A new immunochemotherapy schedule for visceral leishmaniasis in a hamster model.

The purpose of the present study was to evaluate the efficacy of the treatment with a recombinant cysteine proteinase from Leishmania, rldccys1, associated with allopurinol or miltefosine on Leishmania (Leishmania) infantum chagasi-infected hamsters. Golden Syrian hamsters infected with L. (L.) infantum chagasi were treated with either miltefosine (46 mg/kg) or allopurinol (460 mg/kg) alone by oral route or associated with rldccys1 (150 µg/hamster) by subcutaneous route for 30 days. Infected hamsters were also treated with miltefosine (46 mg/kg) plus rldccys1 (150 µg/hamster) for 30 days (phase 1) followed by two additional doses of rldccys1 (250 µg/hamster) (phase 2). After the end of treatment, the animals were analyzed for parasite load, body weight, serum levels of immunoglobulins, cytokine expression, and drug toxicity. The data showed a significant decrease of parasite load in infected hamsters treated with allopurinol or miltefosine alone or associated with rldccys1, as well as in those treated with rldccys1 alone. Significantly lower levels of serum IgG were detected in hamsters treated with allopurinol plus rldccys1. The treatment with miltefosine associated with rldccys1 prevented relapse observed in animals treated with miltefosine alone. A significant loss of body weight was detected only in some hamsters treated with miltefosine for 1 month and deprived of this treatment for 15 days. There were no significant differences in transcript expression of IFN-γ and IL-10 in any of treated groups. Neither hepatotoxicity nor nephrotoxicity was observed among controls and treated groups. These findings open perspectives to further explore this immunochemotherapeutic schedule as an alternative for treatment of visceral leishmaniasis.

Nutritional composition of human milk and its association with maternal and perinatal factors.

OBJECTIVE: The objective of this study was to evaluate the influence of maternal and perinatal factors on the nutritional composition of human milk. METHODS: A cross-sectional study was conducted between November 2018 and January 2020, with 181 donors selected in Tertiary Health Units of the Unified Health System - from one collection station and five Human Milk Banks. Data were collected through a standardized questionnaire. To be fit to be a donor in a Human Milk Banks and produce mature milk were the eligibility criteria to participate in the study. We excluded milk samples with Dornic acidity above 8° D. The dependent variables were the macronutrients of human milk (i.e., carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, and total energy), that were analyzed using spectroscopy with the Miris Human Milk Analyzer™. The maternal and perinatal factors were the independent variables. RESULTS: Women with pre-gestational obesity and gestational weight gain above the recommendation showed a lower protein concentration compared to eutrophic women (median=0.8, interquartile range (IQR): 0.7-0.9 vs. median=0.8, and IQR: 0.8-1.0) and those with adequate gestational weight gain (median=0.8, IQR: 0.7-0.9 vs. median=0.9, and IQR: 0.8-1.0), respectively. The other analyzed factors (i.e., maternal habits, comorbidities, and perinatal factors) were not associated with the nutritional composition of human milk. CONCLUSIONS: The assessment of factors associated with the nutritional composition of human milk is extremely important to assist postpartum care. Pre-gestational obesity and inadequate gestational weight gain were the only factors statistically associated with the nutritional composition of human milk as they impacted its protein content.

Proteoforms of ß-Casein, α-s1-Casein, α-Lactalbumin, Serum Albumin, and Lactotransferrin Identified in Different Lactation Phases of Human Milk by Proteomics Approach.

SCOPE: Human milk (HM) has a wide range of proteins with biological and nutritional functions, essential for newborns. The roles of proteins and their proteoforms in HM are not fully understood. This study aims to assess, by 2-DE proteomics, the differential proteoforms in HM, present in colostrum (COL), transition (TRA), and mature milk (MAT), aiming to contribute to understanding neonates' protein needs. METHODS AND RESULTS: HM samples are collected from 39 healthy lactating women. COL presents the higher concentration of essential amino acids. After MALDI-MS/MS and bioinformatics analysis, proteoforms are differentially detected. Abundances of ß-casein (CSN2), α-s1 casein, and α-lactalbumin (LALBA) are higher in MAT; CSN2s are found in 11 spots and the isoforms increase in size as the pI becomes more acidic; regarding LALBA, two variant forms are found with different abundances in TRA and MAT; CSN2, LALBA, lactotransferrin (LTF), and serum albumin forms are present in all lactation phases. CONCLUSION: This study reveals differential proteoforms in COL involved in tissue growth and body development, besides essential amino acids, and, in MAT, involved in muscle mass gain, strengthening of the immune system, and energy production. The results provide new insight about proteoforms involved in maturation of the newborn's organs and systems.

Do Thyroid Diseases during Pregnancy and Lactation Affect the Nutritional Composition of Human Milk?

OBJECTIVE: To identify whether the effects of thyroid disease during pregnancy and lactation affect the nutritional composition of human milk. METHODS: Systematic review of the scientific literature using the Medical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System Online/MedLine databases to evaluate the association of thyroid diseases during pregnancy and lactation with the nutritional composition of human milk. There was no delimitation by period or by language, and the searches were completed in March 2019. The following descriptors were applied: human milk AND thyroid AND composition, using the preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses (PRISMA) protocol for data search, selection, and extraction. The flowchart proposed for bibliographic search resulted in 12 articles and, of these, four were selected. RESULTS: The articles elected for this review were published between 1976 and 2018. Two studies found significant differences in the nutritional composition of mothers' milk with hypothyroidism or overweight compared with the milk of those without hypothyroidism. Studies have shown that the presence of the disease led to changes in the nutritional composition of human milk, especially a higher concentration of human milk fat. CONCLUSION: It is extremely important that these women have continuous nutritional follow-up to minimize the impact of these morbidities on the nutritional composition of human milk.

OBJETIVO: Identificar se os efeitos da doença da tireoide durante a gestação e lactação afetam a composição nutricional do leite humano. MéTODOS: Revisão sistemática da literatura científica por meio das bases de dados Medical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System Online/MedLine a fim de avaliar a associação das doenças da tireoide na gestação e na lactação com a composição nutricional do leite humano. Não houve delimitação por período nem por idioma, e as buscas foram finalizadas em março de 2019. Foram aplicados os seguintes descritores: human milk AND thyroid AND composition, utilizando protocolo preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses (PRISMA) para a busca, seleção e extração de dados. De acordo com o fluxograma proposto, a busca bibliográfica resultou em 12 artigos e, destes, quatro foram selecionados. RESULTADOS: Os artigos elegidos para a presente revisão foram publicados entre 1976 e 2018. Dois estudos verificaram diferenças significativas na composição nutricional do leite de mães com hipotireoidismo ou excesso de peso em comparação ao grupo controle sem hipotireoidismo. Os estudos demonstraram que a presença da doença levava a modificações na composição nutricional do leite humano, principalmente em relação à maior concentração da gordura. CONCLUSãO: É de extrema importância que essas mulheres tenham acompanhamento nutricional contínuo a fim de minimizar o impacto dessas morbidades sobre a composição nutricional do leite humano.

Nutritional composition of human milk and its association with maternal and perinatal factors / Composição nutricional do leite humano e sua associação com fatores maternos e perinatais

ABSTRACT Objective: The objective of this study was to evaluate the influence of maternal and perinatal factors on the nutritional composition of human milk. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted between November 2018 and January 2020, with 181 donors selected in Tertiary Health Units of the Unified Health System — from one collection station and five Human Milk Banks. Data were collected through a standardized questionnaire. To be fit to be a donor in a Human Milk Banks and produce mature milk were the eligibility criteria to participate in the study. We excluded milk samples with Dornic acidity above 8° D. The dependent variables were the macronutrients of human milk (i.e., carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, and total energy), that were analyzed using spectroscopy with the Miris Human Milk Analyzer™. The maternal and perinatal factors were the independent variables. Results: Women with pre-gestational obesity and gestational weight gain above the recommendation showed a lower protein concentration compared to eutrophic women (median=0.8, interquartile range (IQR): 0.7-0.9 vs. median=0.8, and IQR: 0.8-1.0) and those with adequate gestational weight gain (median=0.8, IQR: 0.7-0.9 vs. median=0.9, and IQR: 0.8-1.0), respectively. The other analyzed factors (i.e., maternal habits, comorbidities, and perinatal factors) were not associated with the nutritional composition of human milk. Conclusions: The assessment of factors associated with the nutritional composition of human milk is extremely important to assist postpartum care. Pre-gestational obesity and inadequate gestational weight gain were the only factors statistically associated with the nutritional composition of human milk as they impacted its protein content.

RESUMO Objetivo: Avaliar a influência de fatores maternos e perinatais na composição nutricional do leite humano. Métodos: Estudo transversal, realizado entre novembro de 2018 e janeiro de 2020, com 181 doadoras selecionadas em Unidades Terciárias de Saúde do Sistema Único de Saúde de um Posto de Coleta e cinco Bancos de Leite Humano. Foram coletados dados das variáveis maternas e dos recém-nascidos por meio de questionário padronizado. Estar apta para ser doadora em um Banco de Leite Humano e produzir leite maduro foram os critérios de elegibilidade para participar do estudo. As amostras de leite com acidez Dornic acima de 8° D foram excluídas. Os macronutrientes do leite humano, variáveis dependentes (carboidratos, proteínas, lipídeos, energia total) foram analisados pela técnica de espectroscopia de transmissão no infravermelho médio com o Miris Human Milk Analyzer™. Os fatores maternos e perinatais foram as variáveis independentes. Resultados: Mulheres com obesidade pré-gestacional e ganho de peso gestacional acima do recomendado apresentaram menor concentração proteica em relação às eutróficas (mediana=0,8, intervalo interquartil [IQR]: 0,7-0,9 vs. mediana=0,8, IQR: 0,8-1,0) e aquelas com ganho de peso gestacional adequado (mediana=0,8, IQR: 0,7-0,9 vs. mediana=0,9, IQR: 0,8-1,0), respectivamente. Os demais fatores analisados (hábitos maternos, comorbidades, fatores perinatais) não se associaram com a composição nutricional do leite humano. Conclusões: A avaliação dos fatores associados à composição nutricional do leite humano é de extrema importância para auxiliar os cuidados pós-parto. A obesidade pré-gestacional e o ganho de peso gestacional inadequado foram os únicos fatores estatisticamente associados com a composição nutricional do leite humano por terem impactado o seu teor de proteína.

Aplicativo móvel para gerenciamento do processo de captação domiciliar de leite humano / Aplicación móvil para la gestión del proceso de captación domiciliaria de leche humana / Development and evaluation of an app to manage human milk home collection

Resumo Objetivo Desenvolver e avaliar aplicativo móvel para gerenciamento do processo de captação domiciliar de leite humano. Métodos Estudo de natureza aplicada realizado em três etapas: 1) definição de requisitos e elaboração do mapa conceitual; 2) geração das alternativas de implementação e prototipagem; 3) testes. O aplicativo foi avaliado por oito profissionais de Banco de Leite Humano quanto aos objetivos, estrutura e relevância, e três doadoras quanto à funcionalidade, usabilidade e eficiência. Resultados O aplicativo possui cinco módulos: Perfil, Minhas doações, Coleta domiciliar, Informações para doação de leite humano e Fale com o Banco de Leite Humano. A avaliação dos especialistas e doadoras considerou o conteúdo adequado e de fácil usabilidade. Conclusão O aplicativo CuidarTech Doe Leite colabora, de forma inovadora, com a gestão da captação do leite humano, por meio do gerenciamento da comunicação e interação entre a equipe do banco de leite e as doadoras.

Resumen Objetivo Desarrollar y evaluar una aplicación móvil para la gestión del proceso de captación domiciliaria de leche humana. Métodos Estudio de naturaleza aplicada realizado en tres etapas: 1) definición de requisitos y elaboración del mapa conceptual; 2) generación de alternativas de implementación y prototipo, 3) pruebas. La aplicación fue evaluada por ocho profesionales de un banco de leche humana con relación a los objetivos, estructura y relevancia, y por tres donantes en cuanto a la funcionalidad, usabilidad y eficiencia. Resultados La aplicación posee cinco módulos: Perfil, Mis donaciones, Recolección domiciliaria, Información para donación de leche humana y Contacto con el banco de leche humana. La evaluación de los especialistas y donantes consideró el contenido adecuado y de fácil usabilidad. Conclusión La aplicación CuidarTech Done Leche colabora, de forma innovadora, con la gestión de la captación de la leche humana, mediante el manejo de la comunicación e interacción entre el equipo del banco de leche y las donantes.

Abstract Objective To develop and evaluate an app designed to manage human milk home collection. Methods This applied study was carried out in three steps: 1) definition of requirements and formulation of conceptual map; 2) proposition of alternatives of implementation and prototyping; and 3) execution of tests. The app, named CuidarTech Doe Leite, was evaluated by eight professionals who worked at a Human Milk Bank regarding objectives, structure, and relevance and by three milk donors regarding functionality, usability, and effectiveness. Results The app had five modules: Profile, My donations, Home collection, Information to donate human milk, and Contact the Human Milk Bank. The evaluation carried out by experts and donors considered the content adequate and easy to use. Conclusion The app CuidarTech Doe Leite contributes, in an innovative way, to the management of human milk collection by helping handling communication and interaction between the human milk bank team and donors.

Do thyroid diseases during pregnancy and lactation affect the nutritional composition of human milk? / As doenças da tireoide durante a gestação e lactação afetam a composição nutricional do leite humano?

Abstract Objective: To identify whether the effects of thyroid disease during pregnancy and lactation affect the nutritional composition of human milk. Methods: Systematic review of the scientific literature using the Medical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System Online/MedLine databases to evaluate the association of thyroid diseases during pregnancy and lactation with the nutritional composition of human milk. There was no delimitation by period or by language, and the searches were completed in March 2019. The following descriptors were applied: human milk AND thyroid AND composition, using the preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses (PRISMA) protocol for data search, selection, and extraction. The flowchart proposed for bibliographic search resulted in 12 articles and, of these, four were selected. Results: The articles elected for this review were published between 1976 and 2018. Two studies found significant differences in the nutritional composition of mothers' milk with hypothyroidism or overweight compared with the milk of those without hypothyroidism. Studies have shown that the presence of the disease led to changes in the nutritional composition of human milk, especially a higher concentration of human milk fat. Conclusion: It is extremely important that these women have continuous nutritional follow-up to minimize the impact of these morbidities on the nutritional composition of human milk.

Resumo Objetivo: Identificar se os efeitos da doença da tireoide durante a gestação e lactação afetam a composição nutricional do leite humano. Métodos: Revisão sistemática da literatura científica por meio das bases de dados Medical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System Online/MedLine a fim de avaliar a associação das doenças da tireoide na gestação e na lactação com a composição nutricional do leite humano. Não houve delimitação por período nem por idioma, e as buscas foram finalizadas em março de 2019. Foram aplicados os seguintes descritores: human milk AND thyroid AND composition, utilizando protocolo preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses (PRISMA) para a busca, seleção e extração de dados. De acordo com o fluxograma proposto, a busca bibliográfica resultou em 12 artigos e, destes, quatro foram selecionados. Resultados: Os artigos elegidos para a presente revisão foram publicados entre 1976 e 2018. Dois estudos verificaram diferenças significativas na composição nutricional do leite de mães com hipotireoidismo ou excesso de peso em comparação ao grupo controle sem hipotireoidismo. Os estudos demonstraram que a presença da doença levava a modificações na composição nutricional do leite humano, principalmente em relação à maior concentração da gordura. Conclusão: É de extrema importância que essas mulheres tenham acompanhamento nutricional contínuo a fim de minimizar o impacto dessas morbidades sobre a composição nutricional do leite humano.

[The management strategy of the Brazilian National Network of Human Milk Banks]. / Bases conceituais para uma estratégia de gestão: o caso da Rede Nacional de Bancos de Leite Humano.

The Brazilian National Network of Human Milk Banks (REDEBLH), with its headquarters in the Oswaldo Cruz Foundation in Rio de Janeiro, is experiencing rapid growth. The Network's activity has been acknowledged by the World Health Organization and received the Sasakawa Health Award in 2001 for best public health project. One of the main challenges is to ensure continuing development of competencies to respond to the needs arising from such growth. A new strategy is being pursued to deal with the Network's management issues. This article aims to develop a conceptual framework to contribute to the elaboration of a theoretical framework for new management strategies in the REDEBLH. Using such concepts, the aim is to draw on the typology of networks described in the specialized literature to identify the institutional profile of the REDEBLH. Based on the understanding that it is necessary to identify and understand the processes occurring within networks, and after which to consider management-related issues, the study used a proposal developed for the formation of innovation networks as its analytical tool.

Cross-cultural adaptation of the Zero Mothers Die (ZMD App) in Brazil: contributing to digital health with the approach on care centred for e-pregnant woman / Adaptação transcultural do aplicativo Zero Mothers Die para dispositivos móveis no Brasil: contribuições para a saúde digital com abordagem do cuidado centrado na e-gestante

Abstract Objectives: to describe the adaptation process of the Zero Mothers Die app, developed in Europe, is to combat maternal mortality, was brought into the Brazilian context with an individualized auscultation methodology for pregnant women and mothers who attended a high complexity referred teaching hospital. Methods: the research consisted of two parts: the participant observation technique was used by health professionals to translate the platform; with an approach in the service with online forms for pregnant women, and the content analysis was performed by grounded theory of the data. During five months, 109 pregnant women and mothers installed the app, but only 17 completed the questionnaire. Results: the women and health professionals pointed out questions such as interactivity, application interface, content, pregnancy and childcare clinical management, which contributed for the Brazilian version. Conclusions: the participatory medicine and e-pregnant woman are new premises of a humanization policy for women and childcare. The insertion of an app with information based on the best evidence in the prenatal routine in the health establishments with teaching activities that can provide new dialogue connections with the pregnant women and chances to update the professional in training.

Resumo Objetivos: descrever o processo de adaptação do aplicativo para combate à mortalidade materna Zero Mothers Die, desenvolvido na Europa, ao contexto brasileiro com metodologia de ausculta individualizada das gestantes e mães usuárias em hospital referência de alta complexidade e de ensino. Métodos: a pesquisa contou com duas partes: utilizou-se a técnica de observação participante para a tradução da plataforma pelos profissionais de saúde; abordagem no serviço com formulários online direcionados a gestantes e análise de conteúdo à luz da teoria fundamentada nos dados. Durante cinco meses, 109 gestantes e mães instalaram o aplicativo, 17 preencheram o questionário. Resultados: as mulheres e os profissionais de saúde apontaram questões de interatividade, interface do aplicativo, conteúdo, manejo clínico da gravidez e do cuidado à criança, que contribuíram para a versão brasileira. Conclusões: a medicina participatória e a e-gestante são novas premissas de uma política de humanização para o cuidado da mulher e da criança. A inserção de um aplicativo com informação baseada na melhor evidência em rotina pré-natal de estabelecimentos de saúde com atividades de ensino pode oportunizar novos canais de diálogo com a gestante e atualização do profissional em treinamento.

Osmolality analysis of human milk and an infant formula with modified viscosity for use in infants with dysphagia / Análise da osmolalidade do leite humano e da fórmula infantil com a viscosidade modificada para uso em lactentes com disfagia

ABSTRACT Purpose: to evaluate the effects of a thickening agent on the osmolality of human milk and on an infant formula, with respect to concentration and time. Methods: six trials were performed to evaluate the osmolality of a natural and thickened infant formula, raw human milk, and pasteurized human milk. Rice cereal was used as a thickening agent (at concentrations of 2%, 3%, 5%, and 7%). Osmolality was measured using the Advanced Micro Osmometer Model 3300 after sample preparation periods of 0-60 minutes. Statistical evaluations were performed using ANOVA. Results: pasteurized human milk exhibited time- and concentration-dependent variation in osmolality. The osmolality of raw human milk differed among time points and between the samples with 5% and 7%, when compared to the non-thickened milk. The infant formula did not show differences in osmolality with respect to time. At time zero, there were differences in osmolality between the infant formula samples with 2%, 3%, and 5% thickener. At other time points, there were differences in osmolality between the sample with a 5% thickener and the non-thickened formula. Conclusion: the osmolality of diets varied over time and according to the concentration of thickener in human milk and the infant formula. However, the observed variation remained within the recommended parameters, indicating that rice cereal is a safe thickener for the feeding of infants presented with mild or moderate oropharyngeal dysphagia.

RESUMO Objetivo: avaliar o efeito do agente espessante na osmolalidade do leite humano e da fórmula infantil em relação às concentrações e ao efeito do tempo. Métodos: foram realizados 6 ensaios para avaliar a osmolalidade, ao natural e com espessamento, da fórmula infantil, leite humano ordenhado cru e pasteurizado. O cereal de arroz foi usado como agente espessante (nas concentrações de 2%, 3%, 5% e 7%). A osmolalidade foi aferida pelo The Advanced TM Micro Osmometer Model 3300 após a preparação das amostras por um período de 0-60 minutos. As diferenças significantes foram avaliadas por meio de Anova. Resultados: observou-se variação da osmolalidade no leite humano pasteurizado nos tempos observados e nas concentrações. O leite humano cru apresentou variação nos tempos e nas concentrações 5 e 7%, quando comparado ao leite não espessado. A fórmula infantil não mostrou diferenças na osmolalidade com relação ao tempo. No tempo zero, apresentou variações entre as concentrações de 2, 3 e 5%. Nos demais tempos, houve diferença na osmolalidade entre as amostras com concentração de 5% e a fórmula não espessada. Conclusão: a osmolalidade das dietas analisadas variou conforme o tempo e as concentrações para o leite humano e a formula infantil. No entanto, estas variações se mantiveram dentro dos parâmetros preconizados, indicando que o cereal de arroz é um espessante seguro para a alimentação de lactentes com disfagia orofaríngea leve ou moderada.

Study on viscosity modification of human and formula milk for infants with dysphagia / Estudo sobre a modificação da viscosidade do leite humano e da fórmula para lactentes com disfagia

ABSTRACT Purpose: to analyze the modification of the viscosity of human milk and infant formula. Methods: three studies were performed to assess the viscosity and effect of time on infant formula with a thickener, at concentrations of 2, 3, and 5%, as well as raw and pasteurized human milk at concentrations of 2, 3, 5, and 7% at 37ºC, for 60 minutes. Rice cereal was used as a thickening agent. The viscosity was evaluated using a Ford Cup-type viscometer, and the samples were analyzed at 20-minute intervals. Significant differences were assessed using the ANOVA test. Results: no significant differences in viscosity were observed over time in concentrations of 2, 3, and 5%. There was a difference in the viscosity between human milk and infant formula, in concentrations of 2% and 5%, 2% and 7%, 3% and 5%, and 3% and 7%, independently of the time intervals evaluated. Conclusion: the findings of this study demonstrate the need for different concentrations of the thickening agent for human milk and infant formula. Rice cereal is a suitable therapeutic option for newborns presented with dysphagia in concentrations of 2, 3, 5, and 7%, due to its effect on the viscosity and flow reduction, provided that the feeding time is considered.

RESUMO Objetivo: analisar o leite humano e a fórmula láctea infantil com a viscosidade modificada. Métodos: foram realizados três estudos considerando a viscosidade e efeito do tempo na fórmula nas concentrações 2, 3 e 5% e no leite humano cru e pasteurizado nas concentrações 2, 3, 5 e 7% na temperatura de 37ºC pelo tempo de 60 minutos. O cereal de arroz foi utilizado como agente espessante. A viscosidade foi avaliada pelo viscosímetro do tipo Copo Ford e as amostras analisadas em quatro intervalos de tempo. Diferenças significativas foram avaliadas por meio do teste da Anova. Resultados: não foram observadas diferenças significativas da viscosidade em relação ao tempo para as concentrações de 2, 3 e 5%. Observou-se diferença na viscosidade entre leite humano e fórmula nas concentrações de 2% e 5%, 2% e 7%, 3% e 5%, e 3% e 7%, independente dos intervalos de tempo considerados. Conclusão: o estudo aponta para a necessidade de diferentes concentrações para leite humano e formula. O cereal de arroz apresenta-se como opção terapêutica adequada para os recém-nascidos com disfagia nas concentrações de 2, 3, 5 e 7% pelo seu efeito na viscosidade e redução do fluxo, desde que se observe o tempo de mamada.

Pretreatment with pentoxifylline attenuates lung injury induced by intestinal ischemia/reperfusion in rats.

PURPOSE: To investigate the protective effect of pentoxifylline against the lung injury observed after intestinal ischemia (I) followed by a period of reperfusion (R). METHODS: Twenty-eight male Wistar rats were equally divided into 4 experimental groups and operated under ketamine-xylazine anesthesia. (1) Sham: falsely-operated animals; (2) SS+IR: intestinal ischemia was accomplished by clipping the superior mesenteric artery during 60 minutes, with an administration of a standard volume of saline solution (SS) 5 min before the end of the ischemia period; the clip was then releases or a 120-min period of reperfusion; (3) I+PTX+R: ischemia as above, PTX was administered (25 mg/kg) and the gut reperfused as above; (4) PTX+I+PTX+R: Five minutes before arterial occlusion PTX was administered; the superior mesenteric artery was then clipped for 60 minutes. After 55-min ischemia, an additional dosis of PTX was administered; the clip was removed for reperfusion as above. At the 60th min of reperfusion a third dosis of PTX was administered. RESULTS: PTX markedly attenuated lung injury as manifested by significant decreases (all P<0.001 as compared with the SS+IR group) of pulmonary wet/dry tissue weight ratio, total protein content, myeloperoxidase activity and tumor necrosis factor-alpha. Moreover, it was apparent that in the group PTX+I+PTX+R the improvements have been even more significant. CONCLUSION: PTX exerted a protective effect on the lung from the injuries caused by intestinal ischemia/reperfusion.

Controle mensal de funcionamento de bancos de leite humano e postos de coleta de leite humano: dados de produção / Control mensual del funcionamiento de los bancos de leche humana y centros de recolección de leche humana: datos de producción / Monthly operation control of banks human milk and human milk collection stations: production data

Esta Norma Técnica tem por objetivo estabelecer os critérios necessários para o cadastro e manutenção das informações mensais dos Bancos de Leite Humano e Postos de Coleta de Leite Humano no sistema de informação, segundo as diretrizes definidas pela Rede Brasileira de Bancos de Leite Humano, visando a garantia da qualidade nestes serviços e sua certificação

Esta Norma Técnica tiene como objetivo establecer los criterios necesarios para el registro y mantenimiento de las informaciones mensuales de los Bancos de Leche Humana y de los Centros de Recolección de Leche Humana en el sistema de información, de acuerdo con las directrices establecidas por la Red Brasileña de Bancos de Leche Humana, con el fin de garantizar la calidad de estos servicios y su certificación.

Receptores de leite humano ordenhado: triagem e acompanhamento / Receptores de leche humana extraída: triaje y seguimiento / Receptors of expressed human milk: triage and accompaniment

Esta Norma Técnica tem por objetivo estabelecer os critérios de triagem, seleção e acompanhamento de receptores de leite humano ordenhado, em Bancos de Leite Humano e Postos de Coleta de Leite Humano, visando a garantia da qualidade nestes serviços e sua certificação.

Esta Norma Técnica tiene como objetivo establecer los criterios de triaje, selección y seguimiento de los receptores de leche humana extraída en los Bancos de Leche Humana y Centros de Recolección de Leche Humana, con el fin de asegurar la calidad de estos servicios y su certificación.

Distribuição de leite humano ordenhado / Distribución de la leche humana extraída / Expressed human milk distribution

Esta Norma Técnica tem por objetivo estabelecer os critérios a serem observados na distribuição do leite humano ordenhado, visando a garantia da qualidade em Bancos de Leite Humano e sua certificação.

Esta Norma Técnica tiene por objetivo establecer los criterios que deben observarse en la distribución de leche humana extraída para garantizar la calidad de los Bancos de Leche Humana y su certificación.

Pretreatment with pentoxifylline attenuates lung injury induced by intestinal ischemia/reperfusion in rats / Pré-tratamento com pentoxifilina atenua a lesão pulmonar induzida por isquemia/reperfusão intestinal em ratos

PURPOSE: To investigate the protective effect of pentoxifylline against the lung injury observed after intestinal ischemia (I) followed by a period of reperfusion (R). METHODS: Twenty-eight male Wistar rats were equally divided into 4 experimental groups and operated under ketamine-xylazine anesthesia. (1) Sham: falsely-operated animals; (2) SS+IR: intestinal ischemia was accomplished by clipping the superior mesenteric artery during 60 minutes, with an administration of a standard volume of saline solution (SS) 5 min before the end of the ischemia period; the clip was then releases or a 120-min period of reperfusion; (3) I+PTX+R: ischemia as above, PTX was administered (25 mg/kg) and the gut reperfused as above; (4) PTX+I+PTX+R: Five minutes before arterial occlusion PTX was administered; the superior mesenteric artery was then clipped for 60 minutes. After 55-min ischemia, an additional dosis of PTX was administered; the clip was removed for reperfusion as above. At the 60th min of reperfusion a third dosis of PTX was administered. RESULTS: PTX markedly attenuated lung injury as manifested by significant decreases (all P<0.001 as compared with the SS+IR group) of pulmonary wet/dry tissue weight ratio, total protein content, myeloperoxidase activity and tumor necrosis factor-alpha. Moreover, it was apparent that in the group PTX+I+PTX+R the improvements have been even more significant. CONCLUSION: PTX exerted a protective effect on the lung from the injuries caused by intestinal ischemia/reperfusion.

OBJETIVO: Avaliar os efeitos protetores da pentoxifilina (PTX) na lesão pulmonar observada após isquemia (I) seguida de reperfusão (R) intestinal. MÉTODOS: Vinte e oito ratos machos foram divididos aleatoriamente em quatro grupos experimentais e operados sobre anestesia quetamina-xilazina. (1) Sham: animais falsamente operados; (2) SS+IR: isquemia intestinal realizada pelo clampeamento da artéria mesentérica superior durante 60 minutos, com a administração de solução salina (SS) 5 minutos antes do período de isquemia, após a retirada do clamp houve a reperfusão por mais 120 minutos; (3) I+PTX+R: isquemia como mencionado anteriormente seguida da administração de PTX (25 mg/Kg) 5 minutos antes do final da isquemia (60 minutos) seguida de reperfusão por mais 120 minutos; (4) PTX+I+PTX+R: 5 minutos antes da isquemia foi administrado PTX, após 55 minutos de isquemia foi administrado outra dose de PTX e a reperfusão mantida por mais 120 minutos, sendo que aos 60 minutos da reperfusão outra dose de PTX foi administrada. RESULTADOS: A pentoxifilina reduziu os marcadores de lesão pulmonar (proteínas totais, malondialdeído, atividade da mieloperoxidase e fator de necrose tumoral) quando comparada com o grupo não tratado (P<0.001), contudo esta redução foi mais significante no grupo PTX+I+PTX+R. CONCLUSÃO: A pentoxifilina exerce efeito protetor no pulmão no trauma causado por isquemia/reperfusão intestinal.

Porcionamento do leite humano ordenhado em ambiente hospitalar / Porcionamiento de la leche humana extraída en ambiente hospitalario / Portioning of expressed human milk in a hospital environment

Esta Norma Técnica tem por objetivo estabelecer os procedimentos exigíveis para garantir as condições de segurança no porcionamento do leite humano ordenhado em ambiente hospitalar, visando a garantia da qualidade em Bancos de Leite Humano e sua certificação.

Esta Norma Técnica tiene por objetivo establecer los procedimientos necesarios para garantizar las condiciones de seguridad en el porcionamiento de la leche humana extraída en ambiente hospitalario, con el fin de asegurar la calidad en los Bancos de Leche Humana y su certificación.

Uso do leite humano cru exclusivo em ambiente neonatal / Uso de leche humana cruda exclusiva en ambiente neonatal / Use of exclusive raw human milk in the neonatal environment

Normalizar os processos de ordenha, estocagem, transporte, porcionamento e uso do leite humano cru exclusivo da mãe para o próprio filho em ambiente neonatal.

Normalizar los procesos de extracción, almacenamiento, transporte, porcionamiento y uso de leche humana cruda exclusiva de la madre para el propio hijo en ambiente neonatal.

Rede Nacional de Bancos de Leite Humano: gênese e evolução / Human Milk Banks National Network: genesis and evolution

OBJETIVOS: analisar a gênese e evolução da Rede Nacional de Bancos de Leite Humano no Brasil. São destacados os elementos determinantes de sua reconhecida participação e influência na formulação da política estatal para o setor. MÉTODOS: foram realizadas análises de conteúdo de fontes documentais primárias geradas pelos órgãos oficiais e instituições mantenedoras de Bancos de Leite Humano, de teses, dissertações, livros e artigos científicos, que versam sobre a temática. Identificou-se que as percepções e construções sociais acerca destas unidades de serviço sofreram flutuações ao longo do tempo, e a depender do momento histórico que se considere, atores e grupos sociais lhes atribuíram diferentes significados. RESULTADOS: o conhecimento aparece como elemento que confere conectividade à Rede. Ou seja, a análise realizada, da gênese e evolução dos Bancos, permite identificar que além dos movimentos dos atores sociais envolvidos, há uma dinâmica da produção do conhecimento que deve ser entendida. CONCLUSÕES: é possível identificar a potencial contribuição da Rede para promoção de transformações sociais e para a formulação de políticas públicas voltadas para área da saúde da mulher e da criança.

OBJECTIVES: establishment and progress analysis of the Human Milk Banks National Network in Brazil. Determinant elements are highlighted for their acknowledged participation and influence on the state policy for the sector. METHODS: content analysis of primary documental sources generated by official organizations and institutions offering Human Milk Banks services were analyzed, as well as thesis, dissertations, books and scientific articles focusing on the subject. Social perceptions and concerns were assessed and the conclusion was that with time they suffered changes and depending on the historical moment considered, actors and social groups have conveyed different meanings to the service. RESULTS: knowledge appears to give conductivity to the network. That is, analysis performed of the Banks creation and progress, identified that in addition to the social actors involved, there are knowledge production dynamics that should be understood. CONCLUSIONS: it's possible to identify a potential Network contribution to promote social change and to formulate public policies aiming at women and children's health.