Stress Ulcer Prophylaxis in Critically Ill Children: A Multicenter Observational Study.

OBJECTIVE: To describe current stress ulcer prophylaxis practice in Canadian PICUs. DESIGN: Multicenter cohort study. We defined stress ulcer prophylaxis as the use of a proton-pump inhibitor, histamine-2 receptor antagonist, or sucralfate within the first 2 PICU days among children who had not been on these medications at home and had no evidence of gastrointestinal bleeding. SETTING: Seven PICUs in Canada. PATIENTS: Three hundred seventy-eight children requiring mechanical ventilation. INTERVENTIONS: None. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS: Children were ventilated for a median (interquartile range) of 2 days (1-6 d) and stayed in the PICU for a median (interquartile range) of 4 days (2-10 d). The median (interquartile range) age was 1.3 years (0.3-6.7 yr). Seventy percent of all children received acid suppression during their PICU stay. One hundred sixty-seven (54%) of the 309 children eligible for stress ulcer prophylaxis received it. Histamine-2 receptor antagonists were the most frequently used class (66%), followed by proton-pump inhibitors (47%) and sucralfate (4%), and 20% received more than one class. Stress ulcer prophylaxis was continued on the PICU transfer orders for 34% of these children. Children who received prophylaxis were older and had a higher Pediatric Risk of Mortality III score, more often received nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and systemic corticosteroids and received less enteral nutrition. In multivariate analysis, age and invasive mechanical ventilation were independently associated with an increased likelihood of receiving stress ulcer prophylaxis and receiving feeds was independently associated with a decreased likelihood of receiving stress ulcer prophylaxis. Gastrointestinal bleeding was reported in 21 (6%) of 378 children; three (0.8%) were clinically important. Eighteen percent were treated for a new respiratory tract infection, and 1% developed Clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea. CONCLUSIONS: Stress ulcer prophylaxis is common in Canadian PICUs. Clinically important gastrointestinal bleeding and C. difficile-associated diarrhea are rare, and the utility of routine prophylaxis should be examined.

Application of the Beers Criteria to Alternate Level of Care Patients in Hospital Inpatient Units.

BACKGROUND: The Beers criteria were developed to help in identifying potentially inappropriate medications (PIMs) for elderly patients. These medications are often associated with adverse events and limited effectiveness in older adults. Patients awaiting an alternate level of care (ALC patients) are those who no longer require acute care hospital services and are waiting for placement elsewhere. They are often elderly, have complex medication regimens, and are at high risk of adverse events. At the time of this study no studies had applied the Beers criteria to ALC patients in Canadian hospitals. OBJECTIVES: To determine the proportion of ALC patients receiving PIMs and the proportion experiencing selected PIM-related adverse events. METHODS: A retrospective chart review of ALC patients 65 years of age or older was performed to identify PIMs and the occurrence of selected adverse events (specifically central nervous system [CNS] events, falls, bradycardia, hypoglycemia, seizures, insomnia, gastrointestinal bleeding, and urinary tract infections). A logistic regression model with a random intercept for each patient was constructed to estimate odds ratios and probabilities of adverse events. RESULTS: Fifty-two ALC patients were included in the study. Of these, 48 (92%) were taking a PIM. Of the 922 adverse events evaluated, 407 (44.1%) were associated with a regularly scheduled PIM. Among patients who were taking regularly scheduled PIMs, there was a significantly increased probability of an adverse CNS event and of a fall (p < 0.001 for both). The most common PIM medication classes were first-generation antihistamines (24 [46%] of the 52 patients), antipsychotics (21 patients [40%]), short-acting benzodiazepines (15 patients [29%]), and nonbenzodiazepine hypnotics (14 patients [27%]). CONCLUSIONS: A high proportion of ALC patients were taking PIMs and experienced an adverse event that may have been related to these drugs. These findings suggest that the ALC population might benefit from regular medication review and monitoring to prevent or detect adverse events.

CONTEXTE: Les critères de Beers ont été élaborés afin d'aider à détecter l'utilisation de médicaments potentiellement inappropriés (MPI) auprès des patients âgés. L'on associe souvent les MPI à des événements indésirables, et leur efficacité chez les personnes âgées est limitée. Les patients en attente d'un autre niveau de soins (patients ANS) sont ceux qui ne nécessitent plus de soins de courte durée de l'hôpital et qui attendent d'être déplacés vers un autre établissement. Il s'agit souvent de personnes âgées ayant une panoplie complexe de traitements médicamenteux et présentant un risque élevé de subir des événements indésirables. Au moment de la présente recherche, aucune étude n'avait appliqué les critères de Beers aux patients ANS des hôpitaux canadiens. OBJECTIFS: Déterminer quelles sont les proportions de patients ANS qui reçoivent des MPI et qui subissent certains événements indésirables choisis liés à ces médicaments. MÉTHODES: Une analyse rétrospective des dossiers médicaux de patients ANS âgés de 65 ans et plus a été réalisée dans le but de relever les MPI ainsi que les cas de certains événements indésirables choisis (particulièrement les événements liés au système nerveux central, les chutes, la bradycardie, l'hypoglycémie, les convulsions, l'insomnie, les hémorragies gastro-intestinales et les infections urinaires). On a mis au point un modèle de régression logistique avec ordonnée à l'origine aléatoire pour chaque patient afin d'estimer les risques relatifs approchés ainsi que les probabilités d'événements indésirables. RÉSULTATS: Au total, 52 patients ANS ont été admis à l'étude. De ceuxci, 48 (92 %) prenaient un MPI. Des 922 événements indésirables analysés, 407 (44,1 %) ont été associés à un MPI administré régulièrement. Parmi les patients prenant des MPI à une fréquence régulière, la probabilité de subir une chute ou un événement indésirable lié au système nerveux central était grandement accrue (p < 0,001 pour chacun). Les MPI les plus fréquents étaient : les antihistaminiques de première génération (24 [46 %] des 52 patients), les antipsychotiques (21 patients [40 %]), les benzodiazépines à action brève (15 patients [29 %]) et les hypnotiques non-benzodiazépines (14 patients [27 %]). CONCLUSIONS: Un grand nombre de patients ANS prenaient des MPI et avaient subi un événement indésirable qui pouvait avoir été en lien avec ces médicaments. Ces résultats laissent croire que les patients ANS pourraient tirer avantage d'évaluations fréquentes de la pharmacothérapie et de surveillance afin de prévenir les événements indésirables ou de les détecter.