A new anthraquinone and a new naphthoquinone from the whole plant of Spermacoce latifolia.

A phytochemical study on the whole plant of Spermacoce latifolia led to the isolation of a new anthraquinone, 1,2,6-trihydroxy-5-methoxy-9,10-anthraquinone (1), and a new naphthoquinone, (2R)-6-hydroxy-7-methoxy-dehydroiso-α-lapachone (2), together with three known anthraquinones (3-5). Their structures were established on the basis of detailed spectroscopic analysis, including one- and two-dimensional NMR, ESI-MS, and HR-ESI-MS techniques. All the compounds were isolated from S. latifolia for the first time. Compounds 1, 2, 4, and 5 showed significant antibacterial activity toward Bacillus subtilis with MIC values ranging from 0.9 to 31.2 µg/ml, and compound 4 aslo exhibited antibacterial activity against Bacillus cereus with a MIC value 62.5 µg/ml. Compound 1 was further revealed to show significant in vitro α-glucosidase inhibitory activity with IC50 value of 0.653 mM.

Acute interstitial nephritis, toxic hepatitis and toxic myocarditis following multiple Asian giant hornet stings in Shaanxi Province, China.

OBJECTIVES: During July to October 2013, the Asian giant hornet has killed 42 and injured 1,675 people in the southern part of Shaanxi Province, China. This study investigated this unusual and frequent public health event. METHODS: During the 3 months, 103 patients with severe Asian hornet stings were hospitalized in our hospital. Clinical data were collected using a standardized data collection form which included sex, age, length of hospital stay and medical recorder. RESULTS: After physical examination and laboratory investigation, 25.2, 46.6 and 44.7 % of the patients were found with varying degrees of acute interstitial nephritis, acute toxic hepatitis and acute toxic myocarditis, respectively. After timely and appropriate treatment including removal of the stings and the use of intravenous methylprednisolone and antihistamines, the kidney function, liver function and heart function of 99 patients recovered within 1 month, while four patients died. CONCLUSIONS: This study provided a good opportunity for recognizing the effect of Asian giant hornet stings and evaluating this serious public health event.

A new steroidal saponin from dragon's blood of Dracaena cambodiana.

Phytochemical study on dragon's blood of Dracaena cambodiana led to a new steroidal saponin, cambodianoside G(1), and six known ones (2-7). The structure of the new compound was elucidated on the basis of detailed spectroscopic analysis. Evaluation of antibacterial activities showed that compound 7 exhibited antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus.

Orthotopic detaenial sigmoid neobladder after radical cystectomy: technical considerations, complications and functional outcomes.

PURPOSE: In recent years the orthotopic neobladder has gained increasing popularity in patients who undergo radical cystectomy. However, there are only a few reports of orthotopic neobladders reconstructed from the sigmoid without detubularization. We investigated the complications and functional outcomes of the orthotopic sigmoid neobladder reconstructed using our detaenial technique. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We performed a retrospective study of the detaenial sigmoid neobladder in 210 consecutive patients who underwent radical cystectomy at our institution from January 2003 to March 2010. ANOVA was used to investigate urodynamic finding differentials with time. Univariable and multivariable analyses were done to determine factors influencing continence. RESULTS: Median followup was 48 months. Early complications (90 days or less) were observed in 65 patients (31%). Late complications (greater than 90 days) were observed in 45 patients (21.5%). Five-year daytime and nighttime complete continence rates were 74.6% and 57.1%, respectively. Younger age was the only independent factor associated with complete continence during the day (OR 2.342, 95% CI 1.803-3.041, p <0.001) and night (OR 1.193, 95% CI 1.087-1.310, p <0.001). Mean maximal capacity and post-void residual urine were 328.8 and 22.2 ml, respectively. The mean maximal flow rate was 18.5 ml per second. The mean end filling pressure, pressure at maximal capacity and maximal intravesical pressure were 35.8, 55 and 60.6 cm H2O, respectively. These parameters remained stable with time (each p >0.05). CONCLUSIONS: This study confirms that detaenial sigmoid neobladder is a safe, feasible alternative for urinary diversion.

Genome and molecular characterization of a CSFV strain isolated from a CSF outbreak in South China.

In the present study, the full-length nucleotide sequences of the CSFV-GZ-2009 strain of classical swine fever virus (CSFV) isolated from a hog pen in Guangdong province in China was determined. Results demonstrated that the genome of CSFV-GZ-2009 is 12,298 nucleotides (nt) in length, is composed of a 373-nt 5'-untranslated region (UTR), has an 11,697-nt open reading frame encoding a polyprotein of 3,898 amino acids, and has a 228-nt 3'-UTR. Genome comparison of the CSFV-GZ-2009 isolate (GenBank accession No. HQ380231) with other CSFV strains was also analyzed. Gene regions from CSFV-GZ-2009 and other known strains were shown to share 92.7-96.7% identity at the nucleotide level and 94.7-99.2% identity at the amino acid level. Phylogenetic analysis of the full-length genome and the following regions E(rns), E2 and NS5B revealed that the CSFV-GZ-2009 isolate was classified within subgroup 1.1 of group I and closely related to the highly virulent strain JL1 (06), cF114, Shimen and SWH with pairwise distances of 0.0037, 0.0043, 0.0058 and 0.0107, respectively. Analysis of recombination with the SimPlot program demonstrated that strain CSFV-GZ-2009 was not a naturally homologous recombinant. Furthermore, the change of clinical signs of pigs after infection of CSFV-GZ-2009 isolates showed typical symptoms such as diarrhea, persistent fever, and mononuclear lymphocytopenia after CSFV infection. Based on phylogenetic analysis and an animal infection test, we could conclude that the CSFV-GZ-2009 isolate belonged to subgroup 1.1 of group I and was of high virulence.

Typical Zollinger-Ellison syndrome-atypical location of gastrinoma and absence of hypergastrinemia: A case report and review of literature.

BACKGROUND: Zollinger-Ellison syndrome (ZES) results from hypersecretion of gastrin from pancreatic or duodenal neuroendocrine tumors, commonly referred to as gastrinomas. The high levels of gastrin lead to a typical presentation involving watery diarrhea and multiple ulcers in the duodenum. Here, we have presented the rare case of a patient with ZES and absence of hypergastrinemia as well as an atypical location of gastrinoma. CASE SUMMARY: A 72-year-old woman presented with the typical clinical manifestations of ZES, including upper abdominal pain, significant watery diarrhea, and acidic liquid vomitus. Surprisingly, however, she did not have an increased level of serum gastrin. In addition, there was no evidence of gastrinoma or any other ulcerogenic tumor. Esophagogastroduodenoscopy was conducted to examine the upper digestive tract. Revised diagnoses were considered, and an individualized treatment plan was developed. The patient responded to antacid medication while experiencing intermittent, recurring bouts of ZES. 18F-AlF-NOTA-octreotide positron emission tomography (18F-OC PET)/computed tomography (CT) helped locate the tumor. Postoperative pathology and immunohistochemistry results suggested that the tumor was a gastrinoma located at an unconventional site. CONCLUSION: This present case study demonstrates the possibility of ZES-like manifestation in patients with absence of hypergastrinemia. 18F-OC PET/CT is a relatively new imaging technique that can be applied for diagnosing even tiny gastrinomas that are atypical in terms of location.

Classical swine fever virus failed to activate nuclear factor-kappa b signaling pathway both in vitro and in vivo.

BACKGROUND: Classical swine fever virus (CSFV) is the cause of CSF which is a severe disease of pigs, leading to heavy economic losses in many regions of the world. Nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) is a critical regulator of innate and adaptive immunity, and commonly activated upon viral infection. In our previous study, we found that CSFV could suppress the maturation and modulate the functions of monocyte-derived dendritic cells (Mo-DCs) without activating NF-κB pathway. To further prove the effects of CSFV on the NF-κB signaling pathway, we investigated the activity of NF-κB after CSFV infection in vivo and in vitro. METHODS: Attenuated Thiverval strain and virulent wild-type GXW-07 strain were used as challenge viruses in this study. Porcine kidney 15 (PK-15) cells were cultured in vitro and peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) were isolated from the blood of CSFV-infected pigs. DNA binding of NF-κB was measured by electrophoretic mobility shift assays (EMSA), NF-κB p65 translocation was detected using immunofluorescent staining, and p65/RelA and IκBα expression was measured by Western Blotting. RESULTS: Infection of cells with CSFV in vitro and in vivo showed that compared with tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) stimulated cells, there was no distinct DNA binding band of NF-κB, and no significant translocation of p65/RelA from the cytoplasm to the nucleus was observed, which might have been due to the apparent lack of IkBa degradation. CONCLUSIONS: CSFV infection had no effect on the NF-κB signaling pathway, indicating that CSFV could evade host activation of NF-κB during infection.

Two new antimicrobial flavanes from dragon's blood of Dracaena cambodiana.

Two new flavonoids, named cambodianins D (1) and E (2), together with two known flavanes (2S)-7,4'-dihydroxy-6,8-dimethylflavane (3) and (2S)-7,3'-dihydroxy-4'-methoxy-8-methylflavane (4), were isolated from dragon's blood of Dracaena cambodiana. The new compounds were determined by HR-ESI-MS and spectroscopic techniques (UV, IR, 1D, and 2D NMR). Compounds 1-3 exhibited antimicrobial activities.

Identification of CDPKs involved in TaNOX7 mediated ROS production in wheat.

As the critical sensors and decoders of calcium signal, calcium-dependent protein kinase (CDPK) has become the focus of current research, especially in plants. However, few resources are available on the properties and functions of CDPK gene family in Triticum aestivum (TaCDPK). Here, a total of 79 CDPK genes were identified in the wheat genome. These TaCDPKs could be classified into four subgroups on phylogenesis, while they may be classified into two subgroups based on their tissue and organ-spatiotemporal expression profiles or three subgroups according to their induced expression patterns. The analysis on the signal network relationships and interactions of TaCDPKs and NADPH (reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate oxidases, NOXs), the key producers for reactive oxygen species (ROS), showed that there are complicated cross-talks between these two family proteins. Further experiments demonstrate that, two members of TaCDPKs, TaCDPK2/4, can interact with TaNOX7, an important member of wheat NOXs, and enhanced the TaNOX7-mediated ROS production. All the results suggest that TaCDPKs are highly expressed in wheat with distinct tissue or organ-specificity and stress-inducible diversity, and play vital roles in plant development and response to biotic and abiotic stresses by directly interacting with TaNOXs for ROS production.

The renal histopathological spectrum of patients with nephrotic syndrome: an analysis of 1523 patients in a single Chinese centre.

BACKGROUND: Nephrotic syndrome is caused by a variety of glomerulopathy. The current study investigated the renal histopathological spectrum of patients with nephrotic syndrome who received a renal biopsy in our department within the last 15 years. METHODS: One thousand five hundred and twenty-three consecutive patients (≥14 years old at renal biopsy) with nephrotic syndrome were recruited. Patients were divided into four groups according to age at the time of renal biopsy. The renal histopathological spectrum was also compared between nephrotic-range proteinuria patients with and without hypoalbuminaemia. RESULTS: Among the 1523 patients, the most common cause of nephrotic syndrome was idiopathic membranous nephropathy (IMN) (20.7%), followed by minimal change disease (MCD) (20.4%). Among the patients aged 14-24, 25-44, 45-59 and ≥60 years, the most common cause of nephrotic syndrome was MCD (33.0%), lupus nephritis (LN) (23.0%), IMN (37.9%) and IMN (42.3%), respectively. Among the female patients aged 14-24 and 25-44 years, LN was the leading cause of nephrotic syndrome (35.8 and 36.2%, respectively). The proportion of patients with renal amyloidosis increased in parallel with patient age. The comparison between nephrotic patients with and without hypoalbuminaemia suggests that patients with MCD, LN or renal amyloidosis were more likely to develop hypoalbuminaemia. CONCLUSIONS: The renal histopathological spectrum of nephrotic syndrome differs between ages. MCD, LN and IMN were the main cause of nephrotic syndrome among younger patients, and IMN was the main cause of nephrotic syndrome among older patients. The proportion of patients with renal amyloidosis increased in parallel with patient age.

Cytotoxic and antibacterial flavonoids from dragon's blood of Dracaena cambodiana.

Chemical studies on the constituents from the dragon's blood of Dracaena cambodiana led to the discovery of three new flavonoid derivatives (1- 3) and six known compounds (4- 9). The structures of the three new compounds were elucidated by NMR and MS spectroscopic analyses. All compounds were evaluated for their growth inhibitory activity against human cell lines K-562, SMMC-7721, and SGC-7901, as well as antibacterial activities against Staphylococcus aureus and methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA). As a result, compounds 1, 2, 5, 7, and 9 showed cytotoxicity against K-562, SMMC-7721, and SGC-7901 cell lines. All these compounds were observed to exhibit antibacterial activities against S. aureus, and compounds 1- 4, 6, 8, and 9 were observed to exhibit antibacterial activity against MRSA.

Using human hair follicle-derived keratinocytes and melanocytes for constructing pigmented tissue-engineered skin.

BACKGROUND: Traditional tissue-engineered skin does not produce a satisfactory long-term result because it lacks natural skin pigmentation and leads to discolored cosmetically unpleasing skin that only functions to cover the body of patients. Additionally, the cell sources for tissue-engineered skin are generally derived from normal skin, which is often limited in patients with skin defects. METHODS: In this study, hair follicle melanocytes and keratinocytes were isolated from human scalp. The melanocytes were co-cultured with keratinocytes until the second passage and then purified. Purified melanocytes and keratinocytes were seeded onto the chitosan-gelatin membrane for 1 week to construct pigmented tissue-engineered skin. The pigmented skin equivalent was used to resurface the skin defect in nude mice. Four weeks after grafting, skin biopsies were harvested to take hematoxylin and eosin staining and immunohistochemistry staining of Melan-A and HLA-ABC. RESULTS: Large quantities of purified melanocytes can be obtained with co-culture method. The hematoxylin and eosin staining of repaired skin biopsy demonstrated that the tissue-engineered skin can repair skin defects successfully. Engineered skin contained pigmentation and stained positive for Melan-A and HLA-ABC, which confirmed the presence of melanocytes and its sources were of human origin. CONCLUSION: This study demonstrated the possibility of constructing pigmented tissue-engineered skin with human hair follicle-derived keratinocytes and melanocytes, which brings a promising method to make up for the deficiency of traditional tissue-engineered skin and provides an alternative treatment for depigmentation diseases.

HPV Prevalence and Genotype Distribution Among Women From Hengyang District of Hunan Province, China.

Most cervical cancers were closely associated with human papillomavirus (HPV) infections. Therefore, understanding the ecological diversity of HPV prevalence and genotype distribution among various populations in different geographical regions was essential for optimizing HPV vaccination and maximizing the vaccination effects. A total of 12,053 patient data from the three-level hospitals in Hengyang city were retrospectively analyzed. In this study, the HPV prevalence was 10.16% overall, and the multiple-type infection rate was 1.83%. The HR-HPV infection rate was 8.52%. The top six HPV genotypes were as follows in descending order: HPV16, HPV58, HPV52, HPV39, HPV51, and HPV53. The HPV prevalence in the group above 60 years old was the most, and their HR-HPV infection rate corresponded to the most too. The infection rates of HPV and HR-HPV among outpatients were both lower than those among the hospitalized-patients, respectively. Among the hospitalized-patients, the infection rates of HPV and HR-HPV among the 50-60 years group were the most in both. The HR-HPV ratio-in-positive among HPV-positive patients with the histopathologic examination was higher than that among those patients without. Among 52 HPV-positive patients with cervical squamous carcinoma, the ratio-in-positive of HPV16 was 61.54%. This study demonstrated that the HPV prevalence varied with age among women from Hengyang district of Hunan province in China and showed that HPV16, HPV58, HPV52, HPV39, HPV51, and HPV53 genotypes were more popularly distributed in this region, which could provide the experimental basis for Chinese public health measures on cervical cancer prevention.

Effect of rhIL-2 in inhalant form on experimental respiratory tract infection with Klebsiella pneumoniae in mice.

AIM: To determine the protective effect of recombinant human interleukin-2 (rhIL-2) in inhalant form on experimental respiratory tract infection with Klebsiella pneumoniae in mice. METHODS: Mice were infected with the method of nasal intubation drip. During infection, mice were given rhIL-2 by sc injection and the method of nasal intubation drip. There were normal group, vehicle group, model group, rhIL-2 groups and gentamicin group. In the end, the pathological changes in the lung were observed. The survival time and the mortality within a week of each group were recorded. The total protein content, the albumin content, the activity of alkaline phosphatase and the activity of lactic dehydrogenase of broncho-alveolar lavage fluid (BALF) were dertermined and compared. RESULTS: Symptoms of Klebsiella pneumoniae were remarkably relieved because of rhIL-2 administration. The total protein content, the albumin content, the activity of alkaline phosphatase and the activity of lactic dehydrogenase of BALF were less than those in the vehicle group and the model group. CONCLUSION: Inhalation of rhIL-2 can alleviate the pathological changes in the lung after infection. At the same dose, it could be seen that the effect of rhIL-2 in inhalant form was better than that of the injection.

Acute Interstitial Nephritis Following Multiple Asian Giant Hornet Stings.

BACKGROUND: The Asian giant hornet is the largest wasp species in the world. Its stings can cause acute interstitial nephritis and acute renal failure. From July to October, 2013, Asian giant hornet attacks have killed 42 people and injured 1675 people with their powerful venomous stings in Hanzhong, Ankang, and Shangluo, three cities in the southern part of Shaanxi Province, China. CASE REPORT: We report here a case of a 42-year-old man with acute interstitial nephritis following multiple Asian giant hornet stings. On admission, the patient had difficulty breathing, headache, and numbness in both limbs (arm and leg). He was treated in the Emergency Department and Department of Nephrology with plasma exchange and dialysis within 24 hours after being stung. A kidney biopsy revealed acute interstitial nephritis with interstitial infiltrations of eosinophils and lymphocytes. After intensive treatment, his liver function recovered within 10 days. Along with oral methylprednisolone, his renal function recovered 1 month later. CONCLUSIONS: This case shows that acute interstitial nephritis happens several days after being stung. Since the number of deaths in southern Shaanxi province is much higher than other places, our report draws the attention of fellow clinicians to the acute interstitial nephritis following multiple Asian giant hornet stings.

Amino-terminal fragment of urokinase-type plasminogen activator inhibits its plasminogen activation.

The amino terminal fragment (ATF, Ser(1)-Lys(135)) of urokinase-type plasminogen activator (uPA) containing an epidermal growth factor-like (EGF) and kringle domain is critically involved in some important functions of uPA, such as receptor binding and chemotactic activity. In this report, the effect of ATF on single-chain uPA (sc-uPA) induced plasminogen activation was investigated. It was shown that sc-uPA-induced activation of Glu-plasminogen or Lys-plasminogen was significantly inhibited in the presence of ATF. In addition, sc-uPA activation to two-chain uPA (tc-uPA) by Lys-plasmin and plasminogen activation to plasmin by tc-uPA were both found to be inhibited by ATF. The inhibition of these activations was significantly attenuated but not diminished when ATF was pretreated with immobilized carboxypeptidase B (CPB), indicating that the C-terminal Lys(135) as well as internal Lys/Arg residue binding was involved in the mechanism. Kinetic analysis showed that sc-uPA activation by Lys-plasmin competitively inhibited by ATF and CPB pretreated ATF (CPB-ATF) with an inhibitory constant (K(i)) of 3.8+/-0.31 and 12.4 +/- 1.8 microM, respectively. In contrast to sc-uPA-induced Glu- or Lys-plasminogen activation, sc-uPA-induced mini-plasminogen activation, sc-uPA activation by mini-plasmin and mini-plasminogen activation by tc-uPA were not affected by ATF. These findings suggested that the inhibitory effects of ATF on sc-uPA activation by Lys-plasmin and Glu- or Lys-plasminogen activation by tc-uPA were related to the binding of ATF (by its C-terminal Lys(135) and internal Lys/Arg residue) with the kringle 1-4 of plasmin and plasminogen, respectively.

Steroidal saponins from dragon's blood of Dracaena cambodiana.

Six new steroidal saponins, cambodianosides A-F (1-6), together with seven known ones, were isolated from the dragon's blood of Dracaena cambodiana. The structures of 1-6 were elucidated on the basis of detailed spectroscopic analysis, including 1D and 2D NMR techniques and chemical methods. The cytotoxicities of all the isolated compounds were evaluated in vitro against three human cancer cell lines, and compounds 7, 8, and 11 showed significant inhibitory activities.

Classical swine fever virus suppresses maturation and modulates functions of monocyte-derived dendritic cells without activating nuclear factor kappa B.

Classical swine fever virus (CSFV) compromises the host immune system, causing the severe disease of pigs. Dendritic cells (DCs) are the most potent inducers of immune responses. In the present study, we investigated the functional properties of porcine monocyte-derived DCs (Mo-DCs) affected by CSFV. Results showed that the expression of surface markers of DCs such as major histocompatibility complex class II (MHC-II), CD80, CD83 and CD86 were unimpaired, but an obviously increased expression of CD172a in DCs was noticed 48 h after CSFV infection. The expression profiles of cytokines were detected in cultured Mo-DCs after various treatments for 48 h by Q-RT-PCR. The findings suggested that CSFV infection significantly increased the mRNA expression of IL-10 and TNF-α, and inhibited IL-12 expression, with little effect on IFN-α and IFN-γ expression. We further demonstrated that CSFV was incapable of activating the nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) in infected DCs, which was characterized by an unvaried DNA binding activity of NF-κB, the lack of translocation of p65/RelA from the cytoplasm to the nucleus and the stabilization of p65/RelA expression. Furthermore, Western blot analysis indicated that the inactivation of NF-κB was due to the failure of IκBα degradation. The data demonstrated that CSFV could be replicated in DCs and CSFV infection could modulate the secretion of crucial co-stimulatory molecules and cytokines which down-regulated maturation of DCs, without activating NF-κB in DCs. Thus, the results suggested a possible mechanism for CSFV evasion of innate host defenses, providing the basis for understanding molecular pathways in CSFV pathogenesis.

Adenovirus-vectored shRNAs targeted to the highly conserved regions of VP1 and 2B in tandem inhibits replication of foot-and-mouth disease virus both in vitro and in vivo.

Foot-and-mouth disease is a highly contagious and economically important disease of cloven-hoofed animals. RNA interference (RNAi) can be used as a rapid and specific antiviral approach. It was shown that treatment with recombinant adenovirus (Ad(VP1-2B)) carrying shRNAs targeted to the VP1 and 2B genes of FMDV expressed in tandem had marked antiviral effects against FMDV both in IBRS-2 cells and guinea pigs. Treatment with Ad(VP1-2B) both before and after FMDV infection was most effective in IBRS-2 cells, as the FMDV RNA transcripts could not be detected within 48 h post-challenge (hpc), and the viral RNA copy number at 72 hpc was only 0.02% of that in the positive control group. Delivery of Ad(VP1-2B) reduced significantly the susceptibility of guinea pigs to FMDV infection. All guinea pigs were protected within 3 days post challenge (dpc) when they were injected twice with the same dose of Ad(VP1-2B), and a third treatment with the same dose of Ad(VP1-2B) at 3 dpc was necessary to confer longer lasting protection (up to 6 dpc). In conclusion, application of such a adenovirus vector to inhibit more than one viral gene may be an advantageous method for prevention and therapy of FMDV infection.

Detection of Haemophilus parasuis isolates from South China by loop-mediated isothermal amplification and isolate characterisation.

Haemophilus parasuis is the etiological agent of Glässer's disease, which is characterised by fibrinous polyserositis, meningitis and polyarthritis, causing severe economic losses to the swine industry. In this study, a loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) test was developed to improve the specificity, facility and speed of diagnosis of H. parasuis isolates. The LAMP assay rapidly amplified the target gene within 50 min incubation at 63 °C in a laboratory water bath. The LAMP amplicon could be visualised directly in the reaction tubes following the addition of SYBR Green I dye. The detection limit of this LAMP method was 10 CFU/mL, which was 10 times more sensitive than the earlier 16S rRNA polymerase chain reaction (PCR) test conducted by Oliveira, Galina and Pijoan (2001), and no cross-reactivity was observed from other non-H. parasuis strains. This LAMP test was evaluated further on 187 clinical specimens from pigs suspected of being infected with H. parasuis. Forty-three were found positive by bacterial isolation of H. parasuis, as well as by the 16S rRNA PCR and LAMP tests. The 43 H. parasuis isolates were classified into 9 serovars and had 37 genetic patterns when analysed by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE). This displayed that various H. parasuis serovars and genotypes were widely distributed in South China. Therefore, the speed, specificity and sensitivity of the LAMP test, the lack of a need for expensive equipment, and the visual readout showed great potential for a correct clinical diagnosis of H. parasuis in favour of controlling Glässer's disease.