Contrasting Learning Psychology Theories Applied to the Teaching-Learning-Training Process of Tactics in Soccer.

Research in sport pedagogy and its applied recommendations are still characterized by a contrast between the different learning theories from psychology. Traditional theories and their corresponding approaches to the specific case of teaching and learning "how to play [team sports like soccer]" are subject to compatibilities and incompatibilities. We discuss how behaviorism as an approach to teaching the game shows more incompatibilities with the nature of tactical actions when compared to constructivism. As coaches strive to teach the game and make their players and team perform, we argue that teaching the game requires teaching approaches that will help develop their way to play (i.e., tactical behavior) without taking away their autonomy and adaptiveness. The teaching-learning-training process for playing the game should then be conducted to harmonize the characteristics of the contents, the context, and the individual(s) at hand. We provide two illustrated examples and portray how the recommended approaches fit key contents of the game that are observed in the tactical behavior. We finally argue that the coherent design of games provides minimal conditions to teaching approaches, and that such a design should be a priority when elaborating the learning activities along the player development process. As a conclusion, the interactionist theory is the one that best serves the teaching of the game and the development of tactical behavior. We therefore defend that its principles can help coaches tailor their own strategy to teach the game with the many tools.

Influência do estatuto posicional sobre o comportamento tático de jogadores de futebol / Influence of the positional role on the tactical actions of soccer players / Influencia del rango posicional sobre el comportamiento táctico de los jugadores de fútbol

Este estudo comparou o comportamento tático de jogadores de futebol da categoria Sub-15, de acordo com o estatuto posicional. Vinte e cinco jogadores de dois clubes portugueses foram avaliados através do Sistema de Avaliação Tática no Futebol. Utilizou-se estatística descritiva e o teste Qui-quadrado (χ²), com o nível de significância de p<0,05. Os resultados apresentaram diferença significativa nas variáveis: Unidade ofensiva, Contenção e Concentra- ção (Defensores); Mobilidade (Meio-campistas); Ações táticas ofensivas no meio de campo defensivo (Defensores); Cometer faltas, ceder lateral ou escanteio (Meio-campistas e Atacantes); Continuar sem a posse de bola (Defensores). Conclui-se que o comportamento tático dos jogadores apresentou níveis de especialização nas suas posições.

This study compared the tactical behavior of U-15 soccer players according to the positional role. Twenty-five players from two Portuguese clubs were evaluated through the System of Tactical Assessment in Soccer (FUT-SAT). Descriptive statistics and chi-square test (χ²) were used, with significance level of p<0.05. Results displayed significant statistical differences for the following variables: Offensive Unit, Delay and Concentration (Defenders); Depth Mobility (Midfielders); Offensive tactical actions in defensive midfield (Defenders); Commit a foul, give away a corner or throw-in (Midfielders and Forwards); Ball possession of the opponent (Defenders). We conclude that the tactical behavior of the players presented levels of specialization in their positions.

Este estudio comparó el comportamiento táctico de los jugadores de fútbol de la categoría Sub-15 en relación al rango posicional. Evaluamos a 25 jugadores de dos clubes Portugueses por medio del Sistema de Evaluación de la Táctica en Fútbol (FUT-SAT). Usamos la estadística descriptiva y el test de Chi-cuadrado (χ²), con elnivel de significancia de p<0,05. Los resultados presentaron diferencia significativa en las variables: Unidad ofensiva, Contención y Concentración (Defensas); Movilidad (Mediocampistas); Acciones tácticas ofensivas en el medio de campo defensivo (Defensas); Cometer faltas, ceder un saque de banda o córner (Mediocampistas y Atacantes); continuar sin la posesión del balón (Defensas). Se concluyó que el comportamiento táctico de los jugadores presentó niveles de especialización en sus posiciones.

O EFEITO DA IDADE RELATIVA EM COPAS DO MUNDO DE FUTEBOL MASCULINO E FEMININO NAS CATEGORIAS SUB-20 E PROFISSIONAL / RELATIVE AGE EFFECT IN WORLD CUPS MALE AND FEMALE INSIDE CATEGORIES U-20 AND PROFESSIONAL

Este estudo teve por objetivo identificar o efeito da idade relativa em Copas do Mundo de Futebol masculino e feminino em diferentes categorias. Foram coletadas as datas de nascimento de 1886 jogadores, divididas por categoria e por quartis Q1 (jan-mar), Q2 (abr-jun), Q3 (jul-set) e Q4 (out-dez). Foi realizada a análise descritiva e utilizou-se o teste estatístico qui-quadrado (χ2) sendo p<0,05, utilizando o software SPSS for Windows(r) versão 18.0. No masculino, na categoria profissional foram encontradas diferenças estatisticamente significativas entre Q1 e Q3. Já na categoria Sub-20 foram encontradas entre quatro comparações, Q1 e Q2, Q1 e Q3, Q1 e Q4, Q2 e Q4. No feminino, não houve diferenças significativas. Conclui-se que o efeito da idade relativa está presente nas Copas do Mundo de Futebol masculino. Já no feminino, este efeito não se mostrou presente na amostra.

This study aimed to identify the relative age effect in World Cups male and female Soccer in different categories. Dates of birth 1886 players, divided by category and quartiles Q1 (Jan-March), Q2 (April to June), Q3 (Jul-Set) and Q4 (Oct-Dec) were collected. Descriptive analysis was performed and used the chi-square statistic (χ2) test with p <0.05, using the SPSS software version 18.0 for Windows (r). In the male statistically significant differences were found in the professional category, between Q1 and Q3, and the Under-20 category, out of four comparisons, Q1 and Q2, Q1 and Q3, Q4 and Q1, Q2 and Q4. In females, no significant differences. It is concluded that the relative ageeffect is present in World Cups male. In women, this influence was not sampled.