears that the scientific literature is rich in medicinal herbs and marine products to be valorized in the wound healing of cutaneous leishmaniasis. We have identified 15 medicinal plants traditionally used in the management of healing or ulcer of cutaneous leishmaniasis, 32 medicinal plants whose efficacy has been demonstrated in vitro or in vivo against cutaneous leishmaniasis, 5 marine products active against cutaneous leishmaniasis. It is also clear that the option of medicinal herbs/marine products in the management of cutaneous leishmaniasis is less expensive and allows to avoid the side effects of conventional products. It is necessary to encourage the development of dermatological topicals for the management of cutaneous leishmaniasis based on the data collected. In vivo research should be intensified on medicinal herbs traditionally used in wound healing of cutaneous leishmaniasis.

Molecular characterization of Enterobacter aerogenes isolated from urinary tract infections in Iran.

The prevalence of multidrug-resistant Enterobacter aerogenes strains in UTIs is increasing. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to examine the mechanisms of resistance in Enterobacter aerogenes strains isolated from the urinary tract of infected patients. To achieve this goal, 786 urine samples from Shahrekord, Iran, were collected from June 2019 to February 2020. After isolating and identifying E. aerogenes samples, antibiotic susceptibility testing was done on the strains using Kirby-Bauer's disk diffusion method. The biofilm formation assays were performed to study the link between antibiotic resistance and biofilm formation and virulence genes. As a result, amongst the 786 urine samples, 50 strains were identified as E. aerogenes. The lowest rate of resistance was observed with imipenem (30%). This study also reports that all the strains of E. aerogenes are biofilm producers, with 50% of isolates producing a large amount, 30% a moderate amount, and 20% a small amount of biofilm. 42% were identified in the phenotypic study of ESBLs. In the PCR test, (64%) produced broad-spectrum beta-lactamases. Prevalence of qnrC, qnrB, qnrA, tetA, tet B, acc(3)IIa, acc(2)IIa, ant(2)Ia and Sul1 in strong producing isolates reported 100%, 80.95%,% 58.14, 87.5%, 81.58%, 86.67%, 82.14, 81.48% and 90% respectively. In the statistical analysis based on the chi-square test, a statistically significant relationship was reported between qnrA, qnrB, tetA, tetB, Sul1, ant(2)Ia, ant(3)I, aac(3)II, and biofilm formation. Resistance to cephalothin, ceftriaxone, cefotaxime and ceftazidime were reported 40%, 34%, 30% and 30%, respectively. Out of 50 Enterobacter aerogenes, 32 isolates (64%) were identified in the phenotypic study of ESBLS, prevalence of blaCTX-M, blaTEM and blaSHV reported 30%, 20% and 14% respectively. There is a significant relationship between resistance to ceftriaxone and blaCTX-M. Prevalence of csgA, ybtS, markD, rmpA, csgD and fimH in strong biofilm formation isolates reported 84%, 83.33%, 80%, 80%, 80% and 66% respectively. The chi-square test showed a statistically significant relationship between biofilm production and resistance genes fimH, csgA, csgD, ybtS, and mrkD. The findings of this study indicate that the ability to produce biofilms is associated with the increase of antibiotic resistance and virulence genes. These agents enable bacteria to produce biofilms that ultimately lead to colonization and bacterial survival in the body.