Differences in social support, emotion invalidation, psychological needs, cognitive emotion regulation in maritally adjusted and maladjusted women in Pakistan: A matched pairs design.

The present study aimed to find out differences of social support, perceived emotion invalidation, psychological needs, and use of adaptive and maladaptive cognitive emotion regulation strategies in maritally adjusted and maladjusted after controlling for age, education, employment status, and depressive symptomatology. The cross-sectional study uses a matched pairs design. The sample was divided into two groups; maritally adjusted and maladjusted women (n = 40 pairs) on basis of scores obtained on revised-dyadic adjustment scale. Forty maritally adjusted women were matched with 40 maritally maladjusted women according to age, education, and employment status. Social support questionnaire, perceived invalidation of emotion scale, basic psychological need satisfaction frustration scale, cognitive emotion regulation questionnaire, and center for epidemiologic studies depression scale were administered. One-way ANCOVA revealed that maritally maladjusted women had lower level of social support [mean difference; -5.65(-9.97, -1.33), p < 0.05, partial η2 = 0.08] and more emotional invalidation [mean difference; 15.36(13.08, 17.65), p < 0.001, partial η2 = 0.71] compared to maritally adjusted women after controlling for the effect of depressive symptomatology. Maritally maladjusted women had more need frustration [mean difference; 10.75(7.59, 13.92), p < 0.001, partial η2 = 0.38] compared to maritally adjusted women. However, maritally adjusted women had more need satisfaction [mean difference; 13.36(9.67, 17.05), p < 0.001, partial η2 = 0.41] compared to maritally maladjusted women. Maritally adjusted women used more adaptive CER strategies (acceptance, refocus on planning and putting into perspective) [mean difference; 4.66(2.36, 6.95), p < 0.001, partial η2 = 0.18] compared to maritally maladjusted women whereas, maritally maladjusted women used more maladaptive strategies (self-blame, catastrophizing and blaming others) [mean difference; 4.66(2.77, 6.54), p < 0.001, partial η2 = 0.25] compared to maritally adjusted women. Maladjusted women had less social support and more emotional invalidation of emotions and psychological needs frustration. They used more maladaptive strategies to manage their negative emotions in comparison to maritally adjusted women. Identification of these cognitive emotion regulation strategies will help clinicians and counselors to devise psychological intervention targeting the use of adaptive strategies to minimize the negative mental health consequences.

Personality dimensions, positive emotions and coping strategies in the caregivers of people living with HIV in Lahore, Pakistan.

The aim of this research was to study the relationship between personality dimensions, positive emotions and coping mechanisms of caregivers of patients living with HIV. This study used a cross-sectional research design. A sample comprising 56 caregivers was recruited from HIV/AIDS clinics in three teaching hospitals in Lahore, Pakistan. Data were collected between February and July 2010. Most caregivers were men, and of low socio-economic status. Individuals with both high and low extraversion used problem-focused coping, self-control and accepting responsibility, but those with low extraversion used more escape-avoidance coping, and they had also high levels of negative emotions. Those high in neuroticism used more tension-reduction coping than problem-focused coping, and experienced fewer positive emotions. Regression analysis findings revealed neuroticism as a significant predictor of negative emotions as well as emotion-focused coping, and only extraversion significantly predicted negative emotions. This research could help in devising psychological management plans for caregivers of patients living with HIV in order to assist them in coping with the burden of care.

Psychopathology, Psychiatric Symptoms and their Demographic Correlates in Female Adolescents Flood Victims.

OBJECTIVE: To estimate the incidence of psychopathology, frequency of psychiatric symptoms, and their demographic correlates in flood affected female adolescents. STUDY DESIGN: Descriptive study. PLACE AND DURATION OF STUDY: District Muzaffargarh, Pakistan, from July to October 2011. METHODOLOGY: Female adolescent flood victims, aged 13 - 19 years, were recruited. Screening was done and Diagnostic Questionnaire for Psychiatric Disorders was administered to confirm the diagnosis according to DSM-IV-TR. Demographic information was also obtained regarding nature of personal and financial damages to the participants due to flood. RESULTS: The mean age of 205 participants was 15.78 ±2.13 years. Post-flood diagnoses of Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD), Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD), and Major Depressive Disorder (MDD) had the highest frequency rates in female adolescents flood victims i.e., 4 (2%), 2 (1%) and 2 (1%), respectively. Psychiatric symptoms of GAD and PTSD were reported most by the screened-out participants; whereas participants who were still living in personal tents and received late arrival of any kind of aid, reported more psychopathology. CONCLUSION: Flood and consequent financial damages may pose a risk factor for development of psychiatric symptoms and psychopathology. Results have implications for the need of improved mental health services for female adolescent flood victims.