Comparison of minimally invasive to standard temporal lobectomy approaches to epilepsy surgery: Seizure relief and visual confrontation naming outcomes.

The purpose of this study was to systematically examine three different surgical approaches in treating left medial temporal lobe epilepsy (mTLE) (viz., subtemporal selective amygdalohippocampectomy [subSAH], stereotactic laser amygdalohippocampotomy [SLAH], and anterior temporal lobectomy [ATL]), to determine which procedures are most favorable in terms of visual confrontation naming and seizure relief outcome. This was a retrospective study of 33 adults with intractable mTLE who underwent left temporal lobe surgery at three different epilepsy surgery centers who also underwent pre-, and at least 6-month post-surgical neuropsychological testing. Measures included the Boston Naming Test (BNT) and the Engel Epilepsy Surgery Outcome Scale. Fisher's exact tests revealed a statistically significant decline in naming in ATLs compared to SLAHs, but no other significant group differences. 82% of ATL and 36% of subSAH patients showed a significant naming decline whereas no SLAH patient (0%) had a significant naming decline. Significant postoperative naming improvement was seen in 36% of SLAH patients in contrast to 9% improvement in subSAH patients and 0% improvement in ATLs. Finally, there were no statistically significant differences between surgical approaches with regard to seizure freedom outcome, although there was a trend towards better seizure relief outcome among the ATL patients. Results support a possible benefit of SLAH in preserving visual confrontation naming after left TLE surgery. While result interpretation is limited by the small sample size, findings suggest outcome is likely to differ by surgical approach, and that further research on cognitive and seizure freedom outcomes is needed to inform patients and providers of potential risks and benefits with each.

Real-time intraoperative surgical telepathology using confocal laser endomicroscopy.

OBJECTIVE: Communication between neurosurgeons and pathologists is mandatory for intraoperative decision-making and optimization of resection, especially for invasive masses. Handheld confocal laser endomicroscopy (CLE) technology provides in vivo intraoperative visualization of tissue histoarchitecture at cellular resolution. The authors evaluated the feasibility of using an innovative surgical telepathology software platform (TSP) to establish real-time, on-the-fly remote communication between the neurosurgeon using CLE and the pathologist. METHODS: CLE and a TSP were integrated into the surgical workflow for 11 patients with brain masses (6 patients with gliomas, 3 with other primary tumors, 1 with metastasis, and 1 with reactive brain tissue). Neurosurgeons used CLE to generate video-flow images of the operative field that were displayed on monitors in the operating room. The pathologist simultaneously viewed video-flow CLE imaging using a digital tablet and communicated with the surgeon while physically located outside the operating room (1 pathologist was in another state, 4 were at home, and 6 were elsewhere in the hospital). Interpretations of the still CLE images and video-flow CLE imaging were compared with the findings on the corresponding frozen and permanent H&E histology sections. RESULTS: Overall, 24 optical biopsies were acquired with mean ± SD 2 ± 1 optical biopsies per case. The mean duration of CLE system use was 1 ± 0.3 minutes/case and 0.25 ± 0.23 seconds/optical biopsy. The first image with identifiable histopathological features was acquired within 6 ± 0.1 seconds. Frozen sections were processed within 23 ± 2.8 minutes, which was significantly longer than CLE usage (p < 0.001). Video-flow CLE was used to correctly interpret tissue histoarchitecture in 96% of optical biopsies, which was substantially higher than the accuracy of using still CLE images (63%) (p = 0.005). CONCLUSIONS: When CLE is employed in tandem with a TSP, neurosurgeons and pathologists can view and interpret CLE images remotely and in real time without the need to biopsy tissue. A TSP allowed neurosurgeons to receive real-time feedback on the optically interrogated tissue microstructure, thereby improving cross-functional communication and intraoperative decision-making and resulting in significant workflow advantages over the use of frozen section analysis.

Coding of episodic memory in the human hippocampus.

Neurocomputational models have long posited that episodic memories in the human hippocampus are represented by sparse, stimulus-specific neural codes. A concomitant proposal is that when sparse-distributed neural assemblies become active, they suppress the activity of competing neurons (neural sharpening). We investigated episodic memory coding in the hippocampus and amygdala by measuring single-neuron responses from 20 epilepsy patients (12 female) undergoing intracranial monitoring while they completed a continuous recognition memory task. In the left hippocampus, the distribution of single-neuron activity indicated that only a small fraction of neurons exhibited strong responding to a given repeated word and that each repeated word elicited strong responding in a different small fraction of neurons. This finding reflects sparse distributed coding. The remaining large fraction of neurons exhibited a concurrent reduction in firing rates relative to novel words. The observed pattern accords with longstanding predictions that have previously received scant support from single-cell recordings from human hippocampus.

Sparse and distributed coding of episodic memory in neurons of the human hippocampus.

Neurocomputational models hold that sparse distributed coding is the most efficient way for hippocampal neurons to encode episodic memories rapidly. We investigated the representation of episodic memory in hippocampal neurons of nine epilepsy patients undergoing intracranial monitoring as they discriminated between recently studied words (targets) and new words (foils) on a recognition test. On average, single units and multiunits exhibited higher spike counts in response to targets relative to foils, and the size of this effect correlated with behavioral performance. Further analyses of the spike-count distributions revealed that (i) a small percentage of recorded neurons responded to any one target and (ii) a small percentage of targets elicited a strong response in any one neuron. These findings are consistent with the idea that in the human hippocampus episodic memory is supported by a sparse distributed neural code.

Distributed representation of visual objects by single neurons in the human brain.

It remains unclear how single neurons in the human brain represent whole-object visual stimuli. While recordings in both human and nonhuman primates have shown distributed representations of objects (many neurons encoding multiple objects), recordings of single neurons in the human medial temporal lobe, taken as subjects' discriminated objects during multiple presentations, have shown gnostic representations (single neurons encoding one object). Because some studies suggest that repeated viewing may enhance neural selectivity for objects, we had human subjects discriminate objects in a single, more naturalistic viewing session. We found that, across 432 well isolated neurons recorded in the hippocampus and amygdala, the average fraction of objects encoded was 26%. We also found that more neurons encoded several objects versus only one object in the hippocampus (28 vs 18%, p < 0.001) and in the amygdala (30 vs 19%, p < 0.001). Thus, during realistic viewing experiences, typical neurons in the human medial temporal lobe code for a considerable range of objects, across multiple semantic categories.

Gliadel wafer implantation combined with standard radiotherapy and concurrent followed by adjuvant temozolomide for treatment of newly diagnosed high-grade glioma: a systematic literature review.

Since 2003, only two chemotherapeutic agents, evaluated in phase III trials, have been approved by the US Food and Drug Administration for treatment of newly diagnosed high-grade glioma (HGG): Gliadel wafers (intracranially implanted local chemotherapy) and temozolomide (TMZ) (systemic chemotherapy). Neither agent is curative, but each has been shown to improve median overall survival (OS) compared to radiotherapy (RT) alone. To date, no phase III trial has tested these agents when used in sequential combination; however, a number of smaller trials have reported favorable results. We performed a systematic literature review to evaluate the combination of Gliadel wafers with standard RT (60 Gy) plus concurrent and adjuvant TMZ (RT/TMZ) for newly diagnosed HGG. A literature search was conducted for the period of January 1995 to September 2015. Data were extracted and categorized, and means and ranges were determined. A total of 11 publications met criteria, three prospective trials and eight retrospective studies, representing 411 patients who received Gliadel plus standard RT/TMZ. Patients were similar in age, gender, and performance status. The weighted mean of median OS was 18.2 months (ten trials, n = 379, range 12.7 to 21.3 months), and the weighted mean of median progression-free survival was 9.7 months (seven trials, n = 287, range 7 to 12.9 months). The most commonly reported grade 3 and 4 adverse events were myelosuppression (10.22 %), neurologic deficit (7.8 %), and healing abnormalities (4.3 %). Adverse events reflected the distinct independent safety profiles of Gliadel wafers and RT/TMZ, with little evidence of enhanced toxicity from their use in sequential combination. In the 11 identified trials, an increased benefit from sequentially combining Gliadel wafers with RT/TMZ was strongly suggested. Median OS tended to be improved by 3 to 4 months beyond that observed for Gliadel wafers or TMZ when used alone in the respective phase III trials. Larger prospective trials of Gliadel plus RT/TMZ are warranted.

Magnetic Resonance-Guided Laser Interstitial Thermal Therapy for Recurrent Glioblastoma and Radiation Necrosis: A Single-Surgeon Case Series.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate long-term clinical outcomes among patients treated with laser interstitial thermal therapy (LITT) for predicted recurrent glioblastoma (rGBM). METHODS: Patients with rGBM treated by LITT by a single surgeon (2013-2020) were evaluated for progression-free survival (PFS), overall survival (OS), and OS after LITT. RESULTS: Forty-nine patients (33 men, 16 women; mean [SD] age at diagnosis, 58.7 [12.5] years) were evaluated. Among patients with genetic data, 6 of 34 (18%) had IDH-1 R132 mutations, and 7 of 21 (33%) had MGMT methylation. Patients underwent LITT at a mean (SD) of 23.8 (23.8) months after original diagnosis. Twenty of 49 (40%) had previously undergone stereotactic radiosurgery, 37 (75%) had undergone intensity-modulated radiation therapy, and 49 (100%) had undergone chemotherapy. Patients had undergone a mean of 1.2 (0.7) previous resections before LITT. Mean preoperative enhancing and T2 FLAIR volumes were 13.1 (12.8) cm3 and 35.0 (32.8) cm3, respectively. Intraoperative biopsies confirmed rGBM in 31 patients (63%) and radiation necrosis in 18 patients (37%). Six perioperative complications occurred: 3 (6%) cases of worsening aphasia, 1 (2%) seizure, 1 (2%) epidural hematoma, and 1 (2%) intraparenchymal hemorrhage. For the rGBM group, median PFS was 2.0 (IQR, 4.0) months, median OS was 20.0 (IQR, 29.5) months, and median OS after LITT was 6.0 (IQR, 10.5) months. For the radiation necrosis group, median PFS was 4.0 (IQR, 4.5) months, median OS was 37.0 (IQR, 58.0) months, and median OS after LITT was 8.0 (IQR, 23.5) months. CONCLUSIONS: In a diverse rGBM cohort, LITT was associated with a short duration of posttreatment PFS.

Intraoperative in vivo confocal endomicroscopy of the glioma margin: performance assessment of image interpretation by neurosurgeon users.

Objectives: Confocal laser endomicroscopy (CLE) is an intraoperative real-time cellular resolution imaging technology that images brain tumor histoarchitecture. Previously, we demonstrated that CLE images may be interpreted by neuropathologists to determine the presence of tumor infiltration at glioma margins. In this study, we assessed neurosurgeons' ability to interpret CLE images from glioma margins and compared their assessments to those of neuropathologists. Methods: In vivo CLE images acquired at the glioma margins that were previously reviewed by CLE-experienced neuropathologists were interpreted by four CLE-experienced neurosurgeons. A numerical scoring system from 0 to 5 and a dichotomous scoring system based on pathological features were used. Scores from assessments of hematoxylin and eosin (H&E)-stained sections and CLE images by neuropathologists from a previous study were used for comparison. Neurosurgeons' scores were compared to the H&E findings. The inter-rater agreement and diagnostic performance based on neurosurgeons' scores were calculated. The concordance between dichotomous and numerical scores was determined. Results: In all, 4275 images from 56 glioma margin regions of interest (ROIs) were included in the analysis. With the numerical scoring system, the inter-rater agreement for neurosurgeons interpreting CLE images was moderate for all ROIs (mean agreement, 61%), which was significantly better than the inter-rater agreement for the neuropathologists (mean agreement, 48%) (p < 0.01). The inter-rater agreement for neurosurgeons using the dichotomous scoring system was 83%. The concordance between the numerical and dichotomous scoring systems was 93%. The overall sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, and negative predictive value were 78%, 32%, 62%, and 50%, respectively, using the numerical scoring system and 80%, 27%, 61%, and 48%, respectively, using the dichotomous scoring system. No statistically significant differences in diagnostic performance were found between the neurosurgeons and neuropathologists. Conclusion: Neurosurgeons' performance in interpreting CLE images was comparable to that of neuropathologists. These results suggest that CLE could be used as an intraoperative guidance tool with neurosurgeons interpreting the images with or without assistance of the neuropathologists. The dichotomous scoring system is robust yet simple and may streamline rapid, simultaneous interpretation of CLE images during imaging.

Intraoperative in vivo confocal laser endomicroscopy imaging at glioma margins: can we detect tumor infiltration?

OBJECTIVE: Confocal laser endomicroscopy (CLE) is a US Food and Drug Administration-cleared intraoperative real-time fluorescence-based cellular resolution imaging technology that has been shown to image brain tumor histoarchitecture rapidly in vivo during neuro-oncological surgical procedures. An important goal for successful intraoperative implementation is in vivo use at the margins of infiltrating gliomas. However, CLE use at glioma margins has not been well studied. METHODS: Matching in vivo CLE images and tissue biopsies acquired at glioma margin regions of interest (ROIs) were collected from 2 institutions. All images were reviewed by 4 neuropathologists experienced in CLE. A scoring system based on the pathological features was implemented to score CLE and H&E images from each ROI on a scale from 0 to 5. Based on the H&E scores, all ROIs were divided into a low tumor probability (LTP) group (scores 0-2) and a high tumor probability (HTP) group (scores 3-5). The concordance between CLE and H&E scores regarding tumor probability was determined. The intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) and diagnostic performance were calculated. RESULTS: Fifty-six glioma margin ROIs were included for analysis. Interrater reliability of the scoring system was excellent when used for H&E images (ICC [95% CI] 0.91 [0.86-0.94]) and moderate when used for CLE images (ICC [95% CI] 0.69 [0.40-0.83]). The ICCs (95% CIs) of the LTP group (0.68 [0.40-0.83]) and HTP group (0.68 [0.39-0.83]) did not differ significantly. The concordance between CLE and H&E scores was 61.6%. The sensitivity and specificity values of the scoring system were 79% and 37%. The positive predictive value (PPV) and negative predictive value were 65% and 53%, respectively. Concordance, sensitivity, and PPV were greater in the HTP group than in the LTP group. Specificity was higher in the newly diagnosed group than in the recurrent group. CONCLUSIONS: CLE may detect tumor infiltration at glioma margins. However, it is not currently dependable, especially in scenarios where low probability of tumor infiltration is expected. The proposed scoring system has excellent intrinsic interrater reliability, but its interrater reliability is only moderate when used with CLE images. These results suggest that this technology requires further exploration as a method for consistent actionable intraoperative guidance with high dependability across the range of tumor margin scenarios. Specific-binding and/or tumor-specific fluorophores, a CLE image atlas, and a consensus guideline for image interpretation may help with the translational utility of CLE.

Quantifying intra-tumoral genetic heterogeneity of glioblastoma toward precision medicine using MRI and a data-inclusive machine learning algorithm.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: Glioblastoma (GBM) is one of the most aggressive and lethal human cancers. Intra-tumoral genetic heterogeneity poses a significant challenge for treatment. Biopsy is invasive, which motivates the development of non-invasive, MRI-based machine learning (ML) models to quantify intra-tumoral genetic heterogeneity for each patient. This capability holds great promise for enabling better therapeutic selection to improve patient outcome. METHODS: We proposed a novel Weakly Supervised Ordinal Support Vector Machine (WSO-SVM) to predict regional genetic alteration status within each GBM tumor using MRI. WSO-SVM was applied to a unique dataset of 318 image-localized biopsies with spatially matched multiparametric MRI from 74 GBM patients. The model was trained to predict the regional genetic alteration of three GBM driver genes (EGFR, PDGFRA and PTEN) based on features extracted from the corresponding region of five MRI contrast images. For comparison, a variety of existing ML algorithms were also applied. Classification accuracy of each gene were compared between the different algorithms. The SHapley Additive exPlanations (SHAP) method was further applied to compute contribution scores of different contrast images. Finally, the trained WSO-SVM was used to generate prediction maps within the tumoral area of each patient to help visualize the intra-tumoral genetic heterogeneity. RESULTS: WSO-SVM achieved 0.80 accuracy, 0.79 sensitivity, and 0.81 specificity for classifying EGFR; 0.71 accuracy, 0.70 sensitivity, and 0.72 specificity for classifying PDGFRA; 0.80 accuracy, 0.78 sensitivity, and 0.83 specificity for classifying PTEN; these results significantly outperformed the existing ML algorithms. Using SHAP, we found that the relative contributions of the five contrast images differ between genes, which are consistent with findings in the literature. The prediction maps revealed extensive intra-tumoral region-to-region heterogeneity within each individual tumor in terms of the alteration status of the three genes. CONCLUSIONS: This study demonstrated the feasibility of using MRI and WSO-SVM to enable non-invasive prediction of intra-tumoral regional genetic alteration for each GBM patient, which can inform future adaptive therapies for individualized oncology.

Intraoperative confocal laser endomicroscopy for interpretation of a sellar hemangioblastoma: illustrative case.

BACKGROUND: Intraoperative frozen sections play a critical role in surgical strategy because of their ability to provide rapid histopathological information. In cases in which intraoperative biopsy carries a significant risk of bleeding, intraoperative confocal laser endomicroscopy (CLE) can assist in decision-making. OBSERVATIONS: The authors present a rare case of a large sellar hemangioblastoma. Preoperative radiographic imaging and normal pituitary function suggested a differential diagnosis that included hemangioblastoma. The patient underwent partial preoperative embolization and a right-sided pterional craniotomy for resection of the lesion. Gross intraoperative examination revealed a highly vascular sellar lesion requiring circumferential dissection to minimize blood loss. The serious vascularity precluded intraoperative frozen section analysis, and CLE imaging was performed. CLE imaging provided excellent visualization of the remarkable vascular structure and characteristic histoarchitecture with microvasculature, intracytoplasmic vacuoles, and atypical cells consistent with hemangioblastoma. Resection and decompression of the chiasm was accomplished, and the patient was discharged with improved vision. The final histopathological diagnosis was hemangioblastoma. LESSONS: When the benefits of obtaining intraoperative frozen sections greatly outweigh the associated risks, CLE imaging can aid in decision-making. CLE imaging offers real-time, on-the-fly evaluation of intraoperative tissue without the need to biopsy a vascular lesion.

Intraoperative confocal laser endomicroscopy: prospective in vivo feasibility study of a clinical-grade system for brain tumors.

OBJECTIVE: The authors evaluated the feasibility of using the first clinical-grade confocal laser endomicroscopy (CLE) system using fluorescein sodium for intraoperative in vivo imaging of brain tumors. METHODS: A CLE system cleared by the FDA was used in 30 prospectively enrolled patients with 31 brain tumors (13 gliomas, 5 meningiomas, 6 other primary tumors, 3 metastases, and 4 reactive brain tissue). A neuropathologist classified CLE images as interpretable or noninterpretable. Images were compared with corresponding frozen and permanent histology sections, with image correlation to biopsy location using neuronavigation. The specificities and sensitivities of CLE images and frozen sections were calculated using permanent histological sections as the standard for comparison. A recently developed surgical telepathology software platform was used in 11 cases to provide real-time intraoperative consultation with a neuropathologist. RESULTS: Overall, 10,713 CLE images from 335 regions of interest were acquired. The mean duration of the use of the CLE system was 7 minutes (range 3-18 minutes). Interpretable CLE images were obtained in all cases. The first interpretable image was acquired within a mean of 6 (SD 10) images and within the first 5 (SD 13) seconds of imaging; 4896 images (46%) were interpretable. Interpretable image acquisition was positively correlated with study progression, number of cases per surgeon, cumulative length of CLE time, and CLE time per case (p ≤ 0.01). The diagnostic accuracy, sensitivity, and specificity of CLE compared with frozen sections were 94%, 94%, and 100%, respectively, and the diagnostic accuracy, sensitivity, and specificity of CLE compared with permanent histological sections were 92%, 90%, and 94%, respectively. No difference was observed between lesion types for the time to first interpretable image (p = 0.35). Deeply located lesions were associated with a higher percentage of interpretable images than superficial lesions (p = 0.02). The study met the primary end points, confirming the safety and feasibility and acquisition of noninvasive digital biopsies in all cases. The study met the secondary end points for the duration of CLE use necessary to obtain interpretable images. A neuropathologist could interpret the CLE images in 29 (97%) of 30 cases. CONCLUSIONS: The clinical-grade CLE system allows in vivo, intraoperative, high-resolution cellular visualization of tissue microstructure and identification of lesional tissue patterns in real time, without the need for tissue preparation.

Image-based models of T-cell distribution identify a clinically meaningful response to a dendritic cell vaccine in patients with glioblastoma.

BACKGROUND: Glioblastoma is an extraordinarily heterogeneous tumor, yet the current treatment paradigm is a "one size fits all" approach. Hundreds of glioblastoma clinical trials have been deemed failures because they did not extend median survival, but these cohorts are comprised of patients with diverse tumors. Current methods of assessing treatment efficacy fail to fully account for this heterogeneity. METHODS: Using an image-based modeling approach, we predicted T-cell abundance from serial MRIs of patients enrolled in the dendritic cell (DC) vaccine clinical trial. T-cell predictions were quantified in both the contrast-enhancing and non-enhancing regions of the imageable tumor, and changes over time were assessed. RESULTS: A subset of patients in a DC vaccine clinical trial, who had previously gone undetected, were identified as treatment responsive and benefited from prolonged survival. A mere two months after initial vaccine administration, responsive patients had a decrease in model-predicted T-cells within the contrast-enhancing region, with a simultaneous increase in the T2/FLAIR region. CONCLUSIONS: In a field that has yet to see breakthrough therapies, these results highlight the value of machine learning in enhancing clinical trial assessment, improving our ability to prospectively prognosticate patient outcomes, and advancing the pursuit towards individualized medicine.

Integrated molecular and multiparametric MRI mapping of high-grade glioma identifies regional biologic signatures.

Sampling restrictions have hindered the comprehensive study of invasive non-enhancing (NE) high-grade glioma (HGG) cell populations driving tumor progression. Here, we present an integrated multi-omic analysis of spatially matched molecular and multi-parametric magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) profiling across 313 multi-regional tumor biopsies, including 111 from the NE, across 68 HGG patients. Whole exome and RNA sequencing uncover unique genomic alterations to unresectable invasive NE tumor, including subclonal events, which inform genomic models predictive of geographic evolution. Infiltrative NE tumor is alternatively enriched with tumor cells exhibiting neuronal or glycolytic/plurimetabolic cellular states, two principal transcriptomic pathway-based glioma subtypes, which respectively demonstrate abundant private mutations or enrichment in immune cell signatures. These NE phenotypes are non-invasively identified through normalized K2 imaging signatures, which discern cell size heterogeneity on dynamic susceptibility contrast (DSC)-MRI. NE tumor populations predicted to display increased cellular proliferation by mean diffusivity (MD) MRI metrics are uniquely associated with EGFR amplification and CDKN2A homozygous deletion. The biophysical mapping of infiltrative HGG potentially enables the clinical recognition of tumor subpopulations with aggressive molecular signatures driving tumor progression, thereby informing precision medicine targeting.

Spinal intradural teratomas: developmental programs gone awry?

Intradural spinal teratomas are rare tumors of the spinal cord that are infrequently encountered in children. Although the mechanistic basis for the formation of these tumors is unclear, several lines of evidence suggest that a dysembryogenic process in the embryo results in their formation. The authors present a case of spinal intradural teratoma in an 18-year-old, previously healthy man and review the literature linking the development of these tumors to defects in neurulation and embryogenesis.

Stereotactic-Guided Transcerebellar Cisternoperitoneal Shunt Placement for Idiopathic Intracranial Hypertension.

BACKGROUND: Idiopathic intracranial hypertension (IIH) can cause debilitating symptoms and optic nerve ischemia if untreated. Cerebrospinal fluid diversion is often necessary to reduce intracranial pressure; however, current ventriculoperitoneal and lumboperitoneal shunting techniques have high failure rates in patients with IIH. OBJECTIVE: To describe our experience treating IIH with a novel stereotactic-guided transcerebellar cisternoperitoneal shunt (SGTC-CPS) technique that places the proximal shunt catheter in the posterior cisterna magnum. METHODS: Retrospective perioperative and postoperative data from all patients who underwent SGTC-CPS placement for IIH from March 1, 2015, to December 31, 2020, were analyzed. Patients were positioned as for ventriculoperitoneal shunt placement but with the head turned farther laterally to adequately expose the retrosigmoid space. Using neuronavigation, an opening was made near the transverse-sigmoid junction, and the proximal catheter was inserted transcerebellarly into the posterior foramen magnum. RESULTS: Thirty-two patients underwent SGTC-CPS placement (29 female; mean body mass index, 36.0 ± 7.5; 14 with prior shunt failures). The mean procedure time for shunt placement was 145 minutes. No intraoperative complications occurred, and all patients were discharged uneventfully. At the 6-month follow-up, 81% of patients (21 of 26) had relief of their presenting symptoms. Shunt survival without revision was 86% (25 of 29) at 1 year and 67% (10 of 15) at 3 years, with no infections. CONCLUSION: The SGTC-CPS offers an alternative solution for cerebrospinal fluid diversion in patients with IIH and demonstrates a lower failure rate and more durable symptom relief compared with ventriculoperitoneal or lumboperitoneal shunt placement. Using proper techniques and equipment promotes safe and facile placement of the proximal catheter.

Ketogenic Metabolic Therapy for Glioma.

PURPOSE: This study describes a retrospective case series of patients with glioma who received ketogenic metabolic therapy through dietary adherence and intermittent fasting. METHODS: A retrospective chart review of a single surgeon's clinic records was performed to identify patients who maintained nutritional ketosis for at least four months between January 2015 and October 2020. RESULTS: Sixteen patients who met the inclusion criteria constituted a heterogeneous population of patients with diagnoses including eight World Health Organization (WHO) grade IV gliomas (seven glioblastoma, one gliosarcoma), seven WHO grade III gliomas (three oligodendroglioma, four astrocytoma), and one WHO grade II oligodendroglioma. IDH1 mutation status was present for 12 patients, and MGMT methylation status was present for eight patients. The mean (standard deviation [SD]) duration of ketogenic metabolic therapy was 20.6 (13.8) months. The Response Assessment in Neuro-oncology Criteria was applied during the ketogenic metabolic therapy interval, indicating a complete response in eight patients and partial response in eight patients. The mean (SD) progression-free survival while patients maintained ketogenic metabolic therapy was 20.0 (14.4) months. CONCLUSION: Ketogenic metabolic therapy appears to convey a survival advantage within this patient series, which highlights the possibility that this therapy, when strictly applied, can augment the standard of care. Further exploration of this modality in a prospective series is warranted to formally explore this therapy.

Magnetic Resonance-Guided Laser Interstitial Thermal Therapy for Management of Low-Grade Gliomas and Radiation Necrosis: A Single-Institution Case Series.

BACKGROUND: Laser interstitial thermal therapy (LITT) has emerged as a minimally invasive treatment modality for ablation of low-grade glioma (LGG) and radiation necrosis (RN). OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the efficacy, safety, and survival outcomes of patients with radiographically presumed recurrent or newly diagnosed LGG and RN treated with LITT. METHODS: The neuro-oncological database of a quaternary center was reviewed for all patients who underwent LITT for management of LGG between 1 January 2013 and 31 December 2020. Clinical data including demographics, lesion characteristics, and clinical and radiographic outcomes were collected. Kaplan-Meier analyses comprised overall survival (OS) and progression-free survival (PFS). RESULTS: Nine patients (7 men, 2 women; mean [SD] age 50 [16] years) were included. Patients underwent LITT at a mean (SD) of 11.6 (8.5) years after diagnosis. Two (22%) patients had new lesions on radiographic imaging without prior treatment. In the other 7 patients, all (78%) had surgical resection, 6 (67%) had intensity-modulated radiation therapy and chemotherapy, respectively, and 4 (44%) had stereotactic radiosurgery. Two (22%) patients had lesions that were wild-type IDH1 status. Volumetric assessment of preoperative T1-weighted contrast-enhancing and T2-weighted fluid-attenuated inversion recovery (FLAIR) sequences yielded mean (SD) lesion volumes of 4.1 (6.5) cm3 and 26.7 (27.9) cm3, respectively. Three (33%) patients had evidence of radiographic progression after LITT. The pooled median (IQR) PFS for the cohort was 52 (56) months, median (IQR) OS after diagnosis was 183 (72) months, and median (IQR) OS after LITT was 52 (60) months. At the time of the study, 2 (22%) patients were deceased. CONCLUSIONS: LITT is a safe and effective treatment option for management of LGG and RN, however, there may be increased risk of permanent complications with treatment of deep-seated subcortical lesions.

Introduction of In Vivo Confocal Laser Endomicroscopy and Real-Time Telepathology for Remote Intraoperative Neurosurgery-Pathology Consultation.

BACKGROUND: Precise communication between neurosurgeons and pathologists is crucial for optimizing patient care, especially for intraoperative diagnoses. Confocal laser endomicroscopy (CLE) combined with a telepathology software platform (TSP) provides a novel venue for neurosurgeons and pathologists to review CLE images and converse intraoperatively in real-time. OBJECTIVE: To describe the feasibility of integrating CLE and a TSP in the surgical workflow for real-time review of in vivo digital fluorescence tissue imaging in 3 patients with intracranial tumors. METHODS: Although the neurosurgeon used the CLE probe to generate fluorescence images of histoarchitecture within the operative field that were displayed on monitors in the operating room, the pathologist simultaneously remotely viewed the CLE images. The neurosurgeon and pathologist discussed in real-time the histological structures of intraoperative imaging locations. RESULTS: The neurosurgeon placed the CLE probe at various locations on and around the tumor, in the surgical resection bed, and on surrounding brain tissue with communication through the TSP. The neurosurgeon oriented the pathologist to the location of the CLE, and the pathologist and neurosurgeon discussed the CLE images in real-time. The TSP and CLE were integrated successfully and rapidly in the operating room in all 3 cases. No patient had perioperative complications. CONCLUSION: Two novel digital neurosurgical cellular imaging technologies were combined with intraoperative neurosurgeon-pathologist communication to guide the identification of abnormal histoarchitectural tissue features in real-time. CLE with the TSP may allow rapid decision-making during tumor resection that may hold significant advantages over the frozen section process and surgical workflow in general.

Neurons in the human hippocampus and amygdala respond to both low- and high-level image properties.

A large number of studies have demonstrated that structures within the medial temporal lobe, such as the hippocampus, are intimately involved in declarative memory for objects and people. Although these items are abstractions of the visual scene, specific visual details can change the speed and accuracy of their recall. By recording from 415 neurons in the hippocampus and amygdala of human epilepsy patients as they viewed images drawn from 10 image categories, we showed that the firing rates of 8% of these neurons encode image illuminance and contrast, low-level properties not directly pertinent to task performance, whereas in 7% of the neurons, firing rates encode the category of the item depicted in the image, a high-level property pertinent to the task. This simultaneous representation of high- and low-level image properties within the same brain areas may serve to bind separate aspects of visual objects into a coherent percept and allow episodic details of objects to influence mnemonic performance.