Burden of Hypertensive Heart Disease and High Systolic Blood Pressure in Australia from 1990 to 2019: Results From the Global Burden of Diseases Study.

BACKGROUND: There is a dearth of comprehensive studies examining the burden and trends of hypertensive heart disease (HHD) and high systolic blood pressure (SBP) among the Australian population. We aimed to explore the burden of HHD and high SBP, and how they changed over time from 1990 to 2019 in Australia. METHODS: We analysed data from the Global Burden of Disease study in Australia. We assessed the prevalence, mortality, disability-adjusted life-years (DALY), years lived with disability (YLD) and years of life lost (YLL) attributable to HHD and high SBP. Data were presented as point estimates with 95% uncertainty intervals (UI). We compared the burden of HHD and high SBP in Australia with World Bank defined high-income countries and six other comparator countries with similar sociodemographic characteristics and economies. RESULTS: From 1990 to 2019, the burden of HHD and high SBP in Australia reduced. Age standardised prevalence rate of HHD was 119.3 cases per 100,000 people (95% UI 86.6-161.0) in 1990, compared to 80.1 cases (95% UI 57.4-108.1) in 2019. Deaths due to HDD were 3.4 cases per 100,000 population (95% UI 2.6-3.8) in 1990, compared to 2.5 (95% UI 1.9-3.0) in 2019. HHD contributed to 57.2 (95% UI 46.6-64.7) DALYs per 100,000 population in 1990 compared to 38.4 (95% UI 32.0-45.2) in 2019. Death rates per 100,000 population attributable to high SBP declined significantly over time for both sexes from 1990 (155.6 cases; 95% UI 131.2-177.0) to approximately one third in 2019 (53.8 cases; 95% UI 43.4-64.4). Compared to six other countries in 2019, the prevalence of HHD was highest in the USA (274.3%) and lowest in the UK (52.6%), with Australia displaying the third highest prevalence. Australia ranked second in term of lowest rates of deaths and third for lowest DALYs respectively due to high SBP. From 1990-2019, Australia ranked third best for reductions in deaths and DALYs due to HHD and first for reductions in deaths and DALYs due to high SBP. CONCLUSION: Over the past three decades, the burden of HHD in Australia has reduced, but its prevalence remains relatively high. The contribution of high SBP to deaths, DALYs and YLLs also reduced over the three decades.

Mortality after transcatheter aortic valve replacement for aortic stenosis among patients with malignancy: a systematic review and meta-analysis.

BACKGROUND: With advancements in cancer treatment, the life expectancy of oncology patients has improved. Thus, transcatheter aortic valve replacement (TAVR) may be considered as a feasible option for oncology patients with severe symptomatic aortic stenosis (AS). We aim to evaluate the difference in short- and long-term all-cause mortality in cancer and non-cancer patients treated with TAVR for severe AS. METHODS: Medline, PubMed, and Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials were searched for relevant studies. Patients with cancer who underwent treatment with TAVR for severe AS were included and compared to an identical population without cancer. The primary endpoints were short- and long-term all-cause mortality. RESULTS: Of 899 studies included, 8 met inclusion criteria. Cancer patients had significantly higher long-term all-cause mortality after TAVR when compared to patients without cancer (risk ratio [RR] 1.43; 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.26-1.62; P < 0.01). Four studies evaluated short-term mortality after TAVR and demonstrated no difference in it in patients with and without cancer (RR 0.72; 95% CI 0.47-1.08; P = 0.11). CONCLUSION: Patients with cancer and severe AS have higher long-term all-cause mortality after TAVR. However, we found no difference in short-term all-cause mortality when comparing patients with and without cancer. The decision to perform TAVR in cancer patients should be individualized based on life expectancy and existing co-morbidities.

Catheter directed compared to systemically delivered thrombolysis for pulmonary embolism: a systematic review and meta-analysis.

To compare the efficacy and safety of systemic and catheter directed thrombolysis for patients with pulmonary embolism. Pubmed and Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials were systematically searched from inception to May 31st 2020 to identify relevant studies. Outcomes of interest were in-hospital mortality and major bleeding including intracranial hemorrhage. We included 8 observational studies comprising 11,932 patients with PE. Catheter directed thrombolysis was associated with lower in-hospital mortality [RR 0.52; 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.40-0.68]. Although there was no difference in major bleeding by treatment strategy (RR 0.80; 95% CI 0.37-1.76), intracranial hemorrhage was lower in patients receiving catheter directed therapy (RR 0.66; 95% CI, 0.47-0.94).The certainty in these estimates was low. Non-randomized studies suggest that catheter directed delivery of thrombolytic therapy may be associated with lower in-hospital mortality and intracranial hemorrhage rates. These results may help inform management strategies for health care and pulmonary embolism response teams (PERT) involved in the management of high risk patients with massive or submassive pulmonary emboli.

Efficacy and Safety of Perioperative Bridging Anticoagulation in Patients with Atrial Fibrillation Undergoing Elective Surgical Procedures: A Meta-analysis.

Objective: The study objective was to determine if peri-operative bridging anticoagulation in patients with atrial fibrillation is beneficial or harmful.Design: Systematic review and meta-analysis.Setting: Inpatient or in-hospital setting.Participants: Adults with atrial fibrillation having a CHADS2 score >1 undergoing elective surgical procedure on anticoagulation.Methods: A systemic search of multiple databases (Cochrane, Medline, PubMed) was performed regarding studies conducted on efficacy and safety of perioperative bridging anticoagulation in patients with atrial fibrillation. Studies identified were reviewed by two authors individually before inclusion. The results were then pooled using Review Manager to determine the combined effect. Stroke/systemic embolism was considered as the primary efficacy outcome. Major bleeding was the primary safety outcome.Results: The systematic search revealed 108 potential articles. The full texts of 28 articles were retrieved for assessment of eligibility. After full text review, 25 articles were excluded. Three articles met inclusion criteria. No significant difference in stroke/systemic embolism with bridging anticoagulation was noted (risk ratio, 1.25-95% confidence interval [CI], 0.55-2.85). Bridging was associated with significantly higher risk of major bleeding (risk ratio, 3.29-95% CI, 2.25-4.81).Conclusion: An individualized approach is required when initiating peri-operative bridging anticoagulation. There is certainly a higher risk of bleeding with bridging anticoagulation and no difference in stroke/systemic embolism. However, the results cannot be extrapolated to patients who have valvular atrial fibrillation or CHADS2 score of 5 or greater.

Platelet Anti-Aggregator Drowns the Heart.

BACKGROUND: Anagrelide is a drug used for treatment of essential thrombocytosis especially when conventional therapy is insufficient. Adverse effects associated with anagrelide are palpitation, liver toxicity, renal failure and in few cases pericardial effusion. We here report a rare case of anagrelide induced pericardial effusion. CASE PRESENTATION: A 76-year-old male with past medical history of hypertension, hyperlipidemia, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, and myeloproliferative disorder presented to the emergency department with dyspnea on rest and exertion. He was initially treated with hydroxyurea for thrombocytosis but was later switched to anagrelide. On examination patient had muffled heart sounds. Lab investigations identified hyperkalemia and transaminitis. Transthoracic echocardiogram identified a moderate sized pericardial effusion. The pericardial effusion and transaminitis were attributed to anagrelide toxicity as other causes were ruled out. Pericardiocentesis was performed and anagrelide was discontinued. Patient was discharged in a well-compensated state with outpatient follow-up in two to three weeks. CONCLUSION: Anagrelide is considered to be very effective treatment for essential thrombocytosis. It is, however, associated with serious adverse effects such as pericardial effusion, liver toxicity and palpitations. The mechanisms of these adverse drug reactions are still not completely understood. We suggest that patient taking anagrelide presenting with shortness of breath should have a transthoracic echocardiogram performed to rule out pericardial effusion. Liver enzymes should also be monitored closely and anagrelide discontinued immediately if the above-mentioned adverse events are noted.

Myocardial Infarction Type 2: Avoiding Pitfalls and Preventing Adverse Outcomes.

Myocardial infarction type 2 (MI type 2) is an elevation of cardiac biomarkers in a physiologically stressful state leading to demand-supply mismatch of oxygen. This type of myocardial infarction is commonly seen in hospitalized patients. Since the introduction of clear definition, diagnostic criteria and International Classification of Disease (ICD) codes, the diagnosis has become increasingly common. There still remains plenty to learn about MI type 2 especially prevention and treatment strategies. Studies have shown that there is increased mortality and morbidity associated with MI type 2 when compared to MI type 1, and there may be benefit in having a multi-disciplinary approach including cardiology when treating such patients. Secondary prevention therapies may also play a role in decreasing adverse events from MI type 2. However, randomized control trials are insufficient, and results of studies are cautiously interpreted. In this article we have assessed the current evidence on MI type 2 and the gap in literature that will potentially be the focus of future analyses.

Echocardiographic predictors of symptomatic cardiotoxicity among patients undergoing chemotherapy: A systematic review and meta-analysis.

BACKGROUND: Chemotherapeutic agents have been associated with cardiotoxicity; thus, they require close monitoring. Several echocardiographic variables have been investigated as early predictors of symptomatic cardiotoxicity in patients undergoing chemotherapy. OBJECTIVE: To identify if global longitudinal strain (GLS) is a better predictor of symptomatic cardiotoxicity compared to left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) in patients receiving chemotherapy. METHODS: MEDLINE, Scopus, and Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials were searched from inception through December 2020. Adults who developed symptomatic cardiotoxicity (New York Heart Association [NYHA] Class III-IV heart failure, cardiac arrest, or cardiac death) after undergoing chemotherapy with pre- and postchemotherapy echocardiographic measures of cardiac function were included. The primary focus was on the prediction of symptomatic cardiotoxicity. Estimates were reported as random effects hazard ratios (HR) with 95% confidence intervals (CI). RESULTS: Four studies met inclusion criteria. The most common malignancy identified in the included studies was breast cancer, and the most common chemotherapeutic agent utilized was anthracyclines. Most studies utilized the Simpson biplane method to measure echocardiographic parameters. Pooled results demonstrated no significant association between LVEF and the prediction of symptomatic cardiotoxicity (HR 1.48; 95% CI, 0.96-2.27; P = 0.07). However, 2 studies that analyzed GLS found it to be a strong predictor of symptomatic cardiotoxicity (HR 1.46; 95% CI, 1.34-1.58; P < .001). There was no significant association between symptomatic cardiotoxicity and baseline left ventricular end diastolic volume, end systolic volume, or end diastolic volume index. CONCLUSIONS: GLS may predict symptomatic cardiotoxicity and be used to monitor patients on chemotherapy for symptomatic cardiac dysfunction. While the pooled results for baseline LVEF identified that it is not a predictor of symptomatic cardiotoxicity, this differs from the findings of the only randomized trial included in this meta-analysis. The data for baseline GLS as a predictor of symptomatic cardiotoxicity is encouraging, but definite evidence that GLS may be superior to LVEF is lacking. Prospective randomized, blinded trials are required to identify if 1 echocardiographic parameter may be superior to the other.

Smartphone Apps for Diabetes Medication Adherence: Systematic Review.

BACKGROUND: Diabetes is one of the leading noncommunicable chronic diseases globally. In people with diabetes, blood glucose levels need to be monitored regularly and managed adequately through healthy lifestyles and medications. However, various factors contribute to poor medication adherence. Smartphone apps can improve medication adherence in people with diabetes, but it is not clear which app features are most beneficial. OBJECTIVE: This study aims to systematically review and evaluate high-quality apps for diabetes medication adherence, which are freely available to the public in Android and Apple app stores and present the technical features of the apps. METHODS: We systematically searched Apple App Store and Google Play for apps that assist in diabetes medication adherence, using predefined selection criteria. We assessed apps using the Mobile App Rating Scale (MARS) and calculated the mean app-specific score (MASS) by taking the average of app-specific scores on 6 dimensions, namely, awareness, knowledge, attitudes, intention to change, help-seeking, and behavior change rated on a 5-point scale (1=strongly disagree and 5=strongly agree). We used the mean of the app's performance on these 6 dimensions to calculate the MASS. Apps that achieved a total MASS mean quality score greater than 4 out of 5 were considered to be of high quality in our study. We formulated a task-technology fit matrix to evaluate the apps for diabetes medication adherence. RESULTS: We identified 8 high-quality apps (MASS score≥4) and presented the findings under 3 main categories: characteristics of the included apps, app features, and diabetes medication adherence. Our framework to evaluate smartphone apps in promoting diabetes medication adherence considered physiological factors influencing diabetes and app features. On evaluation, we observed that 25% of the apps promoted high adherence and another 25% of the apps promoted moderate adherence. Finally, we found that 50% of the apps provided low adherence to diabetes medication. CONCLUSIONS: Our findings show that almost half of the high-quality apps publicly available for free did not achieve high to moderate medication adherence. Our framework could have positive implications for the future design and development of apps for patients with diabetes. Additionally, apps need to be evaluated using a standardized framework, and only those promoting higher medication adherence should be prescribed for better health outcomes.

Epoetin Alfa: A Cause of Coronary Artery Thrombosis.

INTRODUCTION: Epoetin alfa is an erythrocyte-stimulating factor. We here present a case of an anemic patient, who was given epogen before a coronary artery bypass (CABG) surgery and developed periprocedural myocardial infarction. To our knowledge, there has been no previous case reported of epogen causing myocardial infarction. CASE PRESENTATION: 66-year-old female presented with substernal chest pain. EKG showed ST segment elevations in aVf and L-III. Patient underwent left heart catheterization (LHC) and had triple vessel disease. A bare metal stent was placed in RCA. Patient continued to have symptoms after discharge and presented to the ED again with these complaints. She underwent coronary artery bypass surgery (CABG). Before the procedure, patient's hemoglobin was 11.1 grams/deciliter and was given epogen to raise hemoglobin level. Postoperative day (POD) #1 patient had ST elevations in inferior and anterolateral leads. She was diagnosed with periprocedural myocardial infarction. Patient underwent repeat LHC, which identified obstruction of saphenous vein graft (SVG). Hypercoagulable workup was negative for any disease and the patient was diagnosed with epogen induced early graft occlusion. CONCLUSION: Epogen administration can cause myocardial infarction and coronary artery thrombosis. We suggest that physicians use epogen very cautiously, especially in population who has underlying coronary artery disease.

Immediate versus deferred stenting for patients undergoing primary or emergent percutaneous coronary intervention: Protocol for a systematic review and meta-analysis.

INTRODUCTION: Primary or emergent percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) with stenting is the standard treatment for patients with ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) or non-STEMI acute coronary syndromes (ACS) at high risk. The value of delayed stenting following balloon-facilitated reperfusion in these patients is largely unknown. METHODS AND ANALYSIS: This systematic review aims to assess whether delayed stenting (vs immediate stenting) improves angiographic and cardiovascular clinical outcomes for patients with STEMI or non-STEMI ACS undergoing primary or emergent PCI. The primary endpoint is adverse angiographic outcomes (no or slow coronary flow after final PCI), the main secondary endpoint includes a composite of long-term (≥6 months) all-cause mortality, recurrent ACS (recurrent myocardial infarction, unplanned revascularization of the target vessel, etc.), hospital admission for heart failure or any other cardiovascular cause. Relevant studies will be searched in the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, MEDLINE, EMBASE, and other electronic databases. Two authors will independently screen studies for inclusion, consulting with a third author where necessary to resolve discrepancies. The risk of bias of included studies will be assessed using the Cochrane Collaboration risk of bias tool, and quality of evidence using the Grades of Recommendation, Assessment, Development and Evaluation (GRADE) approach. Results will be presented using risk ratios with 95% confidence interval (CI) for dichotomous outcomes and standardized mean differences with 95% CI for continuous outcomes. ETHICS AND DISSEMINATION: This systematic review and meta-analysis protocol will not require ethical approval. We will disseminate the findings of this systematic review and meta-analysis via publications in peer-reviewed journals.

Stress Induced Cardiomyopathy with Midventricular Ballooning: A Rare Variant.

Stress cardiomyopathy (SCM) also referred to as the "broken heart syndrome" is a condition in which intense emotional or physical stress can cause fulminant and reversible cardiac muscle weakness. SCM most commonly involves the apical segment of left ventricle but newer and rare variants have recently been seen reported. We here report a case of rare midventricular variant of stress related cardiomyopathy. A 72-year-old female with past medical history, only significant for SVT, presented with an episode of severe substernal chest pain while hiking with her husband. She felt a significant heaviness in her chest and was short of breath. During her hospitalization she was found to have positive cardiac enzymes. EKG showed 1 mm downsloping ST segment changes. Ventriculogram during left heart catheterization revealed dyskinetic midventricle. Patient was diagnosed with midventricular SCM. The patient was placed on ACE inhibitor and beta-blocker and discharged in a well-compensated state. We suggest identifying these patients by standard lab testing, electrocardiography, echocardiography, and left heart coronary angiography and ventriculography. Management of this unique entity is similar to the other variants with close observation and treatment of accompanying heart failure, valvular dysfunction, and any arrhythmias that may develop.

Right Atrial Mass in a Patient With HIV and Hepatitis B: A Case Report.

A 41-year-old man presented to the emergency room for evaluation of substernal chest pain, shortness of breath and generalized failure to thrive. Patient had history of hepatitis B and HIV. During recent evaluation of hepatic mass, patient was found to have hepatocellular carcinoma on biopsy. Patient had no history of cirrhosis of the liver in the past. On Echocardiogram patient was noted to have a large mass filling the right atrial cavity. CT scan of abdomen, pelvis and chest showed a diffusely enlarged heterogeneously enhancing liver consistent with large hepatoma, with portal venous and hepatic vein thrombosis. Tumor thrombus extended through the hepatic veins and upper inferior vena cava into the right atrium. There was 6 cm greatest diameter enhancing mass in the right atrium. Patient had primary hepatocellular carcinoma with extensive invasion into vascular structures. His prognosis was poor and patient opted for palliative care only. In conclusion, patients with co-infection of HIV and Hepatitis B are at risk of developing hepatocellular carcinoma with extension into the right atrium and physicians managing these patients should have high suspicion of right atrial involvement with tumor extension and low threshold to order a screening echocardiogram.

Management of brachial artery thrombosis post catheterization.

INTRODUCTION: Brachial artery occlusion is a documented complication after catheterization procedures performed via the brachial artery. These are mainly managed conservatively or with surgical thrombo-embolectomy. We present a case with acute brachial artery occlusion successfully managed with balloon angioplasty and thrombolytic therapy. CASE PRESENTATION: A 68-year-old African-American female with a history of aorto-bi-iliac bypass graft presented with acute right upper extremity pain and discoloration after undergoing peripheral catheterization via right brachial artery. We performed emergency angioplasty with lesion reduction from 100% to less than 20% with TIMI grade flow improving from 0 preintervention to 3 postintervention. Postprocedure, the patient was kept on heparin infusion for 24 hours and discharged on aspirin and clopidogrel, with instructions to go to the emergency room in case of bleeding. CONCLUSION: Acute brachial artery thrombosis is a rare complication post cardiac catheterization. Previously, it was managed with surgical thrombo-embolectomy; however, with advancement of interventional procedures, a more conservative approach is preferred as stated by the 2005 American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association guidelines. We followed these guidelines and performed successful percutaneous balloon angioplasty with tPA administration in our patient. Careful literature search revealed that this is the first published case report dealing with the matter of acute brachial thrombosis post catheterization.

Left main coronary artery spasm--a rare entity as a cause of myocardial infarction in a patient.

UNLABELLED: Coronary artery disease (CAD) remains the major cause of mortality and morbidity in the United States despite significant advances for the prevention and treatment of CAD. Coronary artery spasm causing demand-supply mismatch with coronary ischemia can mimic CAD, resulting in unnecessary interventions. Left main coronary artery spasm, in particular, is a rare entity with only a few cases described in the literature. CASE PRESENTATION: A 49-year-old African-American female was evaluated at outpatient clinics for ongoing episodes of substernal chest pain which were then classified as atypical. Adenosine myocardial perfusion imaging study showed a small-size, mild-intensity, reversible ischemia in the anterior wall attributed to breast attenuation artifact. Medical management failed to relieve her chest pain and she was eventually referred for left heart catheterization. Angiography raised the suspicion of vasospasm and intracoronary nitroglycerin was injected, with resolution of the stenosis. CONCLUSION: There are multiple risk factors associated with coronary spasm. Although medical management, ie, vasodilators are the treatment of choice, cases refractory to medical therapy have been treated with coronary stenting and even coronary artery bypass graft surgery with acceptable outcomes.