[Analysis of treatment failure phenotype and prognostic factors of stage â non-small cell lung cancer].

Non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) is one of the most severe malignant tumors worldwide. Lobectomy and systematic nodal dissection remain the standard treatment for stageⅠNSCLC. Stereotactic body radiotherapy (SBRT) has become the standard treatment for medically inoperable patients. Though the prognosis of stage Ⅰ NSCLC patients is generally good, there are still about 20% of patients with local recurrence and distant metastasis. There is significant heterogeneity in the prognosis and failure phenotype of patients, which cannot be precisely distinguished by the pathological TNM classification system. Identification of the risk factors for the prognosis of patients with stage Ⅰ NSCLC is a key step to realize the treatment from experience to precision. Screening the high-risk patients will facilitate to individually develop the adjuvant therapy strategy after surgery or SBRT and improve the overall curative effect. There are many factors that are significantly related to the prognosis of stage Ⅰ NSCLC including individual factors such as gender, age, and systemic inflammatory biomarkers; treatment-related factors such as the extent of surgical resection of the primary tumor and lymph nodes, the choice of different radiation rays, and different dose fractionation; and tumor-related factors such as imaging information, pathology information; and molecular biology information. This review will analyze the treatment failure phenotype and prognostic factors of stageⅠ NSCLC in various perspectives such as individual-, tumor- and treatment-related factors.

Cigarette smoking and risk of herpes zoster: a population-based cohort study in Taiwan.

The effects of cigarette smoking on the risk of herpes zoster (HZ) infection remain unclear. This study aimed to examine the association between cigarette smoking and HZ. Participants were collected from four rounds (2001, 2005, 2009 and 2013) of the Taiwan National Health Interview Survey. Incident cases of HZ were identified from the Taiwanese National Health Insurance database. Of the 57 641 participants, 3346 developed HZ during the observation period. After controlling for confounders, current smokers had a lower risk of incident HZ than never-smokers (adjusted hazard ratio 0.69; 95% CI 0.62-0.77). There was a trend toward a decreased risk of HZ with increasing numbers of cigarettes per day, years of smoking and cumulative pack-years of smoking among current smokers (Ptrend < 0.001). Former smoking was not associated with risk of HZ. In conclusion, current smoking was significantly associated with a decreased risk of developing HZ.

[Effects of programmed death receptor-1 antibody in patients with hepatitis B-associated liver cancer].

Objective: To investigate the effect of programmed death receptor (PD)-1 antibody therapy in patients with hepatitis B-associated liver cancer. Methods: Data of 29 chronically infected HBV patients with liver cancer who received PD-1 antibody combined with tyrosine kinase inhibitor in the Department of Infectious Diseases of the Fifth Medical Center of PLA General Hospital from March 2020 to January 2021 were selected. At the same time, all of the above-mentioned hepatitis B virus (HBV) patients were treated with nucleos(t)ide analogues. Patients clinical diagnostic data, laboratory test results, tumor response and the incidence of adverse reactions were collected retrospectively to understand the overall safety, therapeutic anti-tumor effect, HBV changes condition and the correlation between HBV changes and anti-tumor PD-1 antibody efficacy, high viral load treatment condition, and HBV reactivation safety issues. Statistical analysis was performed by non-parametric rank sum test. Results: Therapeutic anti-tumor effect and safety profile were good in patients. The complete remission rate was reached 27.6%. Adverse reactions were mostly mild, and the incidence of serious adverse reactions was low. After 12 weeks of follow-up, HBV DNA and hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) was quantitatively decreased (P < 0.05). HBV DNA and HBsAg were decreased more significantly in patients with progressive disease (PD), stable disease (SD) and partial response (PR) (P < 0.05). Five patients with HBV DNA ≥ 10(4) IU/ml had responded well to the tumor treatment without serious adverse reactions. One patient had a slight increase in HBV DNA and alanine aminotransferase, while there was no HBV reactivation and correlated liver damage. Conclusion: Patients with HBV-associated liver cancer who received combined therapy have good anti-tumor efficacy and safety profile. PD-1 treatment has a certain effect on HBV. Compared with non-responders, patients with tumor response have better antiviral treatment efficacy. The safety of treatment in patients with high viral load is manageable, and there are no safety issues related to HBV reactivation.

[Chemotherapy combined with androgen-deprivation therapy in high-volume metastatic hormone sensitive prostate cancer: a short-term efficacy and safety analysis].

Objective: To investigate the short-term efficacy and adverse events of chemotherapy combined with androgen-deprivation therapy in high-volume metastatic hormone sensitive prostate cancer. Methods: From March 2015 to August 2017, 55 patients with high-volume metastatic hormone sensitive prostate cancer were enrolled at Department of Urology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center receiving chemotherapy combined with androgen-deprivation therapy. The age was 65(8) years (M(Q(R))) (range: 46 to 79 years). Patients were enrolled in the study for continuous androgen-deprivation therapy (medical or surgical castration), combined with docetaxel 75 mg/m(2) intravenous injection on the first day, repeated every 21 days (6 cycles). Endpoints included overall survival, progression-free survival of prostate cancer, prostate specific antigen (PSA) response rate, and adverse events. Results: The follow-up time was 21.2(11.7) months. The PSA value before chemotherapy was 144.9(415.3) µg/L. The days in patients undergoing androgen deprivation therapy before chemotherapy was 14(23) days. Four patients (7.3%) presented 0 in Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group scoring system and 51 patients(92.7%) presented 1. Thirty-nine patients (70.9%) completed more than 6 cycles of combined chemotherapy, 17 patients (30.9%) showed PSA<0.2 µg/L at 6 months after treatment, and 14 patients (25.5%) showed PSA<0.2 µg/L at 12 months after treatment. Twenty-eight patients (50.9%) had grade 3 to 4 neutropenia and 1 patient (1.8%) developed infectious neutropenia and died. Nausea and vomit occurred in 16 patients (29.1%). Twelve patients (21.8%) underwent dose adjustment due to adverse events in blood system. Conclusions: The short-term effect was confirmed in high-volume metastatic hormone sensitive prostate cancer using chemotherapy combined androgen-deprivation therapy, and the long-term effect remains to be seen. Myelosuppression during chemotherapy requires close attention, and taking timely examination is recommended.

[The combination of percutaneous iohexol-ethanol injection with radiofrequency ablation for the treatment of primary liver cancer in high-risk locations].

Objective: To investigate the safety and efficacy of radiofrequency ablation (RFA) with percutaneous iohexol-ethanol injection (PIEI), compared with RFA plus transcatheter arterial chemoembolization (TACE) for patients with primary liver cancer(PLC)in high-risk locations. Methods: From January 2012 to December 2014, 54 patients with PLC in high-risk locations were enrolled. They were divided into Group A (RFA combined with PIEI) and Group B (RFA plus TACE). The efficacy and adverse events were assessed. Results: 54 patients had 74 lesions in high-risk locations. There were 26 cases with 40 lesions in Group A, and 28 cases with 34 lesions in Group B. The complete ablation rate of Group A was significantly higher than that of Group B (92.5% vs 70.6%, P=0.014). The two-year local tumor progressionrateand two-year overall survival rate were similar between these two groups (Group A 20.0% vs Group B 38.2%, P=0.083; 90.3% vs 84.3%, P=0.523). Furthermore, the surgery-related severe adverse events of Group A (7.1%, one case of liver abscess and one case ofhematobilia) were more common than that of Group B (0%, P=0.491). No significant differences were found in common adverse events including fever, pain, elevation of aminotransferase and bilirubin. Conclusions: Compared with RFA plus TACE, RFA plus PIEI resulted inbetter complete ablation rate in patients with primary liver cancer in high risk locations. Prospective, randomized, controlled trials are warranted for further evaluation.

Redox Imbalance in the Peripheral Mechanism Underlying the Mirror-Image Neuropathic Pain Due to Chronic Compression of Dorsal Root Ganglion.

Reactive oxygen species (ROS) play a critical role in the pathogenesis of neuropathic pain, but few studies have examined the role of oxidative stress in the mirror-image neuropathic pain (MINP). The present study was to investigate the role of ROS in MINP caused by chronic compression of the dorsal root ganglion (DRG) (CCD) in a rat model. SD rats were randomly divided into sham group and CCD group. CCD was conducted to induce MINP. CCD rats were intraperitoneally injected with α-Phenyl-N-tert-butyl-nitrone (PBN) at 7 days after surgery. Paw withdrawal mechanical threshold (PWMT) was measured at -1, 1, 3, 5 and 7 days after surgery in sham group and CCD group, and at 8 time points after PBN injection. Rats were sacrificed at 3 and 7 days after surgery in sham group and CCD group and at 0.5 and 2 h after PBN injection, and the superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase activities, as well as hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and malonaldehyde (MDA) contents were determined in the contralateral DRGs. Results showed bilateral PWMT reduced significantly in sham group and CCD group, but it returned to nearly normal level in sham group. MDA content, H2O2 content and SOD activity increased significantly, while catalase activity remained unchanged in CCD rats. PBN at 100 mg/kg significantly attenuated bilateral mechanical hyperalgesia accompanied by the improvement of oxidative stress in the contralateral DRGs. Our results demonstrate that ROS produced in the contralateral DRG are involved in the pathogenesis of CCD induced MINP, and ROS scavenger may be a promising drug for the therapy of MINP.

Resonantly pumped room temperature Ho:LuVO4 laser.

Spectroscopic characterization of a Ho:LuVO4 crystal grown by the Czochralski method has been performed, including the absorption and emission spectra. We demonstrate a 2 µm room temperature Ho:LuVO4 laser, resonantly pumped by a 1.94 µm Tm:YAP laser. By use of an output coupler with T=10% transmission, the Ho:LuVO4 laser generated continuous-wave output power of 2.5 W at 2074.18 nm, with a beam quality factor of Mx2=My2=1.3, for a total incident pump power of 19.4 W. The slope efficiency with respect to the pump power was 17.6%, and the optical-to-optical efficiency was 12.9%. Moreover, we obtained a Ho:LuVO4 laser that operated at 2073.77 and 2055.27 nm, by using different output couplers with transmissions of T=15 and 30%.

CD8α¯ DC is the major DC subset which mediates inhibition of allergic responses by Schistosoma infection.

Our and others' previous studies have shown that Schistosoma japonicum (SJ) infection can inhibit allergic reactions. We recently reported that DCs played an important role in SJ infection-mediated inhibition of allergy, which was associated with enhanced IL-10 and T regulatory cell responses. Here, we further compared the role of CD8α(+) DC and CD8α(-) DC subsets for the inhibitory effect. We sorted CD8α(+) DC (SJCD8α(+) DC) and CD8α(-) DC (SJCD8α(-) DC) from SJ-infected mice and tested their ability to modulate allergic responses in vivo. The data showed that the adoptive transfer of SJCD8α(-) DC was much more efficient than SJCD8α(+) DC for the suppression of allergic airway eosinophilia, mucus overproduction, antigen-specific IgE responses, and Th2 cytokines (IL-4 and IL-5). More importantly, we found that the transfer of SJCD8α(-) DC, but not SJCD8α(+) DC, significantly increased IL-10 and TGF-ß production following OVA exposure. As control, the transfer of DC subsets from naïve mice had no significant effect on allergic inflammation. In addition, SJCD8α-DC expressed significantly higher IL-10 but lower IL-12, CD80 and CD86 than SJCD8α(+) DC, fitting a tolerogenic phenotype. The results suggest that CD8α(-) DC is the predominant DC subset which is involved in the parasitic infection-mediated inhibition of allergic inflammation and possibly through enhancing immunomodulatory cytokine (IL-10 and TGF-ß) production.

Potential implication of activating killer cell immunoglobulin-like receptor and HLA in onset of pulmonary tuberculosis.

Killer cell immunoglobulin-like receptor (KIR) and human leucocyte antigen (HLA) play crucial role in maintaining immune homoeostasis and controlling immune responses. To investigate the influence of KIR and HLA-C ligands on the risk of pulmonary tuberculosis (PTB), we studied 200 patients who were confirmed to have PTB and 200 healthy controls on the different frequencies of KIR and HLA-C ligands. Genotyping of these genes was conducted by sequence-specific primer polymerase chain reaction (SSP-PCR) method. Gene frequencies were compared between PTB group and the control group by χ(2) test, and P < 0.05 was regarded as statistically significant. As a result, the frequency of KIR genotype A/B was increased in PTB than controls but A/A was decreased. Moreover, striking differences were observed in the frequencies of HLA-Cw*08 between the two groups. Besides, the frequencies of '2DL2/3 with C1' in PTB were increased compared with control group. In addition, individuals with no KIR2DS3 and no Cw*08 were higher in controls than in PTB. KIR2DS1 was increased in PTB when HLA-C group 2 alleles were missing. In conclusion, KIR and HLA-C gene polymorphisms were related to susceptibility to PTB.

Single-frequency, Q-switched Ho:YAG laser at room temperature injection-seeded by two F-P etalons-restricted Tm, Ho:YAG laser.

We demonstrated a 1.91 µm pumped, injection-seeded Q-switched Ho:YAG laser operating at room temperature. By inserting two Fabry-Perot etalons into the laser cavity, single-frequency Tm, Ho:YAG seed lasing was achieved at a wavelength of 2090.9 nm, with a typical output power of 60 mW. Single-frequency, nearly transform-limited Q-switched operation of the Ho:YAG laser was achieved by injection seeding. The output energy of the single-frequency Q-switched pulse is 7.6 mJ, with a pulse width of 132 ns and a repetition rate of 100 Hz. We measured the pulse spectrum, half-width of which was 3.5 MHz, by a heterodyne technique.

Association of killer cell immunoglobulin-like receptors with pulmonary tuberculosis in Chinese Han.

Killer cell immunoglobulin-like receptors (KIRs) are involved in the pathogenesis of a variety of diseases. However, whether KIR polymorphism is associated with susceptibility to pulmonary tuberculosis was unknown. We examined a possible association of KIR polymorphism with susceptibility to pulmonary tuberculosis in Chinese Han. We analyzed 15 KIR genes in 109 pulmonary tuberculosis patients and 110 healthy controls using sequence-specific primer PCR analysis of genomic DNA. We found that the frequencies of KIR2DS1, 2DS3 and 3DS1 were significantly higher in patients than in the control group. In addition, the number of subjects carrying more than two activating KIR genes in the patient group was significantly higher than in the control group. The gene cluster containing KIR3DS1-2DL5-2DS1-2DS5 was also significantly more frequent in the patient group. In conclusion, KIR genes 2DS1, 2DS3 and 3DS1 appear to be associated with resistance to pulmonary tuberculosis in the Chinese Han population. KIR genes apparently have a role in resistance to pulmonary tuberculosis.

Effect of resistance exercise on peripheral inflammatory biomarkers in healthy adults: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.

OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to evaluate the effect of resistance exercise on peripheral inflammatory biomarkers in healthy adults. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Four databases, including PubMed, Web of Science, Cochrane Library, and SPORTDiscus, were searched from inception until April 1st, 2022. A meta-analysis was conducted using a random-effects model, followed by sensitivity analysis, subgroup analysis, meta-regression analysis, and publication bias analysis. RESULTS: 15 randomized controlled trials were included in the meta-analysis. The pooled results showed that resistance exercise significantly decreased TNF-α levels (SMD = -0.81, 95% CI: -1.42 to -0.20, p = 0.009) but did not affect IL-6 and CRP levels. Individuals with BMI 18.5-24.9 exhibited significantly decreased IL-6 levels, while moderate strength resistance exercise could significantly decrease TNF-α levels. Finally, age might be a confounding factor influencing the effect of resistance exercise on IL-6. CONCLUSIONS: Resistance exercise could reduce TNF-α levels in healthy adults, and resistance exercise with moderate intensity could reduce TNF-α levels more effectively.

Conception and optimization of a membrane electrode assembly microbial fuel cell (MEA-MFC) for treatment of domestic wastewater.

A membrane electrode assembly (MEA) for microbial fuel cells (MEA-MFC) was developed for continuous electricity production while treating domestic wastewater concurrently. It was optimized via three upgraded versions (noted α, ß and γ) in terms of design (current collectors, hydrophilic separator nature) and operating conditions (hydraulic retention time, external resistance, aeration rate, recirculation). An overall rise of power by over 100% from version α to γ shows the importance of factors such as the choice of proper construction materials and prevention of short-circuits. A power of 2.5 mW was generated with a hydraulic retention time of 2.3 h when a Selemion proton exchange membrane was used as a hydrophilic separator in the MEA and 2.8 mW were attained with a reverse osmosis membrane. The MFC also showed a competitive value of internal resistance (≈40-50 Ω) as compared to the literature, especially considering its large volume (3 L). However, the operation of our system in a complete loop where the anolyte was allowed to trickle over the cathode (version γ) resulted in system failure.

[Progress of researches on traveler's diarrhea caused by parasitic infections].

With the rapid development of global tourism, traveling gradually becomes an important part of daily lives, and travelers'health is paid more and more attention. Traveler's diarrhea (TD) is one of the most common diseases among international or trans-regional travelers, which causes great disease and economic burdens. Currently, there is still a lack of systematic studies on the correlation between parasites and TD. The review mainly summarizes intestinal protozoa and helminth infections among patients with TD, so as to provide insights into the development of the control measures for parasitic diseases associated with TD and the prevention of risk factors before the journey to and during the journey of the areas endemic for parasitic diseases.

[Screening and bioinformatic analysis of trehalase in Thelazia callipaeda].

OBJECTIVE: To characterize the trehalase gene in Thelazia callipaeda through screening the annotated data of the T. callipaeda genome, and to investigate the biological characteristics of the trehalase gene-coding protein. METHODS: The trehalase gene was screened from the T. callipaeda genome and subjected to validation by using a PCR assay. The structural features of the coding protein were analyzed with bioinformatics tools, including hydrophobicity, transmembrane region, signal peptides, conserved domains, as well as the secondary and tertiary structures and the antigen epitope. Homology analysis of the amino acid sequences was performed, and the phylogenetic tree was built by the MEGA X software. In addition, the protein-protein interaction network was deduced from the STRING database. RESULTS: The sequence of the trehalase gene with the complete CDS region was obtained from T. callipaeda genome, which had a length of 1 638 bp and encoded 545 amino acids. The encoded protein was predicted to have a molecular weight of 63 478.48 ku and be a secretory protein. The 5' domain of the encoded protein contained a signal peptide without transmembrane regions, and was predicted to contain 7 antigen epitopes. Based on the protein-protein interaction network of nematodes in the STRING database, the protein-protein interaction network of the trehalase gene of T. callipaeda was deduced, and 27 interactions covering 10 genes were identified. CONCLUSIONS: A trehalase gene is successfully identified in T. callipaeda genome and its coding protein receives a bioinformatics analysis, which provides insights into the research on the biological functions of the protein and the screening of vaccine candidates for thelaziasis callipaeda.

Myelin-associated glycoprotein interacts with neurons via a sialic acid binding site at ARG118 and a distinct neurite inhibition site.

Inhibitory components in myelin are largely responsible for the lack of regeneration in the mammalian CNS. Myelin-associated glycoprotein (MAG), a sialic acid binding protein and a component of myelin, is a potent inhibitor of neurite outgrowth from a variety of neurons both in vitro and in vivo. Here, we show that MAG's sialic acid binding site is distinct from its neurite inhibitory activity. Alone, sialic acid-dependent binding of MAG to neurons is insufficient to effect inhibition of axonal growth. Thus, while soluble MAG-Fc (MAG extracellular domain fused to Fc), a truncated form of MAG-Fc missing Ig-domains 4 and 5, MAG(d1-3)-Fc, and another sialic acid binding protein, sialoadhesin, each bind to neurons in a sialic acid- dependent manner, only full-length MAG-Fc inhibits neurite outgrowth. These results suggest that a second site must exist on MAG which elicits this response. Consistent with this model, mutation of arginine 118 (R118) in MAG to either alanine or aspartate abolishes its sialic acid-dependent binding. However, when expressed at the surface of either CHO or Schwann cells, R118-mutated MAG retains the ability to inhibit axonal outgrowth. Hence, MAG has two recognition sites for neurons, the sialic acid binding site at R118 and a distinct inhibition site which is absent from the first three Ig domains.

Clinicopathological characteristics, management and outcome of metastatic penoscrotal extramammary Paget's disease.

BACKGROUND: Metastatic penoscrotal extramammary Paget's disease (EMPD) has seldom been reported in the literature. OBJECTIVES: To improve the knowledge of the clinicopathological characteristics, management and outcome in patients with this disease. METHODS: The medical records and pathological slides of 10 patients with metastatic EMPD and 33 patients with nonmetastatic disease were reviewed. Immunohistochemical staining for epithelial cadherin (E-cadherin) was performed in the primary skin disease. All the 10 patients received 5-fluorouracil- or docetaxel-based chemotherapy. RESULTS: The most common sites of metastases were lymph nodes followed by bone. Patients with metastatic EMPD were more likely to be young and had elevated carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) levels. Dermal or deeper invasion, lymphovascular embolization and negative expression of E-cadherin were important pathological predictors of metastatic potential. In invasive EMPD, lymphovascular embolization but not expression of E-cadherin was significantly associated with the risk of metastases. In three patients, (18)F-fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography (PET)-computed tomography (CT) scans revealed occult lymph node metastases which were overlooked at conventional CT examinations. Two patients had complete response to the chemotherapy, three had partial response and five had progressive disease. The 2-year overall survival rate was 48% in patients with metastatic EMPD. In those patients with significantly elevated CEA level, the value of CEA paralleled the disease course. CONCLUSIONS: Metastatic EMPD tended to have dermal invasion and lymphovascular embolization. PET-CT scans were helpful in detecting distant metastases. 5-Fluorouracil- or docetaxel based-chemotherapy was effective in some patients. Serum CEA level can be a useful biomarker for monitoring disease course.

A novel frameshift mutation of the EDA1 gene in a Chinese Han family with X-linked hypohidrotic ectodermal dysplasia.

Hypohidrotic ectodermal dysplasia (HED) is a rare skin disease characterized by hypotrichosis, hypodontia and hypohidrosis. HED can be autosomal dominant, autosomal recessive or X-linked. However, X-linked HED (XLHED; OMIM 305100) is the most common form. Mutations within the EDA1 gene, which encodes ectodysplasin-A, are responsible for XLHED. In this study, we investigated the EDA1 gene in a Chinese Han family with XLHED, and found a novel 1-bp deletion mutation (c.952delG) in exon 9 of the EDA1 gene, which results in a frameshift and premature termination codon. This result suggests that the c.952delG mutation of the EDA1 gene is likely to be the disease-causing mutation for XLHED in this family. Our study adds new data to the worldwide knowledge of the molecular basis of XLHED.

[Dynamic changes of myeloid-derived suppressor cells and regulatory T cells in livers of mice infected with Echinococcus granulosus].

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the dynamics changes of the myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs) and regulatory T (Treg) cells in mice infected with Echinococcus granulosus and explore the possible biological significance. METHODS: Thirty female BALB/c mice of 6 weeks old were randomly divided into the infection and control groups, of 15 mice in each group. Mice in the infection group were intraperitoneally injected with 2 000 E. granulosus protoscoleces, while those in the control group were injected with the same volume of physiological saline. Mouse liver white blood cells were harvested 3 (early stage), 6 (medium stage) and 12 months (late stage) post-infection, and the proportions of MDSCs, their subpopulations (M-MDSCs and PMN-MDSCs) and Treg cells were assessed by flow cytometry. RESULTS: The proportions of MDSCs were (1.61 ± 0.36)%, (5.68 ± 0.69)% and (16.18 ± 0.69)% in mouse liver white blood cells in the infection group 3, 6 and 12 months post-infection with E. granulosus, and (2.19 ± 0.42)%, (0.99 ± 0.07) % and (4.18 ± 0.84)% in the control group, and there were significant differences in the proportion of the MDSCs in mouse liver white blood cells between the infection and control groups 6 and 12 months post-infection (P < 0.01). The proportions of M-MDSCs were (0.69 ± 0.27)%, (5.30 ± 0.72)% and (10.75 ± 0.29)% in mouse liver white blood cells in the infection group 3, 6 and 12 months post-infection, and (0.42 ± 0.24)%, (0.69 ± 0.02)% and (2.12 ± 0.13)% in the control group, and there were significant differences in the proportion of the M-MDSCs in the mouse liver white blood cells between the infection and control groups 6 and 12 months post-infection (P < 0.01). The proportions of PMN-MDSCs were (0.93 ± 0.23)%, (0.32 ± 0.02)% and (5.14 ± 1.03)% in mouse liver white blood cells in the infection group 3, 6 and 12 months post-infection, and (1.77 ± 0.26)%, (0.28 ± 0.05)% and (1.99 ± 0.90)% in the control group, and there were significant differences in the proportion of PMN-MDSCs in mouse liver white blood cells between the infection and control groups 3 and 12 months post-infection (P < 0.05). The proportions of Treg cells were (3.35 ± 0.14)%, (6.24 ± 0.38)% and (3.41 ± 0.07)% in mouse liver white blood cells in the infection group 3, 6 and 12 months post-infection, and (3.48 ± 0.46)%, (3.65 ± 0.45)% and (3.12 ± 0.12)% in the control group, and there were significant differences in the proportion of Treg cells in mouse liver white blood cells between the infection and control groups 6 and 12 months post-infection (P < 0.01). CONCLUSIONS: The percentages of both MDSCs and Treg cells increase in mouse liver white blood cells 6 and 12 months post-infection with E. granulosus, and a more remarkable increase is seen in the percentage of MDSCs, which is mainly found in M-MDSCs. These findings suggest that M-MDSCs may play a major immunosuppressive role in the medium and late stages of E. granulosus infection in mice.